The role of childhood BMI in predicting early adulthood dysglycemia: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Background and AimIncreased adiposity is associated with insulin resistance and glycemic disturbances. We aimed to determine whether childhood overweight or obesity are independent factors in predicting adulthood dysglycemia (prediabetes or type 2 diabetes).Methods and ResultsIn this population-based cohort study, 1290 normoglycemic subjects aged 3–11 years were followed for incidence of dysglycemia. Cox-proportional hazard models were employed to evaluate the association of obesity and overweight with incidence of dysglycemia by adjustments for age, sex, parental risk factors and baseline individual risk factors.The participants, with a mean age of 7.7 ± 2.5 years, were followed for a median of 14.9 years. During follow up, 158 subjects developed dysglycemia (18 type 2 diabetes, 140 prediabetes), contributing to a total cumulative incidence of 24.7%. The unadjusted HR for developing adult dysglycemia were 1.6 (95% CI; 1.0–2.4) and 1.7 (95% CI; 1.0–3.0) in overweight and obese children, respectively. Further adjustments for age, sex, parental risk factors and baseline individual risk factors changed the results in both overweight and obese children.ConclusionThese findings show that overweight or obesity in childhood have no independent role for developing adulthood dysglycemia.     

Long-term effects of coffee and caffeine intake on the risk of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: Findings from a population with low coffee consumption

Background and aim

Here, we examined the potential effect of coffee consumption and total caffeine intake on the occurrence of pre-diabetes and T2D, in a population with low coffee consumption.

The impact of triglycerides on glucose tolerance: Lipotoxicity revisited

Elevated plasma triglycerides (TGs) are early key features of conditions associated with a dysregulation in glucose metabolism and may predict the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) over time. Although the acute ingestion of lipid, either mixed with or shortly before the meal, is neutral or slightly beneficial on glucose tolerance, a short-term increase in plasma TGs induced by either an i.v. lipid infusion or a high-fat diet produces a deterioration of glucose control. Accordingly, chronic lowering of plasma TGs by fibrates improves glucose homeostasis and may also prevent T2D. The chronic effects of the elevation of dietary lipid intake are less clear, particularly in humans, being the quality of fat probably more important than total fat intake. Although on the bases of the available experimental and clinical evidence it cannot be easily disentangled, with respect to elevated non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) the relative contribution of elevated TGs to glucose homeostasis disregulation seems to be greater and also more plausible. In conclusion, although the association between elevated plasma TGs and impaired glucose tolerance is commonly considered not causative or merely a consequence of NEFA-mediated lipotoxicity, the available data suggest that TGs per se may directly contribute to disorders of glucose metabolism.     

双黄降糖胶囊对2型糖尿病模型大鼠血糖、糖耐量及血脂的影响

目的 研究双黄降糖胶囊对2型糖尿病模型大鼠血糖、糖耐量及血脂的影响.方法 用链脲佐菌素复制糖尿病大鼠模型.实验设空白对照组、模型组、阳性对照组、双黄降糖胶囊低剂量组、双黄降糖胶囊高剂量组,连续灌胃28 d,分别测定大鼠空腹血糖、糖耐量及总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、尿素氮(BUN).结果 双黄降糖胶囊低、高剂量组均可降低糖尿病模型大鼠的血糖值,对葡萄糖引起的血糖升高有拮抗作用,与模型组比较有显著差异(P＜0.01),双黄降糖胶囊低剂量组能够降低TC、TG水平及BUN水平,与模型组比较差异显著(P＜0.05).结论 双黄降糖胶囊对实验性糖尿病模型大鼠具有降糖、降脂、改善肾功能的作用.     

