肝豆状核变性56例临床分析

目的回顾分析肝豆状核变性患者临床资料,总结其临床特点。方法回顾分析1994-01～2011-01本院收治的56例肝豆状核变性患者临床资料。结果该病从发病到确诊时间中位数2.6 a;临床表现以肝损害为主26例,以神经系统损害为主16例,二者兼有14例;角膜K-F环阳性42例,血铜蓝蛋白降低52例,头颅CT或MRI阳性31例。结论该病从发病到确诊时间长。临床表现主要以肝损害为主或以神经系统损害为主或二者兼有,血铜蓝蛋白测定、K-F环检查、头颅CT和MRI检查对诊断具有重要意义。     

32例肝豆状核变性临床分析

目的 分析肝豆状核变性患者临床资料，提高对此病认识。方法 回顾分析1994年-2004年本院收治的32例肝豆状核变性患者临床资料。结果 该病从发病到确诊时间中位数4．8年，临床表现以肝损害为主13例，以神经系统损害为主11例，二者兼有8例，角膜K-F环阳性28例，血铜蓝蛋白降低30例，头颅CT阳性发现11例。结论 该病从发病到确诊时间长，临床表现可以肝损害为主或以神经系统损害为主或二者兼有，血铜蓝蛋白测定、K—F环检查和头颅CT检查对诊断具重要意义。     

肝豆状核变性37例临床分析

目的探讨肝豆状核变性的临床特点.方法回顾分析37例肝豆状核变性患者的临床表现.结果发病年龄6 ～ 46岁,平均年龄15.7岁.37例患者中脑型22例,内脏型8例,混合型6例,骨-肌型1例.首发症状为神经精神异常者25例,肝肾损害11例,其他2例.K-F环阳性36例,血清铜及铜蓝蛋白均降低,尿铜增加,尿隐血和(或)尿蛋白阳性12例.B超检查37例为肝损图像,其中有肝硬化脾肿大20例.头颅CT显示双侧尾状核、豆状核低密度灶31例,CT阴性6例中有3例MRI阳性.结论肝豆状核变性多见于青少年发病,以神经精神及肝肾损害表现为主,B超肝脾检查及头颅CT阳性高.     

脑型肝豆状核变性临床特征与MRI分析(附12例报告)

目的:探讨肝豆状核变性的临床特点与头颅MRI特征,为早期诊断及治疗提供参考。方法:回顾性归纳分析12例肝豆状核变性患者的临床表现及神经影像学特点。结果:平均发病年龄23.5岁;以锥体外系症状为首发10例;性格改变1例;学习成绩下降1例,K-F环均为阳性;头颅MRI特征为对称性基底节区、丘脑、中脑及桥脑异常信号。结论:肝豆状核变性临床表现多样,血清铜蓝蛋白检测、角膜K-F环及头颅MRI检查对诊断本病有重要意义。     

肝豆状核变性18例临床分析

目的分析肝豆状核变性患者的临床资料,提高对该病的认识。方法对郑州大学第二附属医院2005-01~2010-12收治的18例肝豆状核变性患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,应用SPSS10.0统计分析软件进行统计分析,数据分析采用Fisher确切概率法,K-W检验和t检验。结果 18例患者中,肝型6例,神经型3例,肝神经型9例;K-F环阳性率为88.2%;血清铜蓝蛋白均降低;73.3%患者24 h尿铜升高;K-F环阳性率、铜蓝蛋白、24 h尿铜在不同临床类型中的差异无统计学意义。8例患者腹部彩超异常,2例头颅CT异常,8例患者头颅MRI异常。14例应用青霉胺驱铜治疗,12例症状得到不同程度缓解。结论肝豆状核变性临床表现复杂多样,差异很大,应提高对肝豆状核变性的认识,以早期诊断、治疗本病。     

