逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折

目的介绍髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折的方法。方法应用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折１０例,其中“Ｔ”或“Ｙ”型骨折５例,粉碎型骨折５例,全部病例进行临床随访评定效果。结果１０例经６－２４个月）平均１２个月）随访,无近晚期并发症,骨愈合良好,平均愈合时间４个月,术后功能恢复总体优良率达９０％,结论股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉具有操作简便,固定牢靠,锁定准确等优点,有较好的临床应用价值。     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部C型骨折

目的：对应用髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁C型骨折的临床经验进行总结。方法：应用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折14例。采用AO分类，其中C1型骨折6例，C2型5例，C3型3例。结果：随访时间6－24个月，无近晚期并发症，骨愈合良好，骨折平均愈合时间为16周。结果：优4例，良8例，可1例，差1例，总优良率为85．7％。结论：采用逆行交锁髓内钉是治疗股骨髁C型骨折的理想方法。     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折

目的对应用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉(GSH)治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折的临床经验进行总结。方法应用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折15例，采用AO分类法：A型12例，C型3例。均采用切开复位内固定。结果随访时间为6～24个月，所有骨折均获骨性愈合，平均愈合时间6个月。按Kolmert功能评分标准．优8例，良5例，可2例，优良率为86．7％。结论采用股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉是治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折的有效方法。     

逆行交锁髓内钉与钢板治疗股骨髁部骨折的疗效比较

目的:评价逆行交锁髓内钉与钢板治疗股骨髁部骨折的疗效.方法:回顾分析应用逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部骨折31例,钢板治疗股骨髁部骨折45例的恢复情况.结果:经过6～18个月的随访,逆行交锁髓内钉治疗组骨折愈合率100%,骨折平均愈合时间4个月,感染率为3.2%.钢板治疗组骨折愈合率91.1%,感染率11.1%,2例钢板外露,骨折平均愈合时间5.5个月.结论:逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁部骨折,操作简单,固定坚强,对骨折局部血供破坏小,是一种疗效满意的方法.治疗结果优于钢板,但其应用有一定局限性.     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间粉碎性骨折12例

目的探讨股骨逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间粉碎性骨折的效果。方法应用股骨逆行交锁髓内钉治疗12例股骨髁间粉碎型骨折,随访全部病例并进行临床效果评定。结果经6~20个月随访,12例骨愈合良好。结论股骨逆行交锁髓内钉具有操作简便、固定牢靠等优点,是治疗股骨髁间粉碎性骨折较理想的内固定器械。     

逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折疗效分析

目的：探讨GSH逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁上及髁间骨折的疗效。方法：从1998年1月～2002年12月，我院采用逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁上骨折及髁间骨折20例，其中股骨髁上骨折14例，髁上伴髁间骨折6例。男性15例，女性5例，年龄20～75岁，平均年龄35岁。术后早期CPM肢体功能锻炼，平均随访12～18月。结果：所有骨折均获得骨性愈合，平均愈合时间6个月。根据Kolment膝关节功能评分标准，优12例，良4例，可3例，差1例，优良率80％。结论：逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁上骨折及髁间骨折具有内固定坚强、操作简便、创伤小等优点，术后配合CPM早期功能锻炼，可以获得满意疗效。     

股骨下端复杂骨折内固定方法的选择

目的　为使股骨下端复杂骨折达到最佳治疗效果 ,探讨如何根据不同骨折类型选择不同内固定器材。方法　应用AO股骨髁支持钢板 15例 ,动力髁部螺钉 11例 ,股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉 6例分别治疗此类骨折共 32例 ,全部病例进行临床随访评定效果。结果　 32例经 6～ 36个月 (平均 11 5个月 )随访 ,骨折均获愈合 ,平均愈合时间为 5个月。术后功能恢复 ,总优良率达 87 5 %。结论　动力髁部螺钉、股骨下端逆行交锁髓内钉在治疗 33—A、B、C1型骨折中优于股骨髁支持钢板。股骨髁支持钢板适用于所有 33—A、B、C各型骨折 ,特别在治疗 33—C2、3 型骨折中优于动力髁部螺钉和股骨下端逆行交锁髓内钉     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折38例疗效分析

目的 探讨逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折的临床效果.方法 应用逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折38例.按照AO分型:C1型22例,C2型11例,C3型5例.结果 全部病例随访8～24个月,平均14.3个月.骨折愈合时间4～7个月,平均5.2个月.38例全部愈合,无感染、内外翻畸形愈合和断钉等并发症.结论 逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨髁间骨折,操作方便、简单、缩短手术时间、出血少、固定牢固,能防止骨折端短缩和旋转,为膝关节早期功能活动提供了保证与可能,是治疗股骨髁间骨折行之有效的方法之一.     

逆行髓内钉髌腱角置入治疗股骨远端骨折

目的探讨逆行髓内钉髌腱角置入治疗股骨髁上骨折的优势。方法本组21例股骨髁上骨折,按AO分类,A1型15例,A2型4例,A3型2例,均采用股骨逆行交锁髓内钉经髌腱角置入内固定治疗。结果随访5-20个月,平均7个月。骨折全部临床愈合,平均愈合时间4.3个月。疗效按HSS评分标准评定,优15例,良5例,中1例,优良率95％。结论股骨逆行交锁髓内钉髌腱角置钉的方法是治疗股骨远端A型骨折的有效方法,具有创伤小、直视置钉、不损伤伸膝装置等优点。     

股骨下端复杂骨折内固定方法的选择

目的 为使股骨下端复杂骨折达到最佳治疗效果。探讨如何根据不同骨折类型选择不同内固定器材。方法 应用AO股骨髁支持钢板15例，动力髁部螺钉11例，股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉6例分别治疗此类骨折共32例，全部病例进行临床随访评定效果。结果 32例经6-36个月（平均11.5个月）随访，骨折均获得愈合，平均愈合时间为5个月，术后功能恢复，总优良率达87.5%。结论 动力髁部螺钉，股骨下端逆行交锁髓内钉在治疗33-A，B、C1型骨折中优于股骨髁支持钢板，股骨髁支持钢板适用于所有33-A、B、C各型骨折，特别在治疗33-C2、3型骨折中优于动力髁部螺钉和股骨下端逆行交锁髓内钉。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.