Effects of arterial compliance on geometry of the left ventricle in patients with pre-dialysis chronic renal failure]

AIM: To examine relationships between left ventricular geometry and general arterial compliance (GAC) in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure (CRF). 102 patients with predialysis CRF unrelated to diabetes mellitus (males 46, females 56, mean age 49.1 +/- 18.3 years). CRF was caused by chronic glomerulonephritis and essential hypertension (77.4%). 92 (90.2%) patients were hypertensive. Serum creatinin was 432.1 +/- 165.3 mcmol/l. GAC was defined as stroke volume/pulse arterial pressure. Echocardiography determined the index of the left ventricular myocardial mass (ILVMM), relative thickness of the left ventricular wall (RTW). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was diagnosed in 86 (84.3%) patients. In 64 patients it was concentric and in 22 patients--excentric). Multivariance regression analysis showed that systolic arterial pressure and anemia have a direct independent effect on ILVMM (p = 0.004). Independent inverse relationship was between GAC and RTW. Patients with concentric LVH had GAC lower than those with excentric LVH (p = 0.003). Reduction of GAC is an independent factor influencing the development of concentric LVH in patients with predialysis CRF.     

慢性肾脏病非透析患者血压昼夜节律与甲状旁腺素关系的研究

目的 观察慢性肾脏病非透析患者24小时血压动态变化,探讨血压昼夜节律异常与甲状旁腺素的关系.方法 随机选择承德市中心医院肾内科非透析的慢性肾脏病患者130例.动态血压监测采用携带式动态血压检测仪进行检测及数据分析.24小时平均血压≥130/80 mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa)为高血压组102例,＜130/80mmHg为正常血压组28例.同时检测血常规及血肌酐、尿素、血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺素、白蛋白等生化指标.结果 正常血压组夜间收缩压下降率、夜间舒张压下降率、杓型血压比例[M(QR)]分别为6.8(7.3)％、7.3(7.5)％、8(28.6)％,高血压组夜间收缩压下降率、夜间舒张压下降率、杓型血压比例分别为4.2(9.0)％、1.7(7.1)％、25(24.5)％,两组间夜间舒张压下降率差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01),但夜间收缩压下降率和杓型血压比例在两组间的差异无统计学意义.在高血压组平均舒张压≥90 mmHg的63例患者中夜间收缩压下降率为5.4(10.5)％,血全段甲状旁腺激素为(168.12±113.87) ng/L,两者呈负相关(r=-0.414,P＜0.05).在正常血压组28例中,夜间收缩压下降率和夜间舒张压下降率均和年龄呈负相关(r =-0.690,r=-0.631,均P＜0.01).在高血压组102例中,夜间舒张压下降率和重组人红细胞生成素用量呈负相关(r＝-0.430,P＜0.05).结论 慢性肾脏病非透析患者血压节律异常与血甲状旁腺素呈负相关;还与年龄、重组人红细胞生成素用量等因素有关.     

Hypoxic therapy of arterial hypertension in patients with different variability of arterial pressure

Sixty two patients with essential hypertension stage II were divided into two groups. 32 patients of group 1 received combined therapy including a course of inhalations of gas hypoxic mixture containing 10% oxygen and conventional medication (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, diuretics). 30 patients of group 2 (controls) were given medication alone. 24-h monitoring of arterial pressure (AP) and echocardiography suggested that high AP variability (APV) in hypertensive subjects leads to more significant changes in left ventricular and atrial structure and function typical for hypertensive heart. In high VAP, its night values are subnormal while daytime values are high in patients on combined medication and hypoxic therapy. The patients on standard medication had significantly low VAP at night while their daytime VAP tended to decrease. VAP positively correlated with hypertensive load. In high VAP hypoxic and drug therapies are less effective.     

脉压对老年2型糖尿病患者心脏结构和功能的影响

目的 采用三维斑点追踪技术评价脉压正常与脉压升高的老年2型糖尿病患者左心室结构及功能变化。方法 收集76例老年非高血压的2型糖尿病患者,分为糖尿病合并高脉压组（n=36;24 h脉压 ≥ 60 mmHg）和糖尿病合并正常脉压组（n=40）;另选40名年龄和性别相匹配且24 h脉压正常的健康志愿者作为对照组。所有受检者均接受三维斑点追踪超声检查。结果 3组间左心室几何构型差异有统计学意义（χ²=8.428,P=0.015）,向心性重构和向心性肥厚在糖尿病合并高脉压组最多见。糖尿病合并正常脉压组仅整体纵向应变较对照组降低（P<0.001）,但糖尿病合并高脉压组所有方向的应变值均较对照组和正常脉压组降低（P均<0.05）。结论 三维斑点追踪技术可检测脉压正常和脉压升高的老年2型糖尿病患者心脏的亚临床异常。     