肝豆状核变性23例临床分析

目的 总结肝豆状核变性的临床特点,以减少误诊、漏诊.方法 回顾性分析23例肝豆状核变性患者的临床表现及诊治过程.结果 平均发病年龄21.5岁,首发症状以神经系统和肝损害症状为主,分别占69.6%(16/23)及26.1%(6/23),其中神经系统症状以肢体震颤、精神异常多见;18例患者临床分型为混合型,占78.3%(18/23),5例为脑型;所有患者均出现角膜色素环(K-F环);所有患者进行了铜代谢的实验室检查,血浆铜蓝蛋白水平降低及24 h尿铜增高常见.青霉胺与硫酸锌联合治疗对78.3%(18/23)的患者有效.结论 肝豆状核变性青少年多发,以神经系统和肝损害症状为主要表现,K-F环阳性率高.青霉胺与硫酸锌联合治疗对大部分肝豆状核变性患者有效.     

肝豆状核变性58例临床特点与CT、MRI分析

目的分析肝豆状核变性的临床特点和CT、MRI表现特征及二者间的关系,以提高临床医生对该病的警惕性,避免误诊.方法回顾分析58例肝豆状核变性的临床表现,相关血生化指标,脑CT和MRI检查情况及误诊情况.结果58例中内脏型29例,脑型18例,混合型11例.K-F环阳性率87.9%.血清铜均提示铜代谢障碍.脑CT阳性率56.2%,脑MRI阳性率82.1%.早期误诊率93.1%,误诊病种多样,误诊时间半月～32年不等,早期确诊预后较好.结论肝豆状核变性临床表现复杂,尤其对儿童不明原因的肝损害、锥体外系病征者应及时作K-F环、CP及脑CT和MRI等检查,早诊早治,改善预后.     

肝豆状核变性的早期临床表现及误诊分析

目的:探讨肝豆状核变性(wilson’s disease WD)的早期临床表现及早期诊断,旨在提高临床医生对本病的 认识,减少误诊。方法:回顾性分析50例WD病的早期临床表现、实验室及特殊检查、首次误诊情况。结果:50例患者 中,神经、精神异常者35例,肝炎、肝硬化13例,伴消化道出血2例。关节痛2例。K-F环阳性49例。血清铜蓝蛋白、血 清铜均降低。误诊最常见的依次为各种类型肝炎、肝硬化、精神疾患、关节炎、脱髓鞘脑病、胶质瘤、肌营养不良、肾炎、癫 痫、贫血、消化道大出血和Leigh、脊髓病等,误诊率达34％。结论:WD多见于青少年,神经系统及肝损害为主要临床表 现,常伴有肾脏损害,K-F角膜环是重要阳性体征,头颅CT或MRI可作为辅助诊断手段。本病易被长期误诊或诊断不 明,早期治疗对预后至关重要。建议对具有上述易被误诊疾病症状的患者常规行角膜K-F环及铜代谢检查,以免误诊误 治。     

肝豆状核变性58例临床特点与CT、MRI分析

目的分析肝豆状核变性的临床特点和CT、MRI表现特征及二者间的关系，以提高临床医生对该病的警惕性，避免误诊。方法回顾分析58例肝豆状核变性的临床表现，相关血生化指标，脑CT和MRI检查情况及误诊情况。结果58例中内脏型29例，脑型18例，混合型11例。K—F环阳性率87．9％。血清铜均提示铜代谢障碍。脑CT阳性率56．2％，脑MRI阳性率82．1％。早期误诊率93.1％，误诊病种多样，误诊时间半月～32年不等，早期确诊预后较好。结论肝豆状核变性临床表现复杂，尤其对儿童不明原因的肝损害、锥体外系病征者应及时作K—F环、CP及脑CT和MRI等检查，早诊早治，改善预后。     

肝豆状核变性一例

目的探讨肝豆状核变性(HLD)临床表现、头颅磁共振成像(MRI)改变及与相关疾病的鉴别。方法分析1例HLD患者的临床资料、实验室检测、影像学资料及文献复习。结果 HLD表现多种临床症状,铜蓝蛋白0.02g·L~(~(-1)),24h尿铜3.34μg·24h~(~(-1)),角膜色素环(K-F环)阳性,并有头颅MRI改变。结论除临床表现和实验室检测外,头颅MRI特异性的改变对HLD的诊断有一定的提示作用。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.