空间站CO_2去除系统对微量污染物的辅助去除作用研究

目的评价空间站CO2去除系统对舱内大气微量污染物的辅助净化能力及微量污染物对系统去除CO2性能的影响。方法按照空间站微量污染物模型,选取有代表性的11种微量污染物,采用10倍加速条件进行密闭舱注入,在模拟3人CO2代谢量条件下考核CO2去除系统对注入气体及CO2气体的去除效果。结果在3人CO2代谢量条件下,空间站CO2去除系统对大部分微量污染物具有显著去除能力;该试验条件下的舱内微量污染物对CO2气体去除性能无明显影响。结论 CO2去除系统对舱内微量污染物净化可以起到一定的辅助作用。     

载人航天用TC-5A和TC-13X分子筛的研制及评价

目的 研制载人航天专用分子筛,并进行应用效果评价.方法 分子筛产品的研制采用造粒、烘干、焙烧、二次晶化、二次交换和二次焙烧技术,并通过等温吸附和4床分子筛试验进行静态动态性能评价.结果 研制的TC-5A和TC-13X分子筛产品,CO2和H2O的静态吸附能力分别达到19.7％和29.15％,在4床分子筛动态试验中,吸附床再生温度280℃,干燥床达120℃,干燥床出口空气露点小于-40℃,吸附床CO2动态处理能力为2.17 ～6.17 kg/d.结论 TC-5A和TC-13X分子筛应用于4床分子筛CO2处理系统,能够保证系统稳定运转,CO2处理量可满足3人密闭生存空间对CO2浓度控制的需要.     

受控生态生保系统中C2H4去除装置的研制

目的 研制成C2H4去除装置,去除密闭环境植物生长过程中不断产生的微量C2H4气体,为受控生态生保系统大气控制提供有效的方法。方法 根据产品技术指标和性能要求,提出设计方案,并完成产品的加工、安装与调试,最后进行低浓度C2H4去除的验证试验。结果 该装置系统运行良好,其能耗、体积、降解C2H4能力等均满足设计要求。在气体流速为1．0～3．0L／min、相对湿度20％、灯源功率48W条件下,C2H4浓度从0．034mg／kg降至0．010mg／kg以下;从降解产物来看,除CO2和H2O外,基本上无其它有毒副产物产生。结论 该装置结构设计合理,C2H4去除效率高,可作为受控生态生保系统植物栽培体系中微量C2H4污染气体的去除装置。     

固态胺二氧化碳去除系统中反应罐的设计

目的 设计一种能满足长期载人航天器内固态胺吸附／水蒸气解吸CO2控制系统要求的反应罐。方法 根据系统要求及固态胺本身特性,解决如下关键问题：（1）额定的阻力损失需要减少床高与吸附,浓缩需要增加床高的问题;（2）有限的解吸热量与一定解吸温度保持的问题;（3）微重力下如何适应固态胺的膨胀与收缩的问题。结果 成功地实现了CO2的吸附,解吸及浓缩,系统可控制座舱CO2浓度在0．5％以下,浓缩的CO2浓度＞95％,可直接进入CO2还原系统,系统阻力低于160mmH2O,解吸能耗降到650W以下,结论 设计的反应罐能满足微重力条件下固态胺二氧化碳去除系统的要求。     

空间蔬菜栽培装置地面实验样机研制

目的研制成空间蔬菜栽培装置地面实验样机,以便解决空间环境条件下栽培蔬菜的若干关键技术,为下一步研制空间蔬菜栽培装置样机和上天产品,并最终为在我国空间站实现空间蔬菜生产的实验与应用奠定基础。方法在详细技术方案论证与设计的基础上,进行了部件图纸设计与投厂加工、整机设备安装、调试、试运行和验证实验等。结果该样机栽培室内的温度、相对湿度、风速、总压、O2分压、CO2分压和栽培基质水分含量均实行自动而有效的控制;光源为高效电子荧光灯;平均蔬菜生产量可以 达到60g鲜重·d-1。结论该样机运行平稳,实际性能基本达到了预定的技术指标,部分组件的工作原理能够适应空间微重力环境,从而为今后研制空间蔬菜栽培装置打下了良好基础。     