非透析慢性肾脏病患者sST2、NT-proBNP、hs-cTnT与左心室构型的相关性

目的 左室重构和肥厚在慢性肾脏病（Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD）患者中十分常见,并与其不良预后相关。可溶性生长刺激表达基因2蛋白（soluble growth Stimulation expressed gene 2, sST2）是一种与心脏重构相关的新型循环标志物。本研究探讨了CKD患者sST2和传统心脏标志物与左心构型的相关性。 方法 纳入2019年8月至2020年12月在上海复旦大学附属中山医院肾病科诊治的CKD患者。收集患者临床资料,检测心脏标志物sST2、N端脑钠肽前体（N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP）、高敏肌钙蛋白T（high-sensitivity cardiac troponin , hs-cTnT）。采用经胸超声心动图评估左心室结构,根据左心室质量指数（Left Ventricular Mass Index, LVMI）和相对室壁厚度（Relative Wall Thickness, RWT）定义左心室几何构型。采用受试者工作特征（Receiver operating characteristic , ROC）曲线分析各心脏标志物对左心室肥厚（Left Ventricular Hypertension, LVH）的预测效能。采用事后检验分析各左心构型间心脏标志物的组间差异。采用多元线性回归分析心脏标志物与心脏结构参数之间的相关性。 结果 共纳入CKD患者652例。LVH的检出率为33.4%,检出率随着肾功能的恶化而增加,在CKD5期患者为64.3%。与正常构型患者相比,NT-proBNP和cTNT水平在向心性或离心性肥厚组中均显著升高,而sST2水平仅在向心性肥厚组中显著升高。多元线性回归分析示NT-proBNP与左房内径、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径、后壁厚度、室间隔厚度、左心室射血分数、左心质量和LVMI相关,hs-cTNT与左房内径、后壁厚度、室间隔厚度、左心质量、RWT和LVMI相关,sST2与左房内径、LVMI相关。 结论 sST2在向心性肥厚的CKD患者中明显升高,这一特征不同于传统心脏标志物。ST2/白细胞介素-33通路在CKD患者心脏重构过程中的作用机制有待进一步研究。     

慢性肾脏病3~5期非糖尿病非透析患者动脉僵硬度及其对预后的影响

目的检测慢性肾脏病（CKD）3~5期非糖尿病非透析患者动脉僵硬度,并探讨其对患者心脑血管死亡及全因死亡的影响。 方法纳入北京大学人民医院2006年4月至2012年11月收治的CKD 3~5期非糖尿病非透析住院患者161例,所有患者住院后检测颈-股动脉脉搏波速度（CFPWV）。根据CFPWV水平,将患者分为CFPWV正常组（CFPWV<12 m/s）和CFPWV升高组（CFPWV≥12 m/s）,随访入选患者的生存情况。采用Kaplan-Meier法对患者的生存情况进行评价,Cox比例风险回归对影响患者预后的因素进行分析。 结果平均随访时间为（99.15±49.57）个月。CFPWV升高组心脑血管死亡率及全因病死率均明显高于CFPWV正常组［37.6%（19/51） vs 11.0%（9/82）,50.7%（26/51） vs 20.7%（17/82）,P均<0.05］。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示CFPWV升高组心脑血管病死率及全因病死率均明显高于CFPWV正常组（P<0.05）。多因素Cox回归分析显示,年龄及CFPWV是患者心血管死亡及全因死亡的独立危险因素,此外,白蛋白及血红蛋白还是全因死亡的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。 结论高CFPWV的CKD 3~5期非糖尿病非透析患者心脑血管死亡率及全因死亡率均明显高于CFPWV正常的CKD患者,且CFPWV升高是CKD 3~5期非糖尿病非透析患者发生心脑血管死亡及全因死亡的独立危险因素。     

Association of depression and anxiety with reduced quality of life in patients with predialysis chronic kidney disease