Relationship between glucose tolerance,insulin secretion,and insulin action in non-obese individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance

Summary Plasma glucose and insulin concentration following a 75 g oral glucose challenge and glucose uptake during a hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp study were determined in 50 non-obese individuals. The study population was divided into five groups on the basis of their glucose tolerance: normal, impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose of less than 8 mmol/l, between 8–15 mmol/l, and more than 15 mmol/l. The plasma insulin response was significantly greater (p<0.001) than normal in those with either impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes and a fasting plasma glucose concentration less than 8 mmol/l. In contrast, the plasma insulin response was similar to normal in the other two groups of patients with Type 2 diabetes, i.e. fasting plasma glucose concentration 8–15 mmol/l or greater than 15 mmol/l. Glucose uptake rates were significantly lower (p<0.001) than normal in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and all three groups of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Although glucose uptake rates during the glucose clamp studies were relatively similar in all four groups of glucose intolerant subjects, the values were significantly lower in those patients with Type 2 diabetes who had a fasting plasma glucose concentration greater than 8 mmol/l (p<0.01), These data indicate that a significant degree of insulin resistance exists in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes, relatively independent of fasting plasma glucose concentration. Indeed, glucose uptake during glucose clamp studies fell 8-fold over a range in fasting plasma glucose concentration of from 4.5 to 6.5 mmol/l. In contrast, the plasma insulin response increased over the same range of fasting plasma glucose concentrations. The fact that this defect in insulin action can be seen in patients who are hyperinsulinaemic, not hypoinsulinaemic, and only modestly hyperglycaemic, is consistent with the hypothesis that resistance to insulin-stimulate glucose uptake is a basic characteristic of patients with impaired glucose tolerance or Type 2 diabetes.     

Coffee consumption and glucose tolerance status in middle-aged Japanese men

Aims/hypothesis Several studies have reported that coffee has a protective effect against the development of type 2 diabetes. However, few of these studies used the standard glucose tolerance test to diagnose type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coffee and green tea consumption and glucose tolerance status as determined using a 75-g OGTT.Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of 3224 male officials of the self-defence forces. Glucose tolerance status was determined in accordance with the 1998 World Health Organization criteria, and average intakes of coffee and green tea over the previous year were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. The figures obtained were adjusted for BMI, physical activity and other factors.Results A total of 1130 men were identified as having glucose intolerance (IFG, IGT or type 2 diabetes). Compared with those who did not consume coffee on a daily basis, fasting and 2-h post-load plasma glucose levels were 1.5% and 4.3% lower in those who drank 5 cups of coffee or more per day respectively. The adjusted odds ratios of glucose intolerance for categories of <1, 1–2, 3–4 and 5 cups of coffee per day were 1.0 (referent), 0.8 (95% CI 0.6–1.0), 0.7 (95% CI 0.6–0.9) and 0.7 (95% CI 0.5–0.9) respectively (p=0.0001 for trend). No clear association was observed between green tea drinking and glucose tolerance status.Conclusions/interpretation Coffee consumption may inhibit postprandial hyperglycaemia and thereby protect against the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

黄连解毒汤对糖耐量减低大鼠的糖尿病延缓作用

目的 观察黄连解毒汤对糖耐量减低(IGT) Zucker糖尿病肥胖(ZDF,fa/fa)大鼠糖尿病发病的延缓作用并探讨相关机制.方法 以高脂饲料诱导20只ZDF大鼠至IGT期后,将大鼠按随机数字表法分为模型组及黄连解毒汤干预组(黄连组),每组10只,并以Zucker Lean(fa/+)大鼠作为正常对照组,其中,黄连组以黄连解毒汤0.075 g/d灌胃干预,模型组及正常对照组以同体积双蒸水对照,以干预3周后,模型组全部发展至糖尿病为实验终点.行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTF)观察黄连组糖尿病发病率.以酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血浆脂多糖、胰高血糖素样肽-l(GLP-1)、胰岛素及胰高血糖素(GC)水平,并以稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)评价胰岛素抵抗;以免疫组化方法观察不同组间回肠occludin、zonula occludens (ZO)-1、核因子-κB和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的表达.结果 药物干预3周后,模型组全部发展为糖尿病,而黄连组仅50％发展为糖尿病,且与模型组相比,黄连组空腹血糖水平(F=13.940,P＜0.01)显著下降.随着糖尿病病程进展,模型组大鼠空腹血浆GC(F=51.045,P＜0.01)、HOMA-IR(F=19.260,P＜O.01)、脂多糖(F=10.661,P＜0.05)、GLP-1(F=7.077,P＜0.01)水平逐渐升高,而胰岛素(F=13.445,P＜0.01)水平逐渐下降;干预3周后,与模型组相比,黄连组胰岛素(F=1.020,P＞0.05)、HOMA-IR(F=13.227,P＜0.01)、GC(F=23.440,P＜0.05)、脂多糖(F=22.636,P＜0.01)水平均有不同程度下降,GLP-1水平升高(F=4.954,P＜0.05).在回肠,与正常对照组相比,模型组核因子-κB (F=91.951,P＜0.01)和TNF-α(F=83.633,P＜0.01)的表达增加,而occludin(F=105.653,P＜0.01)及ZO-1 (F=71.753,P＜0.01)表达明显减少.黄连组上述指标均有明显改善(P均＜0.01).结论 黄连解毒汤可能通过改善GLP-1的分泌、减轻肠道炎性反应并维持肠道屏障功能,对IGT期ZDF大鼠有延缓T2DM发病的作用.     

