颅内碎骨片在小儿急性开放性颅骨凹陷粉碎性骨折一期手术的应用

我们2005年3月至2012年7月收治小儿急性开放性颅骨凹陷粉碎性骨折致颅内碎骨片患者25例,在清除颅内碎骨片的同时,把碎骨片用碘伏浸泡消毒后,细丝线捆绑整复放回原位,避免颅骨缺损,取得了理想的治疗效果,现总结如下.     

自体骨瓣钛连接片固定治疗颅骨缺损113例报告

我科从2000年5月～2002年12月对113例脑外伤患者行成形骨瓣开颅后,将骨瓣包埋于左下腹壁,择期行自体骨瓣采用钛连接片固定于骨窗治疗颅骨缺损,占同期颅骨修补手术138例的82％,现作一回顾性分析。     

颅骨缺损修补材料的选择

颅脑术后常遗留颅骨缺损,较大的颅骨缺损通常需行延期颅骨修补以纠正因其引起的低颅压综合征及颅骨畸形所致的美容问题,并保护脑组织避免再受损伤[1]。本文总结我院自1991～2002年选用钛板、硅胶、自体骨瓣三种不同材料修补颅骨缺损46例,现报告如下。     

用铬镍钼铜奥氏体不锈钢修补颅骨的临床应用(附57例报告)

颅骨缺损是神经外科疾患中的常见病。近二年来在天津市冶金局材料研究所协作下,用国产铬镍铝铜奥氏体不锈钢修补颅骨缺损,获得初步满意的效果,今介绍如下。颅骨修补简史颅骨缺补的主要问题之一是材料问题。     

颅脑创伤术后3处颅骨缺损钛网三维成型修补1例报告

颅脑损伤并发脑疝形成的患者,因脑水肿较重,手术清除血肿及坏死失活脑组织的同时,常需行去骨瓣减压术而造成患者颅骨缺损.因外界大气压的变化影响了安全和美观,而且因缺损术后常引起头昏、头痛需行颅骨修补术[1].本例为双额颞、右顶枕3处颅骨缺损,采用了术前1次成形、电脑三维成像钛网塑形颅骨修补术,效果甚佳.国内外文献报道不多,我院2008年3月收治1例,现报告如下.     

硅橡胶涤纶丝网颅骨成形片修补颅骨缺损61例报告

本组患者61例,其中男47例,女14例.年龄16～64岁.颅骨缺损范围4cm×4cm～20cm×15cm.其中外伤手术后遗留颅骨缺损,行二期修补术42例;骨窗开颅手术后同时修补颅骨缺损12例;颅骨凹陷性骨折,骨折未能复位,碎骨片清除后同时修补颅骨缺损3例;陈旧性颅骨凹陷骨折,凹陷骨折去除后同时行颅骨修补2例;骨纤维异常增殖症,病骨切除后同时修补颅骨缺损2例.     

甲状腺滤泡癌颅骨转移三例

甲状腺滤泡癌颅骨转移少见,我科1993年收治3例,报告如下。 例1:女,49岁。住院号154129。2年前发现右头顶部蚕豆大无痛性固定肿物,进行性肿大。患者5年前曾行甲状腺肿瘤切除,病理性质不明。检查:右头顶部有7cm×7cm×4cm质中固定无压痛肿物。X线头颅片肿瘤处颅骨缺损,周边高密度。头颅CT见肿瘤颅内外生长,颅内部与颅外部相仿,边界清楚,有均匀增强,肿瘤处颅骨缺损,周边增生。 例2:女,57岁,住院号155689。13年前发     

外伤性颅骨缺损TAH钛网修补应用体会

颅脑损伤开颅术后如遗留颅骨缺损,患者常出现颅骨缺损综合征[1]。自1992年以来,我们采用ＴＡＨ钛网片治疗41例外伤性颅骨缺损,临床效果满意。现报告如下。资　　料本组男39例,女2例,年龄6～57岁,平均35岁。颅骨损缺原因:颅脑损伤38例,有机玻璃颅骨修补术后,切口渗液2例,有机玻璃破碎凹陷1例。缺损部位:前额部(达眉弓、鼻根)3例,额顶9例,额颞7例,颞顶14例,枕顶8例。修补面积:3ｃｍ×4ｃｍ～12ｃｍ×12ｃｍ。颅骨缺损至手术时间:4～24个月,平均6个月。方法　在术前用一硬纸片平铺在骨缺损处,助手双手固定,术者用左手触摸骨缘,右手用钢笔划成颅…     

可吸收材料行儿童颅骨修补的临床探讨(附四例报道)

目的 探讨儿童颅骨缺损的临床治疗方法 及修补材料. 方法 对北京积水潭医院神经外科自2002年至2006年收治的4例颅骨缺损患儿以人工可吸收材料(乳酸聚合物)及羟基磷灰石联合应用于颅骨修补. 结果经3年随访,4例病例中3例成功,1例失败. 结论 以可吸收材料及羟基磷灰石骨联合修补儿童颅骨缺损,可较好的解决修补材料影响儿童颅骨发育的问题,可成为治疗儿童颅骨缺损的重要手段.     

可吸收材料行儿童颅骨修补的临床探讨(附四例报道)

目的 探讨儿童颅骨缺损的临床治疗方法 及修补材料. 方法 对北京积水潭医院神经外科自2002年至2006年收治的4例颅骨缺损患儿以人工可吸收材料(乳酸聚合物)及羟基磷灰石联合应用于颅骨修补. 结果经3年随访,4例病例中3例成功,1例失败. 结论 以可吸收材料及羟基磷灰石骨联合修补儿童颅骨缺损,可较好的解决修补材料影响儿童颅骨发育的问题,可成为治疗儿童颅骨缺损的重要手段.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.