腹腔镜辅助下的结肠直肠手术

目的 :探讨腹腔镜在结直肠手术中的应用。方法 :腹腔镜下为 2例直肠中下段癌行全直肠系膜切除 ,为 1例乙状结肠癌行乙状结肠癌根治术 ,为 1例结肠肝曲肿瘤行手助腹腔镜结肠肝曲肿瘤切除术。结果 :4例手术均获成功 ,无死亡病例 ,无并发症发生 ,手术平均 16 0min ,平均失血 4 0ml(10～ 10 0ml)。结论 :腹腔镜辅助下的结直肠手术是安全和可行的     

腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术安全性的探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜技术应用于结直肠癌手术治疗的安全性。方法收集2004年3月至2006年6月长征医院完成的腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术53例及同期开腹手术80例,对其临床资料进行对照分析。结果两组病例在年龄、性别和肿瘤部位、分期、分级、手术方式等方面的构成差异均无统计学意义;与开腹组相比,腹腔镜下右半结肠切除术、乙状结肠切除术、直肠前切除术及腹会阴联合切除术所需手术时间均较长(t值分别为7.12、12.43、6.95、4.53,P均<0.01);而腹腔镜下直肠前切除术及右半结肠切除术出血量较开腹手术少(t值分别为3.16、6.95,P均<0.01);术后肠功能恢复时间、术后镇痛时间、饮食恢复时间以及术后住院时间均优于开腹手术(t值分别为6.15、6.53、6.15、45.6,P均<0.01);而切除淋巴结数量、右半结肠和乙状结肠标本切除长度和切缘距离以及术后并发症发生率与开腹手术相比,差异均无统计学意义。腹腔镜直肠前切除术远切端距离比开腹组长(t=3.83,P<0.01);随访2～27(平均12)个月,两组均未发现切口转移,局部复发和远处转移差异无统计学意义。结论腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术创伤小,且不影响手术的彻底性。     

腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术21例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术治疗右侧结肠癌的安全性与疗效。方法应用腹腔镜技术,按开腹手术的原则行右半结肠切除术21例,所有肠系膜分离、肠系膜血管的处理和淋巴结清扫均在腹腔镜下完成,肠段的切除和吻合通过腹部小切口在体外完成。结果21例均成功完成手术,无中转开腹。手术时间136~248min,平均153.6min。结肠癌切除标本上下切缘长度分别(10.8±3.6)cm和(10.2±3.5)cm,清扫淋巴结数目(9.7±4.9)枚。1例术后切口感染,3个月后再次清创愈合。17例术后随访3~36个月,平均19个月。2例分别于术后8、20个月发生肝转移。无切口和穿刺口种植转移发生。结论腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术是安全可行的,按肿瘤根治原则可以达到开腹手术同样的疗效。     

腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术根治结肠癌

目的:探讨腹腔镜右半结肠切除术治疗结肠癌的安全性与有效性。方法:对2000年9月至2003年10月我科为41例右半结肠癌病人所行的腹腔镜右半结肠切除术进行随访,以研究其手术安全性、术后恢复情况及肿瘤的根治性效果。结果:无术中严重并发症和手术死亡病例,2例(4.9%)中转开腹手术;手术时间为(152.65±28.29)min、术中出血平均(112.94±96.36)ml。病人排气时间、下床时间、住院天数分别为(2.24±0.56)、(3.94±1.64)、(13.94±6.5)d。清扫淋巴结总数(11.24±8.02)枚[结肠上旁淋巴结(6.82±4.72)枚,系膜间淋巴结(2.59±2.43)枚,血管根部淋巴结(1.82±2.53)枚],手术切除标本长度(20.88±5.28)cm;除2例肺部感染、1例术后肠梗阻外余病人未见术后并发症;所有病人均获随访(12～46)个月,平均(29.15±7.95)个月,2例(4.9%)局部复发,3例(7.3%)发生肝转移,短期(46个月)累计生存率为74.50%。结论:腹腔镜右半结肠切除术治疗右半结肠癌是安全有效的,符合肿瘤根治原则。     

腹腔镜辅助下结直肠癌手术的疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下结直肠癌手术的可行性、安全性、并发症及近期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析4年间1 1 2例腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术患者的临床资料,包括右半结肠切除2 3例,左半结肠切除7例,乙状结肠癌切除1 5例,D ixon术4 9例,M iles术1 8例。结果1 0 5例手术成功,7例因出血、肥胖及与邻近器官粘连而中转开腹手术,其中左半结肠2例,直肠癌4例。平均手术时间(1 6 1.2±4 8.6)m in,平均出血量7 8.5mL。术后早期并发症8例,无围手术期死亡。结肠癌标本近、远切缘长度分别为(1 4.5±3.2)cm和(1 1.0±2.6)cm,直肠癌标本近、远切缘长度分别为(15.3±2.7)cm和(2.8±1.6)cm。清扫淋巴结平均(8.2±4.6)枚,4 9例淋巴结转移。随访8~4 4个月,随访率9 5.5%。随访未发现戳孔肿瘤种植,局部复发7例(6.5%),远处转移6例(5.6%),总病死率7.5%(8/1 0 7)。结论腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术不仅安全可行,具有微创优势,并可达到与开腹同样的肿瘤根治性效果。     