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome by different definitions,and its association with type 2 diabetes,pre-diabetes,and cardiovascular disease risk in Brazil

Background and aimsMetabolic Syndrome (MS) is increasing in developing countries. Different definitions of MS lead to discrepancies in prevalence estimates and applicability. We assessed the prevalence of MS as defined by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Plan III (Modified NCEP) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS); compared the diagnostic performance and association of these definitions of MS with pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.MethodsA total of 714 randomly selected subjects from Northeastern Brazil were investigated in a cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were recorded. Diagnostic test performance measures assessed the ability of the different MS definitions to identify those with pre-diabetes, T2DM and increased CVD risk.ResultsThe adjusted prevalence of MS was 36.1% applying the JIS criteria, 35.1% the IDF and 29.5% Modified NCEP. Women were more affected by MS according to all definitions. MS was significantly associated with pre-diabetes, T2DM and CVD risk following the three definitions. However, the JIS and IDF definitions showed higher sensitivity than the Modified NCEP to identify pre-diabetes, T2DM and CVD risk. The odds ratios for those conditions were not significantly different when comparing the definitions.ConclusionsMS is highly prevalent in Brazil, particularly among those with pre-diabetes, T2DM, and high CVD risk. The IDF and JIS criteria may be better suited in the Brazilian population to identify pre-diabetes, T2DM and CVD risk. This may also signify the importance of the assessment of MS in clinical practice.     

Distinguishing between persistent and transient impaired glucose tolerance using a prediction model.

Screening for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes was carried out in 777 people and those with high blood glucose levels completed three 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Blood lipid levels, fasting and 2-h insulin levels, body mass index, and blood pressure were also measured and family history of Type 2 diabetes recorded. Fifty people were identified with IGT and of these 21 were found to have persistent IGT and 29 transient IGT. A model including the variables body mass index, fasting and 2-h insulin levels, fasting triglycerides and family history of Type 2 diabetes was developed using the Speigelhalter-Knill-Jones weighting method to predict subjects with persistent IGT. This model could be useful in identifying people with persistent IGT and therefore eliminate the need for repeat OGTTs which are time consuming and expensive.     

Alveolar bone loss associated with glucose tolerance in Japanese men.

AIMS: Type 2 diabetes is known to affect alveolar bone loss (ABL). The purpose of this study was to examine whether impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is associated with ABL, as is diabetes. METHODS: A case-control study was performed with 664 Japanese men aged 46-57 years. Panoramic radiographs revealed 513 severe ABL cases, 22 moderate ABL cases, and 129 controls with good alveolar bone. Diabetes status was classified into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), IGT, and newly diagnosed diabetes according to the fasting plasma glucose and 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Diabetes under treatment was excluded. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from ordinal logistic regression analysis. Statistical adjustment was made for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, rank in the Self Defence Forces (SDF), cigarette-years, alcohol use, body mass index, previous 10 years' brushing habits and instrument use other than toothbrush, and history of periodontal treatment. RESULTS: A significant, approximately three-fold increase in the crude OR (crude OR=3.28; 95% CI=1.16-9.27) and non-significant 2.6-fold increase in the adjusted OR (adjusted OR=2.55; 95% CI=0.86, 7.54) of ABL was observed among men with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes compared with the reference group (NGT combined with IFG). However, there was no association between IGT and ABL (adjusted OR=0.99; 95% CI=0.59,1.64). CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetes, but not IGT, was positively associated with ABL. Preventive maintenance against periodontitis is important in middle-aged men with diabetes.     