Aim: Although depression and anxiety are the most common psychological problems among dialysis patients, little is known about the association between depression, anxiety and quality of life (QOL) in patients with predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, we assessed the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and their association with QOL in patients with predialysis CKD. Methods: Two hundred and eight predialysis patients (male 61.1%) with a mean age of 55.7 ± 13.7 years and an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² were enrolled. Depression and anxiety were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Patients with anxiety and depression scores ≥ 8 were diagnosed with anxiety and depression disorders respectively. The WHOQOL‐BREF questionnaire was used to assess patient QOL. Results: The prevalence of depression (47.1%) and anxiety (27.6%) did not differ across CKD stages. Depression correlated positively with age, employment, income, education, comorbidity index, haemoglobin level, albumin concentration and anxiety score, and negatively with all WHOQOL‐BREF domain scores. Anxiety correlated significantly with QOL, but not with socioeconomic factors. In a multiple regression analysis, haemoglobin level, anxiety and QOL were independent factors associated with depression. In a linear regression analysis, depression and anxiety independently correlated with QOL after we adjusted for age, alcohol use, employment, income, education, haemoglobin level and albumin concentration. Conclusions: Patients with predialysis CKD have a high prevalence of depression and anxiety, which are associated with reduced QOL. Early detection of depression and anxiety and active interventions should be considered to improve the QOL of these patients.     

每搏连续无创血压监测系统在风湿性二尖瓣狭窄合并小左心室患者术后的应用研究

目的 分析每搏连续无创血压(continuous non-invasive arterial pressure,CNAP)监测系统在风湿性二尖瓣狭窄合并小左心室患者术后的应用价值.方法 选取福建省立医院2019年1月至2020年1月收治的60例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄合并小左心室患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法将患者分为对照组...     

Prevalence, patterns of treatment, and control of hypertension in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease

Background/Aims: Data on the prevalence, treatment and control of hypertension in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) are limited. This study aimed to examine the above factors in a cohort of predialysis patients. Methods: During a period of 4 months, we recorded information on blood pressure (BP), comorbidities, medications and related parameters of patients followed up in the Low-Clearance Clinic of our Department. Control rates of hypertension were calculated at two thresholds: <130/80 and <140/90 mm Hg. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to assess factors associated with BP control. Results: In the population studied [n = 238, males 58.4%, age 66.21 ± 4.2 years (mean ± SD), estimated glomerular filtration rate 14.5 ± 4.8 ml/min/1.73 m(2)], the prevalence of hypertension was 95.0%. Treatment rate among hypertensives was at 99.1%. On average, 3.04 ± 1.32 antihypertensive drugs were used, ranging from 1 to 7 agents. BP control rates at the <130/80 and <140/90 mm Hg thresholds were 26.5% and 48.2%, respectively. The systolic goal was achieved in 31.0% and 50.4%, whereas the diastolic goal was achieved in 67.7% and 91.2% of patients, respectively. In multivariate analysis, only black race was independently and inversely related with hypertension control (β = -0.187, p = 0.030). No specific antihypertensive class showed independent associations with control. Conclusions: Hypertension is highly prevalent in predialysis CKD patients. An almost universal treatment, employing a multi-agent regime, can help towards improved rates of control. Systolic BP is the main barrier to successful control and black race is associated with poorer control rates.     

Segmental contractility and geometry of the left ventricle of patients with isolated lesions of the mitral valve

Investigations showed that patients with "pure" stenosis of the left atrioventricular orifice as well as those with mitral insufficiency were characterized by left ventricular myocardial dysfunction expressed in a decrease of the index of left ventricular integral function--the ejection fraction and in change of geometry of the left ventricular cavity. Asynergy (hypokinesia) of the anterior wall segments and the posterior basal segment was revealed in patients with "pure" stenosis and "pure" mitral insufficiency. Hypokinesia in patients with primary mitral insufficiency was revealed in the anterior wall only. The above changes in the left ventricular segmental contractility can be regarded as a cause of left ventricular pump function disorder.     

高血压合并慢性肾脏病患者的动态血压分析

目的 探讨原发性高血压合并慢性肾功能不全后动态血压的变化特点.方法 对28例单纯原发性高血压患者(A组)和25例合并慢性肾脏功能不全的高血压患者(B组)进行动态血压监测.结果 ①血压比较:24 h舒张压B组高于A组[(80.9±13.4)mm Hg比(70.3±15.6)mm Hg,P＜0.05)];B组夜间的收缩压与舒张压均高于A组[(160.2±17.8)mm Hg比(140.3±25.9)mm Hg和(82.6±16.1)姗Hg比(68.8±20.2)mm Hg,P＜0.01].②血压变异性比较:B组24 h收缩压变异性和舒张压变异性均高于A组[(13.5±3.9)mm Hg比(11.3±2.1)mm Hg和(9.2±1.2)mm Hg比(8.3±1.8)mm Hg,P＜0.05],B组夜间的收缩压与舒张压变异性均高于A组[(14.9±3.3)mm Hg比(9.3±2.1)mm Hg和(9.7±2.4)mm Hg比(8.0±2.2)mm Hg,P＜0.01)].③血压趋势比较:A组血压趋势以非勺型为多,占64.3%(18/28),反勺型占10.7%(3/28);而B组反勺型占48.0%(12/25),非勺型占40.0%(10/25).结论 肾性因素参与的高血压患者血压趋势紊乱,夜间血压及变异性明显增加,均可成为肾功能继续恶化和心脑血管事件发生的重要因素.     