空间微藻光生物反应器地面试验样机研制

目的 针对空间环境条件特点,研制空间微藻光生物反应器地面试验样机,为未来长期空间飞行、深空探测等飞行任务的乘员提供藻蛋白和O2,并清除密闭环境中的CO2等废气.方法 根据未来空间条件下使用要求,进行系统设计、加工,研制成空间微藻光生物反应器,然后进行微藻培养验证实验.结果 该装置共包括生物反应器主体、光源、CO2供应组件、溶氧脱除组件等9个部分.在该装置中,采用了一种新型的光生物反应器主体为微藻的生长提供场所;研制成供气膜功能组件,为微藻提供生长所需的CO2气体,提高了CO2的吸收利用率;采用膜技术,研制成脱气膜功能组件,及时脱除了藻液中的溶解氧,不仅为乘员提供了呼吸用氧,提高了藻体的生长速率,而且大大地降低了空间微重力条件下的气/液分离负荷.验证试验结果表明:该装置系统运行良好,其能耗、体积、藻蛋白生产能力等均满足设计要求.经7 d培养后,培养液的藻体密度从0.174 g(DW)/L增加到4.064 g(DW)/L,平均每天的藻蛋白生产能力高达11.1 g(DW).结论 研制的微藻光生物反应器试验样机运行稳定,藻体生长良好,O2的脱除和CO2的供应原理适合空间微重力环境下使用要求.     

固态胺CO2控制系统试验结果与分析

目的考验固态胺CO2控制系统主要功能和性能指标是否达到设计要求,同时考核系统与舱内环境的匹配性及工作协调性。方法在逼近真实负荷条件下,在模拟试验舱内进行了15d连续试验,测量并定时记录直接反映固态胺CO2控制系统对舱内大气与环境影响及控制的主要因素,通过这些因素的变化评价系统的性能。结果系统解吸的平均功率500W,平均排湿量为46g／h,3名乘员生活的舱内CO2浓度最高不超过0．6％,在所定的温、湿度控制条件下,舱内温度维持在25℃、相对湿度在45％。结论系统的,性能基本达到了设计要求,流程改进方案合理,既实现了废热的合理利用,又满足了密闭舱内环境对系统的温、湿度的限制,系统无故障工作15d,已具有进行长时间工作的品质。     

重力/失重条件下密闭舱内温湿度控制系统的通风和换热特性研究

目的 在地面条件下研究、评估载人航天飞行中密闭舱内温湿度控制系统的通风和换热特性.方法 在实验室密闭舱内构建一个温湿度控制系统,测量舱内不同剖面的温度、湿度和气流速度,并通过计算流体力学分析重力和失重条件下该温湿度控制系统的效能.结果 全面评估了构建的温湿度控制系统重力和失重务件下的温度、湿度控制能力,系统分析了重力和失重条件下的气流分布状态,证明它满足空间站的使用要求.结论 本文提供的方法可以作为密闭舱内温湿度控制系统工程设计的辅助手段,用于任意重力条件下的密闭舱布局设计和大气环境分析.     

空间植物栽培装置地面改进样机研制

目的 在空间植物栽培装置地面样机研制的基础上,完成空间植物栽培装置地面改进样机的研制,使其工作原理更能适应空间微重力环境条件.方法 借鉴空间植物栽培装置地面样机的先期研制经验,在技术方案详细论证与设计的基础上,进行部件图纸设计与投厂加工、整机设备安装、调试和试运行等.结果 该样机可自动而有效地控制栽培室内的大气环境参数和栽培基质水分含量;温湿度控制、冷凝水收集和植物养分供应等工作原理基本满足空间微重力环境条件下的使用要求.结论 本样机设计合理,解决了空间植物栽培的大部分关键技术难题,为下一步研制上天产品和开展空间飞行试验研究奠定了重要基础.     

中国空间站水回收系统关键技术分析

目的 系统分析中国空间站水回收系统研制所需要的关键技术.方法 依据任务需求,采用系统总体设计方法,综合分析俄罗斯和美国空间站水回收系统构架特点,并概要提出我国空间站水回收系统的特点及技术研究的重点.结果 我国空间站水回收系统的关键技术主要是冷凝水处理技术和尿蒸馏技术,水回收系统关键技术研究应当特别重视冷凝水处理技术的中温催化氧化的能耗问题、尿蒸馏技术的VCD技术和膜蒸馏技术难题以及微生物污染问题.结论 在关键技术分析的基础上,冷凝水净化装置和尿蒸馏装置原理样机的研制已经完成且满足设计要求.我国空间站水回收系统仍存在一些技术难题有待后续研究解决.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.