Relationship between bone biochemical markers versus glucose/lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis; a longitudinal study in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aim

Although accumulating evidence suggests that osteocalcin, which is secreted in circulation specifically from osteoblasts, is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, it is unclear whether serum osteocalcin is associated with atherosclerosis parameter in humans.

Subjects and methods

We monitored chronological changes in bone turnover markers and a parameter of atherosclerosis, plaque score (PS), during glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, and analyzed relationships among these parameters.

Results

Multiple regression analysis showed that changes in osteocalcin were negatively correlated with changes in HbA_1c (β = −0.38, p = 0.01). Baseline osteocalcin was negatively correlated with changes in triglycerides (β = −0.29, p = 0.03) and positively with changes in HDL-cholesterol (β = 0.31, p = 0.03), and that changes in osteocalcin were negatively correlated with baseline triglyceride (β = −0.35, p = 0.02). Changes in osteocalcin were positively correlated with baseline PS (β = 0.35, p = 0.01) and negatively with changes in PS (β = −0.30, p < 0.05) independent of other conventional risk factors of atherosclerosis.

Conclusion

These findings indicated the association between serum osteocalcin and glucose and lipid metabolism as well as an atherosclerosis parameter independently of other atherosclerosis-related risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that osteocalcin is important for not only bone metabolism but also glucose and lipid metabolism as well as atherosclerosis.     

Serum high molecular weight complex of adiponectin correlates better with glucose tolerance than total serum adiponectin in Indo-Asian males

Aims/hypothesis It is well established that total systemic adiponectin is reduced in type 2 diabetic subjects. To date most studies have been concerned with the singular full-length protein or proteolytically cleaved globular domain. It is, however, apparent that the native protein circulates in serum as a lower molecular weight hexamer and as larger multimeric structures of high molecular weight (HMW). In this study we address the clinical significance of each form of the protein with respect to glucose tolerance.Methods Serum was obtained from 34 Indo-Asian male subjects (BMI 26.5±3.1; age 52.15±10.14 years) who had undertaken a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. An aliquot of serum was fractionated using velocity sedimentation followed by reducing SDS-PAGE. Western blots were probed for adiponectin, and HMW adiponectin as a percentage of total adiponectin (percentage of higher molecular weight adiponectin [S_A] index) was calculated from densitometry readings. Total adiponectin was measured using ELISA; leptin, insulin and IL-6 were determined using ELISA.Results Analysis of the cohort demonstrated that total adiponectin (r=0.625, p=0.0001), fasting insulin (r=–0.354, p=0.040) and age (r=0.567, p=0.0001) correlated with S_A. S_A showed a tighter, inverse correlation with 2-h glucose levels (r=–0.58, p=0.0003) than total adiponectin (r=–0.38, p=0.0001).Conclusions/interpretation This study demonstrates the importance of the S_A index as a better determinant of glucose intolerance than measurements of total adiponectin. Our findings suggest that HMW adiponectin is the active form of the protein.     

Optimizing blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: an approach based on fasting blood glucose measurements

A structured approach to the management of Type 2 diabetes, aiming to reduce fasting blood glucose levels to near-normal, can provide effective blood glucose control with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia and in a manner acceptable to most patients. When the fasting blood glucose value is maintained in the region 4-6 mmol l-1, protein glycosylation and plasma triglyceride values usually become near-normal and this may help to prevent the development of long-term diabetic complications. We propose a simple management strategy, based on 3-monthly fasting blood glucose determination, which uses not more than two therapeutic agents at any one time. If diet and maximal oral therapy fail to keep fasting blood glucose levels below 6 mmol l-1 then the addition of a basal insulin supplement, e.g. from a once daily injection of ultralente insulin, can restore near-normal fasting blood glucose levels without the need for full insulin replacement therapy. In older patients, where long-term prevention of diabetic complications is not such an immediate priority, less strict blood glucose control may be reasonable, aiming to keep the fasting blood glucose values below 10 mmol l-1 in order to prevent symptoms secondary to glycosuria. Patients can be seen at a monthly general practice morning diabetic mini-clinic or with the aid of a nurse visiting elderly patients at home.     

