血管内皮生长因子-C和生存素在胃癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨胃癌组织中血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）-C和生存素（sunrivin）蛋白表达及其临床意义。方法 采用免疫组织化学SP法检测97例原发性胃癌组织、癌旁组织及20例正常胃黏膜组织中VEGF-C和survivin蛋白的表达，并分析其与临床病理特征和预后的关系。结果 胃癌组织VEGF-C和survivin蛋白表达阳性率分别为66．0％和57．2％，显著高于癌旁组织和正常胃组织（P〈0．05）；VEGF-C蛋白表达与肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径、静脉侵犯及远处转移等无关，但与淋巴结转移、淋巴管侵犯、浆膜面受累和肿瘤TNM分期等密切相关；survivin蛋白表达与肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径、静脉侵犯等无关，但与浆膜面受累、淋巴管侵犯、淋巴结转移、远处转移和肿瘤TNM分期等密切相关；VEGF-C和survivin阳性表达组术后生存率明显低于阴性组；VEGF-C和survivin在胃癌组织中阳性表达呈正相关。结论 VEGF-C及survivin蛋白的阳性表达可作为胃癌预后不良的参考指标。     

联合评估survivin和p53在胃癌组织中表达的临床意义及对预后的影响

目的 研究胃癌原发灶中survivin和p53的表达与临床病理特征,恶性潜能及预后的影响。方法 免疫组化法检测125例行根治切除胃癌组织中survivin和p53表达情况,采用单因素和多因素分析比较survivin和p53表达及其共同表达与临床病理特征和预后关系。结果 survivin和p53表达阳性率各自为57．6％（72例／125例）和59．2％（74例／125例）。survivin阳性表达率在弥漫型和组织分化差（均P〈0．01）、肿瘤浸润更深、有淋巴结转移、淋巴管浸润及进展期（P〈0．05）胃癌组织中显著增高。p53表达与淋巴结转移和淋巴管浸润（P〈0．037）相关。单因素分析显示,survivin和p53表达阳性分别与5年生存率有关（P=0．0050和P=0．0025）。多因素分析显示,survivin和p53共同表达患者预后更差（P=0．001）。结论 survivin和p53在胃癌组织中均有较高的表达率,survivin阳性表达和p53阳性表达分别提示预后不良,survivin和p53共同表达为胃癌根治术后独立的预后因子。     

胃癌组织中皮层肌动蛋白的表达及其对预后的影响

目的：探讨皮层肌动蛋白（CORTACTIN）在胃癌组织中的表达及其对预后的影响。 方法：采用免疫组化SP法检测56例胃癌及对应癌旁组织中CORTACTIN的表达,分析其与胃癌临床特征和预后的关系。 结果：CORTACTIN在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率显著高于对应的癌旁组织 (69.6% vs. 21.4%,P=0.000),CORTACTIN在胃癌中的阳性表达与肿瘤病理分化程度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期和浸润深度有关(P=0.009, P=0.014, P=0.019, P=0.021);CORTACTIN阳性表达是胃癌患者预后不良的独立影响因素。 结论：CORTACTIN在胃癌组织中表达升高,并且与患者预后相关,提示CORTACTIN可能在胃癌中发挥促进侵袭转移的作用。     

食管鳞癌survivin蛋白和P63蛋白的表达及其临床意义

目的研究食管鳞癌(ESC)组织中survivin蛋白和P63蛋白的表达与ESC生物学行为之间的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学(SP)方法检测65例ESC组织中survivin蛋白和P63蛋白的表达,探讨两者与ESC组织分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移和预后的关系。结果(1)survivin蛋白在ESC组织中的阳性表达率为55.4%,其表达越强,组织分化程度越低(P=0.00)、TNM分期越晚(ⅡB期和Ⅲ期,P=0.00)、淋巴结转移率越高(P=0.00)、两年生存率越低(P=0.00);(2)P63蛋白在ESC组织中的阳性细胞百分数为(43.2±24.7)%,其阳性细胞百分数越高,组织分化程度越低,但阳性细胞百分数的高低与TNM分期、淋巴结转移、两年生存率无关(P均>0.05);(3)survivin蛋白呈强阳性表达的病例中,其P63蛋白阳性细胞百分数明显高于survivin呈阴性和弱阳性表达的病例(P均=0.00)。结论ESC组织survivin蛋白的表达,与ESC的分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移情况和预后有密切关系,它的高表达提示肿瘤患者预后不良;而P63蛋白对ESC生物学行为的影响相对较小。     

腺苷酸环化酶相关蛋白1在胃癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨腺苷酸环化酶相关蛋白1(adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1,CAP1)在胃癌组织中的表达及临床病理学意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学方法和组织芯片技术检测CAP1在胃癌病人石蜡标本蛋白质表达水平,分析其与胃癌临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果:结果显示,CAP1在胃癌病人的表达率为55.7%(127/228)。CAP1的表达与胃癌的分化程度(P=0.037)、脉管内癌栓形成(P=0.006)、神经侵犯(P=0.05)、T分期(P=0.014)、N分期(P=0.007)以及TNM分期(P=0.026)相关。采用COX回归模型的多因素分析显示,CAP1表达、分化程度、T分期、N分期和M分期是病人生存率的独立不良预后因素。CAP1可作为影响胃癌预后的独立危险因素。结论:胃癌组织的CAP1表达可能与肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移有关。CAP1表达提示预后不良。     

