肝脏扫查中斜切"伪像"的成因及对策

目的探讨将肝外毗邻脏器病变误诊为肝内病变的原因及防治措施。方法采取前瞻性的研究方法,对16例相关病例进行详细的超声检查（包括多切面比对、动态观察并结合呼吸运动）和随访。结果斜切时肿块完全映入肝内是导致误诊的原因,而纵切或横切可发现肿块与肝脏的界线,动态观察并结合呼吸运动,可进一步明确肿块与肝脏的关系。结论斜切“伪像”实际上是一种错觉。多切面扫查、动态观察并结合呼吸运动是防止斜切“伪像”,减少并杜绝此类误诊的关键。     

盆腔脂肪增多症的超声诊断

目的：探讨超声在盆腔脂肪增多症诊断中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析6例盆腔脂肪增多症患者的超声声像图特征。结果：盆腔脂肪增多症超声声像图表现包括：膀胱颈周围均匀强回声、膀胱位置及形态改变、直肠-前列腺间隙脂肪回声、膀胱三角区壁增厚、前列腺位置改变等。结论：盆腔脂肪增多症具有特征性声像图改变,超声可作为疾病诊断及病情随访的首选影像学检查方法。     

Transvaginal pelvic ultrasonography: accuracy in follicle and cyst size determination

Transvaginal pelvic ultrasonography has recently been shown to be of value in assessing female pelvic anatomy, allowing the sonographer to scan from a plane of orientation 90 degrees to the conventional transabdominal scanning plane. Follicle and cyst measurements using the transvaginal technique were compared with conventional transabdominal measurements in 26 patients. No clinical difference was demonstrated between the accuracy of transvaginal follicle or cyst size measurements and the accuracy of measurements obtained by transabdominal scanning. Therefore, measurements of follicles or cysts obtained by the transvaginal technique may be used for patient management.     

Ultrasonic refraction by the rectus abdominis muscles: the double image artifact

Using a real-time mechanical sector scanner in a transverse plane of section, the authors noticed that a double image of an intrauterine gestational sac or an intrauterine contraceptive device can be obtained when the transducer is passed over the midline of the abdomen. It was suggested that this is caused by refraction of the sound passing through the medial edges of both rectus abdominis muscles. The authors were able to reproduce this artifact in vitro using isolated human cadaver rectus muscles and imaging a single object in a water bath.     

Normal and variant pelvic anatomy on MRI

The superior tissue contrast and flexible imaging planes afforded by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus competing technologies permit optimal depiction of the pelvic viscera. Targeted protocols developed for specific pelvic visceral organs highlight important anatomic features that may not be imaged by other modalities. Therefore, a solid understanding of normal and variant pelvic anatomy is crucial for appropriate interpretation of pelvic MRI studies. This article discusses the protocol strategies and relevant anatomy with commonly encountered anatomical variants in a segmented/organ-specific manner, using gender as a broad split given the substantial variance in relevant organs.     

The anatomy and pathology of the porta hepatis demonstrated by gray scale ultrasonography

Gray scale ultrasound has proved to be a simple, rapid, and reliable means for the investigation of cholestatic jaundice. The distended biliary tree has a characteristic but sometimes confusing appearance on ultrasonic tomography. Gray scale ultrasound can diagnose portal hypertension by visualizing an enlarged, tortuous portal vein. This can be differentiated from the typical shape of the dilated common bile duct by the condition of the intrahepatic biliary canaliculi and by examination of the spleen.     

女性盆腔炎性疾病经直肠超声诊断技术研究

目的：研究经直肠超声（TRS）技术在女性盆腔炎性疾病中的诊断价值,并与传统经腹超声（TAS）技术进行比较。方法：抽取64例临床诊断为盆腔炎性疾病的妇科患者,进行常规经腹超声检查。排空膀胱及排便后,采用阴式腔内探头再行经直肠超声检查。比较TRS、TAS两种技术在女性盆腔炎性疾病诊断中的显影清晰度及异常声像图诊出率的差异。结果：TRS技术在以子宫和卵巢为中心的近场图像的细微显影分辨能力,明显优于TAS技术（P<0.01）。与传统TAS技术相比,TRS技术可显著提高子宫内膜回声异常、输卵管增粗、子宫直肠窝积液/脓异常图像的诊出率（P值均小于0.05）。TRS对少量宫腔积液、少量子宫直肠窝积液/脓及输卵管增粗的捕获能力均优于TAS技术,但需排除高位远场异常。结论：TRS技术补充了传统的妇科超声诊断技术,其对盆腔炎性疾病的诊断能力优于TAS技术,可做为女性上生殖道炎性疾病的辅助诊断手段。     

