骨科术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素

目的：调查骨科术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素。方法：选择骨科择期手术患者4170例,进行下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素调查和分析。结果：4170例中,发生深静脉血栓203例（4.87%）,年龄＞60岁、BMI＞25 kg/m2、高血压、高脂血症、D-二聚体≥500μg/L、全身麻醉、手术时间〉3 h和术后5 d内没有下床活动等是其发生的危险因素（OR＞1,P＜0.05）。结论：导致骨科术后深静脉血栓发生的危险因素较多,早期干预可以减少并发症的发生率。     

磺达肝癸钠预防髋膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨磺达肝癸钠预防髋、膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的有效性和安全性。方法：选择89例连续的行人工髋、膝关节置换手术患者,随机分为对照组45例：给予肢体气压泵预防深静脉血栓;磺达肝癸钠组44例：给予磺达肝癸钠联合肢体气压泵预防。术后观察比较血小板、凝血功能指标变化情况及深静脉血栓形成。结果：两组患者总失血量、血小板、凝血酶原时间及活动度与活化部分凝血酶时间变化比较均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;磺达肝癸钠组无1例发生深静脉血栓,对照组16例深静脉血栓形成（χ2=19.073,P＜0.01）。结论：使用磺达肝癸钠预防髋、膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成对凝血功能、血小板无明显影响,是安全有效的。     

Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis Following Bariatric Surgery

Background

The contribution of obesity to the thromboembolic risks of surgery suggests that patients undergoing bariatric surgery would have a particularly high risk of postoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) and/or deep venous thrombosis (DVT). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of in-hospital PE, DVT, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) following bariatric surgery in the USA from 2007 to 2009.

Methods

We used the database of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Results

The prevalence of PE was 4,500 of 508,230 (0.9 %). The prevalence of DVT not accompanied by PE was 6,480 of 508,230 (1.3 %) and VTE (either PE or DVT) occurred in 10,980 of 508,230 (2.2 %). In-hospital death among patients with PE was 130 of 508,231 (0.03 %). Vena cava filters were inserted in 1,515 of 508,230 (0.3 %) patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Among patients who had VTE, filters were inserted in 1,150 of 10,980 (10.5 %). Among patients who had neither PE nor DVT, prophylactic vena cava filters were inserted in 365 of 497,250 (0.07 %). Among patients with PE, in-hospital mortality was 25 of 635 (3.9 %) with a filter compared with 105 of 3,865 (2.7 %) (NS) without a filter. However, among patients with DVT alone, in-hospital mortality was 0 of 510 (0 %) with a filter compared with 80 of 5,970 (1.3 %) (P?=?0.009) without a filter.

Conclusions

This investigation establishes a baseline for the incidence of venous thromboembolic complications following bariatric surgery in recent years. Determination of the present in-hospital rate of PE and DVT may contribute to antithrombotic prophylactic considerations.     

腹腔镜术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的相关因素分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术围手术期下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的相关危险因素.方法 回顾分析复旦大学华山医院2007年3月至2008年1月期间收治的16例腹腔镜术后DVT患者的临床资料,并与同期148例腹腔镜手术后无下肢DVT者的资料进行比较,分析其相关危险因素.结果 手术时间>1 h者发生DVT的危险性是手术时间≤1 h者的4.15倍[OR=4.15(95%CI:1.36～12.68)],接受下腹部手术者发生DVT的危险性是接受中上腹部手术者的2.94倍[OR=2.94(95%CI:1.07～8.08)],高危者(高危因素≥3个)发生DVT的危险性是低危者(高危因素<3个)的3.94倍[OR=3.94(95%CI:1.38～11.23)].结论 腹腔镜术后下肢DVT可能与手术时间长短、手术部位及术前高危因素的存在密切相关.围手术期应积极应对、积极处理,预防其发生.     

Characteristics and Treatment Strategy of Isolated Calf Deep Venous Thrombosis after Fractures: A Review of Recent Literature

Isolated calf deep venous thrombosis (ICDVT) includes thrombosis located at the far end of the popliteal vein, such as the anterior tibial vein, posterior tibial vein, fibular vein, and intramuscular vein of the soleus and gastrocnemius. This type of thrombosis has the highest incidence, accounting for approximately half of all deep vein thrombosis (DVT) cases; however, there is no consistent recommendation for ICDVT treatment across countries, and there is also no optimal management strategy. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that ICDVT can develop into proximal DVT, even causing pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, some experts suggest anticoagulant therapy for this type of DVT, while others hold an opposing attitude. Therefore, the treatment strategy for this type of DVT has become a hot and difficult research topic. The purpose of this review is to summarize the characteristics of ICDVT and the effects of different treatment strategies by analyzing recent and important classical works in the literature in an attempt to provide recommendations for the treatment of this most common type of DVT in orthopaedic clinics.     

Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients Undergoing Obesity Surgery

The aim of this study was to investigate prospectively the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after surgery for morbid obesity. The series comprised 116 consecutive patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The median age and body mass index were 35 years (range 19–59 years) and 42 kg/m2 (range 32–68 kg/m2), respectively. The patients were examined with duplex ultrasonography pre- and postoperatively. No patient had any symptoms or signs of DVT postoperatively, and ultrasonography showed no signs of thrombosis in iliac, femoral, and popliteal veins in any of the patients. Two patients (1.7%) had a thrombus in the peroneal vein of one leg. Repeated ultrasonographic investigation after 1 week showed complete resolution of both. One patient with a previously unknown activated protein C resistance had an angiographically confirmed minor pulmonary embolus. The incidence of venous thromboembolism after obesity surgery seems to be low, and obesity as a risk factor for thromboembolic disease might have been overestimated in the past.     

下肢手术后有症状的下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨下肢手术后有症状的下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床特点,早期诊断方法和预防措施,方法：对5例支手术后发生有症状的下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的临床表现和彩色多普勒结果进行分析。结果：下肢手术后小腿出现疼痛是下肢深静脉血栓形成最早出现并具有很高诊断价值的临床特点,手术后肢体加压包扎是一促进下肢深静脉血栓形成的可能因素。结论：下肢手术后出现小腿后侧疼痛时应考虑下肢深静脉血栓形成的可能,彩色多普勒检查可明确诊断,对高危患者围手术期应采取综合预防措施。     

胸腰椎骨折内固定术后深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨胸腰椎骨折内固定术后深静脉血栓的发生情况及预防措施。方法：65例胸腰椎骨折内固定术患者,29例术后用弹力袜,36例口服法华林预防深静脉血栓形成。术后第6d行双下肢彩色多谱勒超声扫描,分析深静脉血栓的发生情况及两种措施的作用效果。结果;共有3例发生深静脉血栓,均来自弹力袜组,1例为前路手术,2例为后路手术。结论：小剂量口服法华林预防深静脉血栓形成的效果优于弹力袜（P＜0．05）。深静脉血栓形成与患者年龄、体重、手术入路、手术时间、吸因史无显著相关性。     

Inferior Vena Cava Duplication and Deep Venous Thrombosis: Case Report and Review of Literature

Duplications of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are seen with an incidence of 0.2% to 3.0%. Duplications causing symptoms are rare, with only six reported cases of IVC duplication associated with a deep venous thrombosis. We present a 78-year-old caucasian woman with an IVC duplication who developed a deep venous thrombosis. The etiologies of IVC duplication include failure of anastomosis between the primitive cardinal veins and failure of regression of the left supracardinal vein. When asymptomatic, treatment includes observation, placing filters in both systems, or coil-embolization of the duplicated segment plus placing a filter in the right IVC. For our patient, we chose to coil-embolize the communication to the duplicated segment as well as place a filter in the main right IVC system.     

Long-term Results after Transfemoral Venous Thrombectomy for Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis

ObjectiveIn patients presenting with extensive venous thrombosis affecting the pelvic veins, transfemoral venous thrombectomy has been suggested as an effective treatment in selected patients. We present our experience of this technique as well as its long-term results.Patients and methodsBetween January 1998 and January 2008, a total of 83 patients underwent transfemoral venous thrombectomy in our Department of Vascular Surgery. In 22 cases, this was combined with angioplasty and stenting of an iliac vein stenosis. Isolated intra-operative thrombolysis was performed in eight cases to treat deep venous thrombosis (DVT) affecting veins distal to the common femoral vein. All patients suffered from a DVT involving the pelvic veins. A DVT involving all venous segments from the pelvis to the calf was present in 63% of cases. Patients were followed up at 3 months, 6 months and yearly thereafter by clinical and duplex ultrasound examination.ResultsIn all patients, the procedure was successful in achieving re-canalisation of the pelvic veins at the end of the operation. Perioperatively, there was no mortality and there was no case of clinically detected pulmonary embolism. Life-table analysis showed that, after a mean duration of 60 months following treatment, ～75% of the treated venous segments remained patent. Moderate post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS; clinical severity, etiology, anatomy and pathophysiology (CEAP) C2–C4) was present in 20% of cases; severe PTS (CEAP C5 and C6) did not occur in any of the treated patients.ConclusionsIt is safe and effective to treat extensive iliofemoral DVT using transfemoral venous thrombectomy and this prevents the development of severe PTS in the long term. The procedure is only feasible in a subset of patients with DVT, depending on the extent and the age of the thrombosis.     