腹腔冲洗细胞学检查对判断胃癌预后的价值

目的探讨胃癌患者腹腔游离癌细胞形成的相关因素及其与胃癌根治术后预后的关系。方法对61例胃癌手术患者施行术中腹腔冲洗液细胞学检测,分析其临床病理特征与腹腔游离癌细胞形成的相关性,通过多元回归分析和累积生存曲线分析预后及相关因素。结果61例胃癌患者腹腔冲洗液细胞学阳性率为36%,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期胃癌、浆膜受累、淋巴结受侵及血管癌栓、术后腹膜转移者阳性率分别为50%、47%、45%、65%、88%,明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期胃癌(19%)、浆膜未侵(22%)、无淋巴结受侵(12%)、无血管瘤栓(18%)及其他转移者(33%)。腹腔游离癌细胞是胃癌预后的独立危险因素(RR=3·614,P=0·02),腹腔冲洗液细胞学阳性组的生存时间明显缩短(P<0·01)。结论腹腔游离癌细胞形成微转移灶是胃癌根治术后腹腔复发转移及预后的危险因素,术中腹腔冲洗液细胞学检测有助于判断预后。     

BORIS蛋白表达在胃癌中的表达及其预后价值

目的本研究旨在探讨BORIS在胃癌中的表达水平及其预后价值。方法采用免疫组织化学的方法探讨BORIS蛋白的表达水平与接受胃癌根治术患者的临床病理特点及总体生存预后的关系,并采用Kaplan-Meier法、Life-table法、log-rank及Cox回归分析进行生存分析。结果胃癌组织中BORIS免疫组化阳性率为63.1%(41/65),明显高于癌旁正常胃组织。BORIS的表达与肿瘤浸润、淋巴转移和进展期的TNM分期显著相关。BORIS阳性的胃癌患者总体预后显著差于BORIS阴性者(5年总体生存率分别为22.0%和49.8%,P=0.009)。单因素Cox回归分析结果显示BORIS表达是影响本组胃癌患者生存预后的因素。结论 BORIS可能作为预测胃癌临床病理特点及生存预后的生物标记物。     

结缔组织生长因子在肝细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）在肝细胞癌（HCC）中的表达，分析其临床意义。方法 回顾性分析2011年6月至2018年1月145例肝细胞癌患者作为观察对象。采用免疫组化法检测CTGF表达，分析癌组织、癌旁正常组织CTGF的阳性表达率，比较不同临床特征和病理特征患者CTGF阳性表达率，探讨CTGF表达对患者预后的影响。结果 CTGF在癌组织中的阳性表达率为58.62%，高于癌旁正常组织的24.14%(P<0.05)。TNM分期为Ⅲ期～Ⅳ期、血管浸润、肿瘤分化程度为低分化患者CTGF阳性率高于TNM分期为Ⅰ期～Ⅱ期、无血管浸润、肿瘤分化程度为高分化的患者（P<0.05）。肿瘤内CTGF表达水平越高，患者无病生存率和总生存率则较低（P<0.05）。多因素Cox分析显示，TNM分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、CTGF阳性表达、血管浸润和肿瘤分化程度低是总生存期预后的独立影响因素（P<0.05）;TNM分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、CTGF阳性表达和肿瘤分化程度低是DFS预后的独立影响因素（P<0.05）。结论 CTGF在HCC的浸润转移过程中起着重要作用，CTGF阳性表达预示HCC的不良预...     

胰腺癌组织中survivin的表达及与预后的关系

目的：探讨胰腺癌组织中survivin的表达及其与患者预后的关系。 方法：用免疫组化法检测55例手术切除的原发性胰腺癌组织及癌旁非肿瘤胰腺组织中survivin的表达。分析survivin表达与患者临床病理因素的关系,以及与生存期的关系。 结果：胰腺癌组织中survivin的高表达阳性率为65.5%（36/55）,癌旁非肿瘤组织中均低表达;全组患者1、3、5年总生存率分别为50.9%、30.9%、1.8%;survivin的表达与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤部位及肿瘤大小无关（均P>0.05）,而与肿瘤分化程度、有无淋巴结转移及TNM分期有关（均P<0.05）;COX比例风险分析显示,survivin表达以及肿瘤分化程度、有无淋巴结转移均为影响预后的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）;生存分析显示,survivin高表达组患者的生存率明显低于低表达组（P<0.05）。 结论：survivin表达与胰腺癌患者的预后密切相关,survivin高表达者预后差。     

胃癌组织中CD133蛋白表达及其临床意义

目的研究胃腺癌组织中CD133蛋白表达及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组织化学染色方法检测99例胃癌患者手术切除的原发灶及正常胃黏膜组织中CD133蛋白的表达,分析其与临床病理特征和预后的关系。结果 29例(29.29%)患者肿瘤组织中CD133蛋白表达阳性,正常胃黏膜组织中均为阴性(P=0.000)。肿瘤直径>5 cm者CD133蛋白表达阳性率显著高于≤5 cm者(P=0.041);CD133蛋白表达与TNM分期有关(P=0.044);有淋巴结转移(P=0.017)、淋巴管浸润(P=0.000)和血管浸润(P=0.000)者,CD133蛋白表达显著增高。logistic回归分析显示:肿瘤浸润深度(P=0.011)、淋巴结转移(P=0.043)和TNM分期(P=0.049)分别是CD133蛋白表达阳性的独立危险因素。CD133蛋白表达阳性患者的术后生存时间短于表达阴性患者(P=0.046)。Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示,有淋巴结转移(P=0.042)、TNM分期(P=0.046)及CD133蛋白表达阳性(P=0.046)分别是胃癌患者预后的独立危险因素。结论胃癌组织中CD133蛋白的表达与胃癌的发展、转移及预后密切相关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.