不同糖代谢状态的维吾尔族人糖负荷后丙二醛水平的变化

目的　探讨不同糖代谢状态的维吾尔族人糖负荷后丙二醛 (MDA)水平的变化。　方法　 10 0 2名维吾尔族市民 ,年龄 30～ 6 0岁。进行 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT) ,根据血糖结果按1997年ADA标准将人群分成正常糖代谢 (NGT)组、空腹血糖受损 (IFG)组、糖耐量受损 (IGT)组和糖尿病 (DM )组。各组按年龄、性别分层随机抽取 30人 ,共 12 0人。测定空腹及糖负荷后 2h血浆胰岛素、甘油三酯、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白及MDA。　结果　 (1)IGT组和DM组糖负荷后 2hMDA较空腹时增高 ,差异有非常显著意义 (t=4 75 5 2、16 0 791,P <0 0 1) ;糖负荷后MDA在DM组较NGT组、IFG组、IGT组均显著增高 (Hc =4 4 5 70 8,P <0 0 1) ;空腹MDA四组间差异无显著意义。 (2 )多元逐步回归分析显示 ,糖负荷后MDA增高的相关因素是糖负荷后甘油三酯的增高 (t=2 3882 ,P <0 0 5 )。　结论　糖代谢异常组尤其是DM组 ,糖负荷后MDA水平显著增高 ,与其密切相关的因素是糖负荷后明显增高的甘油三酯水平。控制餐后甘油三酯可能是糖尿病患者预防大血管并发症的关键措施之一。     

肥胖者胰岛素分泌功能对糖耐量低减及糖尿病发生的影响

目的　探讨肥胖者胰岛素分泌变化对糖耐量低减 (IGT)及糖尿病 (DM)发生的影响。　方法　对 30例单纯性肥胖 [体重指数 (BMI) >2 7]患者进行血糖和胰岛素测定 ,并观察胰岛细胞分泌指数 (HOMA- IS)及胰岛素敏感性指数 (IAI) ,并对这些患者进行 15年随访。　结果　肥胖者空腹胰岛素 (FINS)水平明显高于正常人 (P <0 .0 1) ,与 HOMA - IS明显的正相关 (P <0 .0 1) ;空腹血糖(FPG)与 HOMA- IS及 IAI呈明显的负相关 (P<0 .0 1)。15年内 6 3.3%的肥胖者发展成 IGT,5 0 .0 %的肥胖者及发展成 IGT者发展为 2型 DM。　结论　肥胖对 IGT及糖尿病的发生、发展有着明显的影响 ,控制体重是减少 IGT发生的重要环节。     

二甲双胍和食物纤维在糖耐量低减人群向2型糖尿病发展中的干预作用

目的　观察二甲双胍和食物纤维预防糖耐量低减 (IGT)人群进展为 2型糖尿病 (DM)的作用。　方法　以口服 75 g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)确诊 (WHO标准 )的 IGT2 93例中男 2 16例 ,女 77例。入选者年龄 35岁以上 ,体重指数 (BMI)在 19kg/ m2以上。随机分为对照组 72例 ,教育组 5 7例 ,食物纤维组 84例 ,二甲双胍组 80例。对照组进行一般的健康教育 ;教育组进行饮食指导 ,每半年1次 ;食物纤维组除健康教育外 ,每日口服食物纤维 12 g;二甲双胍组每日口服二甲双胍 0 .75 g,分 3次餐后口服。对四组参试者每半年作 1次 OGTT,同时测身高、体重、BMI、12 h尿白蛋白 ,复查日当天不服干预药物或食物纤维。共观察 3年。若 2次 OGTT或最后 1次复查结果为 DM,则判断为已发展为 DM。　结果　 2 93例 IGT在观察中有 2 3例 (7.8% )退出。空腹血糖 (FBS)和服糖后 1h血糖 (1hPBS)在对照组、教育组和食物纤维组均较治疗前略有升高 ,但在二甲双胍治疗组均有下降。四组间FBS比较 F=8.118,P<0 .0 1,四组间 1h PBS比较 F=3.6 97,P=0 .0 12。观察期末对照组 16例 (2 5 .0 % )、教育组 11例 (2 1.6 % )、食物纤维组 13例 (16 .3% )、二甲双胍组 7例 (9.3% )转化为 DM,二甲双胍组在治疗后 DM转化率明显低于对照组 (χ2 =6 .318,P<0 .0     

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance and associated factors in a rural Palestinian village.