腹腔镜结直肠癌术后下肢深静脉血栓的Meta分析

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌手术后下肢深静脉血栓（deep venous thrombosis,DVT）发生率的差异。方法收集1989年1月～2010年5月已公开发表的腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌手术后DVT发生情况的随机对照研究结果,按照Meta分析的要求对初步检索到的所有研究结果的质量进行评估和筛选,对入选的所有研究结果进行Meta分析,计算腹腔镜手术组相对开腹手术组术后发生DVT的优势比（odds ratio,OR）,评价腹腔镜手术和开腹手术后DVT发生率有无统计学差异。结果符合纳入标准的共9篇文章,总样本量2606例。其中腹腔镜手术组1453例,发生术后DVT11例;开腹手术组1153例,发生术后DVT15例。合并OR=0.63,95%可信区间为0.31~1.27。结论与开腹结直肠癌手术相比,腹腔镜手术不会增加术后DVT发生的风险。     

高龄髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的防治

目的探讨高龄患者行人工髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的防治。方法21例高龄患者行髋关节置换术,术后深静脉血栓形成时立即进行超声多普勒检查。结果术后死亡1例,20例中出现深静脉近端血栓6例,远端血栓14例,无全静脉血栓。经卧床休息、抬高患肢、使用弹力袜,抗凝溶栓治疗好转。结论高龄患者多伴有心血管或呼吸系统疾病,围手术期的正确处理和规范细致的手术操作可以减少和治疗髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓的形成。     

Deep Venous Thrombosis in Lap Band Surgery: A Single Center Study

Bariatric surgery has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for morbid obesity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of pre- and post-operative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in Lap-Band surgical patients. This study group comprised 56 consecutive patients who underwent Lap-Band surgery. Mean age and body mass index were 38 years (range: 18–64 years) and 50.9 kg/m² (range: 53–74 kg/m²), respectively. All the patients were screened with duplex ultrasonography pre- and post-operatively. There were no iliac, femoral, or popliteal vein thromboses detected at any given point of time. No patient had any clinical signs or symptoms of DVT post-operatively. There were no observable differences attributable to DVT prophylaxis. This data suggest that in the setting of chemical and mechanical prophylaxis, the incidence of DVT in patients undergoing Lap-Band surgery at an established bariatric centre is minimal.     

Deep Venous Thrombosis in Spine Surgery Patients: Incidence and Hematoma Formation

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a significant health care problem; a variety of factors place spinal surgery patients at high risk for DVT. Our aim is to define the incidence of DVT occurrence in spite of prophylactic measures (mechanical and chemoprophylaxis), and the development of spinal epidural hematoma as a complication of chemoprophylaxis. In a single-center prospective study, 158 patients who underwent spinal surgical procedures were evaluated by clinical evaluation and lower limb Doppler ultrasonography imaging. Only one patient (0.6%) developed DVT; this patient was treated successfully without thrombus progression, with full recanalization. Three patients (1.8%) developed spinal epidural hematoma, but only one required surgical evacuation, and none sustained neurologic deficit. Careful evaluation for DVT risk on an individual basis and good prophylaxis helps to minimize the risk of DVT. The neurosurgeon is thus left to weigh the risks of postoperative hematoma formation against the benefits of protecting against DVT.     

Incidence of Symptomatic Deep Venous Thrombosis after Achilles Tendon Rupture

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality and is associated with many orthopedic procedures. Previous studies have reported highly variable DVT rates in patients with Achilles tendon rupture undergoing operative and nonoperative treatment. We performed a retrospective chart review for all patients who underwent Achilles tendon repair at our institution from January 2006 to February 2012. Patient data were collected from the electronic medical record system. A total of 115 patients were eligible for the present study. Of these patients, 27 (23.47%) with a surgically treated Achilles tendon rupture developed a symptomatic DVT either while waiting for, or after, surgical intervention, with approximately one third of these diagnosed before surgical intervention. Of the 27 patients with DVT, 3 had a proximal DVT and 24 had a distal DVT. One patient developed a pulmonary embolism. The DVT incidence was greater in the 2 older age groups (40 to 59 and 60 to 79 years) compared individually with the younger age group (20 to 39 years; p < .0026 and p < .0014, respectively). We have shown a high incidence of DVT after Achilles tendon rupture. We recommend a high level of suspicion for the signs and symptoms of DVT during the follow-up period. In addition, patient education and early mobilization should be advocated, especially for patients older than 40 years. Additional randomized controlled trials investigating any benefits to pharmaceutical DVT prophylaxis in this population are needed to establish evidence-based recommendations.