儿童盆腔及泌尿生殖系统横纹肌肉瘤的超声诊断

目的 探讨超声检查在儿童盆腔及泌尿生殖系统横纹肌肉瘤的诊断价值.方法 对23例经病理证实的原发盆腔及泌尿生殖系统横纹肌肉瘤的超声检查结果进行分析.结果 23例横纹肌肉瘤中,膀胱横纹肌肉瘤10例;阴道横纹肌肉瘤1例,伴腹盆腔及腹股沟淋巴结转移;前列腺横纹肌肉瘤2例;盆腔横纹肌肉瘤10例,其中腹股沟淋巴结转移1例,盆腔淋巴结转移1例.本组盆腔及泌尿生殖系统横纹肌肉瘤超声多表现为肿瘤边缘清楚,无包膜回声,形态规则或不规则形,内部为较均质的低回声,部分肿瘤内部可见液化坏死.结论 超声检查可了解横纹肌肉瘤来源、部位,测量肿块大小及与周围组织关系,有无腹盆腔内淋巴结转移等,便于随访,可作为盆腔及泌尿生殖系统横纹肌肉瘤影像学检查的首选方法.     

Partial ring artifact on cardiac CT: image presentation and clinical implication

In computed tomography (CT), the term “artifact” is applied to any systematic discrepancy between the CT numbers in the reconstructed image and the true attenuation coefficients of the object. A partial ring artifact in cardiac CT has a unique pattern and has not been previously reported in real clinical practice. In this report, we will demonstrate the images and animations of a cardiac CT which is affected by a partial ring artifact due to a broken detector module. The different characteristics of ring artifacts on routine and cardiac CT, and the implications for clinical interpretation will also be described. In summary, when a partial ring artifact is noted incidentally on cardiac CT, we suggest interpreting the images by reviewing reconstructed images from different RR-intervals to avoid unnecessary repeated scans and additional radiation exposure.     

灰阶超声造影在肾盂癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨灰阶超声造影在肾盂癌诊断中的价值。方法对15例肾盂积水的患者行超声造影,记录并分析造影灌注过程。结果注射造影剂后,9例肾盂内可见造影剂充填;6例肾盂内未见造影剂进入。有造影剂充填的9例术后病理证实为肾盂癌。结论灰阶超声造影能使肾盂肿块显示更清晰,提高肾盂癌的检出率。     

Water enema: a new ultrasound technique in defining pelvic anatomy.

A new technique is described for delineating pelvic structures by using a distended bladder in combination with a water enema. The distended urinary bladder, which acts as a sonic window to the pelvis, fully defines only the portion of structures that abut against the surface. With fluid in both the bladder and rectosigmoid colon, and occasionally the cecum, a 'sandwich effect' can be obtained, resulting in a more complete definition of interposed structures. Questionable masses that might be feces in the bowel can be easily distinguished from significant pathology. This new technique has the potential for increasing accuracy of diagnosis of pelvic masses and delineating tumor extension of masses arising in such pelvic organs as the bladder, prostate, and uterus.     

DETECTOR: structural information guided artifact detection for super-resolution fluorescence microscopy image

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, with a spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit of light, has become an indispensable tool to observe subcellular structures at a nanoscale level. To verify that the super-resolution images reflect the underlying structures of samples, the development of robust and reliable artifact detection methods has received widespread attention. However, the existing artifact detection methods are prone to report false alert artifacts because it relies on absolute intensity mismatch between the wide-field image and resolution rescaled super-resolution image. To solve this problem, we proposed DETECTOR, a structural information-guided artifact detection method for super-resolution images. It detects artifacts by computing the structural dissimilarity between the wide-field image and the resolution rescaled super-resolution image. To focus on structural similarity, we introduce a weight mask to weaken the influence of strong autofluorescence background and proposed a structural similarity index for super-resolution images, named MASK-SSIM. Simulations and experimental results demonstrated that compared with the state-of-the-art methods, DETECTOR has advantages in detecting structural artifacts in super-resolution images. It is especially suitable for wide-field images with strong autofluorescence background and super-resolution images of single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). DETECTOR has extreme sensitivity to the weak signal region. Moreover, DETECTOR can guide data collection and parameter tuning during image reconstruction.     