完全腹腔镜结直肠切除术20例报告

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜结直肠切除术的手术方法、适应证及其安全性和应用价值。方法:回顾分析2007年4月至2008年11月我院为20例患者行完全腹腔镜结直肠切除术的临床资料。结果:行完全腹腔镜全结肠部分直肠切除术2例,次全结肠切除术1例,乙状结肠癌根治性切除术6例,乙状结肠癌姑息性切除术1例,直肠癌根治性切除术10例。术中平均出血116.5ml,平均手术时间183.5min,术后平均住院8d,无严重并发症发生。随访1～19个月无复发。结论:完全腹腔镜结直肠切除术切口小,应用于全结肠部分直肠切除、乙状结肠癌、直肠癌根治术,近期疗效良好,远期疗效有待研究。     

Trans nature orifice totally laparoscopic resection of colorectal tumors: A report of 21 cases

目的 探讨经自然孔道取出标本完全腹腔镜下结直肠肿瘤切除术的安全性、可行性及其效果.方法 回顾分析2010年12月至2011年10月实施了经自然孔道取出标本完全腹腔镜下结直肠肿瘤切除术的21例临床资料.结果 经阴道完全腹腔镜下乙状结肠切除术1例,经肛门完全腹腔镜下直肠癌切除术3例,经脐完全腹腔镜直肠癌切除6例,经脐完全腹腔镜下乙状结肠切除术5例,经脐完全腹腔镜下右半结肠切除6例.手术时间为(145±20) min,出血量为(140±40) ml;术后平均住院8.2 d,无严重并发症.平均清扫淋巴结14枚(10～25枚),转移0枚,标本切缘均为阴性,所有病例短期随访4～13个月,均无局部复发及远处转移.结论 经自然孔道取出标本完全腹腔镜下结直肠肿瘤切除术具有切口小而隐蔽、术后恢复快、住院时间短、近期疗效好等优点,但远期疗效尚需继续观察.     

腹腔镜辅助下全结直肠切除术治疗结直肠多发性疾病

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助下全结直肠切除术治疗结直肠多发疾病的可行性与安全性。方法:回顾性分析11例在腹腔镜辅助下进行的全结肠切除术患者的临床资料,其中家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)2例,息肉癌变2例,结直肠多发癌3例,慢性溃疡性结直肠炎2例,慢性顽固性便秘2例。结果:11例腹腔镜辅助下全结肠切除术均成功,手术时间约(348±47)m in,术中出血量约(187±68)m l,术后胃肠功能恢复时间(65±18)h,辅助切口3~5 cm,术后无腹腔出血、感染、吻合口瘘等并发症;随访6~24月,大便5~12次/d;无肿瘤复发、转移。结论:在熟练掌握腹腔镜操作技术和开腹大肠切除技巧的前提下,完成腹腔镜辅助下全结直肠切除术是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜结肠直肠肿瘤切除术的临床作用

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术在结肠直肠肿瘤切除术中的应用和临床效果。方法：利用腹腔镜技术对109例结肠直肠肿瘤病人进行手术，并对手术操作、术后情况以及并发症等进行分析。结果：109例病人中转开腹手术11例，占10．1％。98例采用腹腔镜方法完成手术切除，其中结肠直肠腺瘤3例，结肠直肠癌95例。95例结肠直肠癌行姑息性切除5例，根治性切除90例；术式为Miles手术31例，右半结肠切除27例，乙状结肠切除18例，前切除16例，降结肠切除2例，横结肠切除1例。本组病人术中无其他脏器损伤、大出血、气体栓塞等发生，术后无因出现并发症而行再手术治疗者，无一例死亡。在进行根治性切除并达到术后半年以上的病人中，目前有局部复发1例，肝和肺转移各1例，术后复发转移率为5．7％。目前尚未发现有腹壁切口和穿刺孔转移。结论：腹腔镜结肠直肠肿瘤切除手术创伤小，安全、可行，具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

腹腔镜下全结肠切除治疗多原发结肠癌3例

目的:探讨腹腔镜下全结肠切除术的可行性和安全性。方法:回顾分析腹腔镜全结肠切除术3例的临床资料。3例均为多原发结肠癌,在腹腔镜辅助下行全结肠切除术,并行肿瘤区域淋巴结清扫、回肠直肠吻合术。结果:3例手术顺利完成,无中转开腹,无手术死亡。平均手术时间300min(270～330min),平均出血量110ml(80～150ml),辅助切口平均长度6cm(5～7cm),平均术后住院8d(7～10d),无手术并发症。术后随访3例患者6～18个月,其中1例术后2个月出现肝内多发转移癌和脾转移癌,行B超介入射频治疗和静脉联合化疗后至今存活。结论:腹腔镜辅助全结肠切除术治疗多原发结肠癌安全可行,近期疗效良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.