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and to identify risk factors associated with diabetes in a rural Palestinian village. METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based study investigating 500 adults aged 30-65 years (response rate 85%) determined the diabetes status using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A standard questionnaire, a simple clinical examination and laboratory tests assessed blood lipids, blood pressure, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI) and other risk factors for diabetes RESULTS: The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes was 9.8% (95% confidence interval 7.3-12.3) and IGT 8.6% (6.1-11.1), while the prevalence standardized to the European population was 11.6% (8.8-14.4) for Type 2 diabetes and 10.3% (7.6-13.0) for IGT. Age, positive family history, high triglycerides level, and high WHR were significantly associated with Type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Of the factors associated with diabetes, WHR and triglycerides levels are potentially modifiable, and should be addressed by preventive health activities. The high prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its potential increase as a result of the ageing of the Palestinian population constitutes a major public health problem.     

Coffee consumption and incidence of impaired fasting glucose,impaired glucose tolerance,and type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study

Aims/hypothesis Coffee contains several substances that may affect glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between habitual coffee consumption and the incidence of IFG, IGT and type 2 diabetes.Methods We used cross-sectional and prospective data from the population-based Hoorn Study, which included Dutch men and women aged 50–74 years. An OGTT was performed at baseline and after a mean follow-up period of 6.4 years. Associations were adjusted for potential confounders including BMI, cigarette smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption and dietary factors.Results At baseline, a 5 cup per day higher coffee consumption was significantly associated with lower fasting insulin concentrations (–5.6%, 95% CI –9.3 to –1.6%) and 2-h glucose concentrations (–8.8%, 95% CI –11.8 to –5.6%), but was not associated with lower fasting glucose concentrations (–0.8%, 95% CI –2.1 to 0.6%). In the prospective analyses, the odds ratio (OR) for IGT was 0.59 (95% CI 0.36–0.97) for 3–4 cups per day, 0.46 (95% CI 0.26–0.81) for 5–6 cups per day, and 0.37 (95% CI 0.16–0.84) for 7 or more cups per day, as compared with the corresponding values for the consumption of 2 or fewer cups of coffee per day (p=0.001 for trend). Higher coffee consumption also tended to be associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes (OR 0.69, CI 0.31–1.51 for 7 vs 2 cups per day, p=0.09 for trend), but was not associated with the incidence of IFG (OR 1.35, CI 0.80–2.27 for 7 vs 2 cups per day, p=0.49 for trend).Conclusions/interpretation Our findings indicate that habitual coffee consumption can reduce the risk of IGT, and affects post-load rather than fasting glucose metabolism.     

Relationship between serum adipsin and the first phase of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in individuals with different glucose tolerance

Aims/Introduction

To detect serum adipsin levels in individuals with different glucose tolerance, and investigate the relationship between adipsisn and the first phase of insulin secretion.

Materials and Methods

A total of 56 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus, 36 patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 45 individuals with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out to evaluate pancreatic β‐cell function. The serum levels of adipsin, interleukin‐1β and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein were assayed.

Results

Serum adipsin levels were significantly lower in the type 2 diabetes mellitus and the IGT patients than those in the normal glucose tolerance group (P < 0.05). The acute insulin response and area under the curve showed a progressive decrease in the normal glucose tolerance and IGT groups, and decreased to the lowest levels in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group (P < 0.05). Adipsin was found to be negatively correlated with waist‐to‐hip ratio, free fatty acid, fasting plasma glucose, 2‐h postprandial plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, interleukin‐1β and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001), and positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, the area under the curve of the first phase insulin secretion and acute insulin response (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that homeostasis model assessment for β‐cell function and acute insulin response were independently related to adipsin (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Serum adipsin levels were lower in type 2 diabetes mellitus and IGT patients, and correlated with the first phase of insulin secretion. Adipsin might be involved in the pathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.