食管颈部的超声解剖及声像图研究

目的 探讨食管颈部的超声解剖及正常声像图。方法 观察50具尸体解剖标本,并用体表超声检查60例正常人食管颈部,注意其走向,解剖毗邻关系及声像图特征。结果 食管颈部起于环状软骨下缘水平,止于胸骨柄上缘水平,前方为气管,后方有椎体,在下行中略向左偏移,并在侧方有一定的活动度,超声清晰显示率为100%,声像图上,食管颈部纵切呈长管状,横切呈扁圆形,管壁回声呈多层结构。结论 经气管左侧是体表超声检查食管颈部的最佳途径,经气管右侧则是检查的重要途径,两者结合将有助于对食管颈部的全面扫查。环状软骨、甲状腺和胸骨柄是超声检查的3个重要解剖标志。     

Comparison of pelvic ultrasonography and pneumography for ovarian size

Thirty-two females undergoing pelvic pneumography or gynecography for question of ovarian size, fertility, or pelvic mass also had pelvic ultrasonography. The latter examinations were compared, predominantly retrospectively, with the radiographs in an attempt to establish criteria for locating ovaries and evaluating their size. Almost equal groups of normal, Stein-Levinthal syndrome, and miscellaneous pelvic lesions were established. The author concludes that pelvic echography can usually visualize normal ovaries, is a reliable diagnostic technique for polycystic ovaries (Stein-Levinthal syndrome), and is useful for confirming the presence of a pelvic mass. Other investigative techniques such as anemography, culdoscopy, laparoscope's, or exploratory surgery are more uncomfortable, hazardous, and expensive. It is suggested that pelvic ethnography should be the primary diagnostic approach in these cases.     

Scrotal ultrasonography with emphasis on the extratesticular space: anatomy,embryology, and pathology

Sonography is the imaging modality of choice in detecting and characterizing pathologic conditions affecting the extratesticular space. Although most abnormalities are benign, many may simulate or represent malignant processes. Accurate diagnosis is therefore essential and must be based not only on the sonographic findings but also on accurate clinical history and physical examination findings. This article reviews the anatomy, embryologic development, and pathologic conditions affecting the extratesticular space.     

经腹与经会阴部彩色多普勒超声对盆腔静脉瘀血症诊断价值比较

目的　探讨经腹与经会阴部彩色多普勒超声技术对盆腔静脉瘀血症 (PV)的诊断价值。方法运用两种扫查法对 3 8例PV患者进行检测 ,并与手术对照 ,比较两者的诊断价值 ,并参照手术所见对PV病变程度进行评价。结果　经腹与经会阴部彩色多普勒超声的诊断符合率均较高 (分别为 79%、92 % ) ,且经会阴部超声检查的诊断符合率及病变部位检出率均明显高于经腹超声 (P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1)。结论经会阴部超声检查显示了其独特的优越性 ,与经腹超声联合使用能提高诊断率 ,且方法简便 ,易于普及     

女性盆腔包虫囊肿的超声表现及其分型

目的探讨女性盆腔包虫病的超声表现及其分型。方法回顾性分析40例经超声诊断及手术病理证实的盆腔包虫病患者的影像学资料，分析超声表现及各型特征。结果40例中6例单发型包虫囊肿声像图表现为盆腔圆形或类圆形囊肿，伴增厚的囊壁回声；11例多发型包虫囊肿，在盆腔内有2个以上包虫囊肿，呈“囊连囊”征象；15例子囊型包虫囊肿，在母囊无回声区内见多个大小不等环形中强回声，形成“囊中囊”征象；5例感染型包虫囊肿表现囊内絮状不均的回声；3例破裂型包虫囊肿显示内囊塌陷，囊内显示条状回声。结论超声检查能显示女性盆腔包虫病部位和形态，为手术治疗提供可靠的影像学依据。     

咽旁间隙的超声解剖及声像图研究

目的探讨咽旁间隙的超声解剖及正常声像图特点。方法观察经CT和MRI检查并提示咽旁间隙正常的健康人33例,采用超声沿下颌骨外缘检查咽旁间隙。结果超声表现前界为颌下腺的内侧缘,外界为腮腺的深面,后界为乳突的内侧缘,内界为咽侧壁。沿下颌骨外周缘超声可显示咽旁间隙,咽旁间隙声像图的横切面呈倒置三角形,除翼内外肌和穿过其内的神经难以显示外,咽旁前间隙的筋膜脂肪组织表现强弱相间的软组织层次结构,而咽旁后间隙则表现为片状弱回声区夹杂低回声小区。结论颌下腺、腮腺和乳突是超声检查咽旁间隙的3个重要解剖标志,认识咽旁间隙的正常超声图像对提高咽旁间隙病变诊断正确率具有重要的临床意义。