Central arterial pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

AIM: To study central (aortic) arterial pressure (CAP) and aortic stiffness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of different severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-invasive arteriography with Tensio Climo TL1 arteriograph (TensioMed, Hungary) was made to measure aortic stiffness and systolic pressure (SAP) in 54 COPD patients and 25 healthy controls. The difference between the central and peripheral SAP (delta SAP) and central/ peripheral pressure correspondence index (CI) were estimated. RESULTS: Indirect arteriography has found that patients with moderate and severe COPD have stable elevated central SAP which is close to brachial SAP while in healthy controls the difference between central and peripheral SAP is 10.2 +/- 2.1 mmHg. With progression of COPD severity, deltaSAP diminishes while CI rises showing growing disproportion between central and peripheral blood pressure. In severe COPD physiological difference between them disappears. In COPD increased CAP is associated with impaired mechanical properties of the arterial bed and myocardial contractility proved by significant links between CAP and left ventricular ejection fraction index and key parameters of arterial stiffness. CONCLUSION: Aortic CAP, delta SAP and CI are additional informative criteria of COPD severity and high cardiovascular risk as shown by their close correlation with hypoxemia, severity and duration of the disease.     

Circadian rhythms and seasonally dependent variability of arterial pressure in patients with arterial hypertension in the Khanty-Mansiysky region

Key parameters of 24-h blood pressure monitoring (BPM) in 46 18-50-year-old patients (men and women) with arterial hypertension (AH) stage I, II and 33 healthy persons living in the Tyumen North (Khanty-Mansiysky Region, the town of Nyagan) were investigated. The comparison group consisted of 55 patients with AH stage I, II and 33 healthy persons living in moderate climate (Tyumen) matched by sex, age, duration of AH, office systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (SAP, DAP). General patterns of 24-h and seasonal rhythms of AP fluctuations in healthy northerners and citizens of moderate climatic zone and mismatch of these rhythms in AH patients more evident in the northerners are shown. Paired correlations were obtained which indirectly confirm the priority role of daily AP rhythm in development of visceral lesions irrespective of the season of the year and climatic load. In the North, when winter meets spring, a surge of SAP, DAP and mean AP occurs as well as an increase in heart rate, number of patients with disturbed circadian profile of AP. In moderate climate these changes are more typical for summer period. The results of the study necessitate design of programs of additional pharmacological and preventive measures for hypertensive northerners with consideration of AP seasonal rhythms and climatic load.     

Prognostic potential of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients

In the present study, we investigated the potential of N-BNP (N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide) as a prognostic marker for risk of CV (cardiovascular) events, overall mortality and progression to ESRD (end-stage renal disease) in a cohort of 83 pre-dialysis CKD (chronic kidney disease) patients without clinical evidence of heart failure. During the study, ten patients reached the combined end point of overall mortality and/or CV event. Univariate factors associated with the combined end point were plasma N-BNP (P < 0.0005), creatinine (P < 0.002), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.009) and age (P < 0.015). N-BNP levels were higher in patients with CV events (P < 0.0005). Cox model regression analysis yielded log10 N-BNP (hazard ratio, 9.608; P < 0.007) and pre-existing CV disease (hazard ratio, 4.571; P < 0.029) as independent predictors of overall mortality or CV events. Kaplan-Meier analysis curves for the subgroup with supramedian creatinine levels (225 micromol/l) showed significant separation of the curves stratified for plasma N-BNP levels above and below the group median (291 pmol/l) for all end points. Receiver-operator-characteristic curves for N-BNP (355 pmol/l cut-off) demonstrated a specificity of 65.8% at a sensitivity of 100% for predicting CV events/overall mortality. The measurement of plasma N-BNP may aid in the risk stratification of pre-dialysis CKD patients. The high sensitivity and negative predictive value (100%) may enable the selection of patients who could safely be excluded from further investigations, resulting in better focusing of resources.