经阴道混合自然腔道内镜肾切除术(附光盘)

经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)以其创伤更小、恢复更快、美容效果更佳的优势,正成为外科手术发展的新方向、新选择。自2010年5月以来,我中心对经阴道NOTES技术进行了一系列探索,逐步完成了从混合NOTES向纯NOTES的过渡。现阶段因受到器械和操作技术等因素的限制,泌尿外科NOTES临床应用多集中在混合NOTES方面,此技术安全、可行,且对女性性功能和生育功能无影响,是已发展成熟的技术,值得临床选用。本文将详细介绍经阴道混合NOTES肾切除术。     

经自然腔道内镜手术在泌尿外科的研究进展

经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)是一种经人体自然腔道如经胃、经阴道、经膀胱等途径进入腹腔施行手术的新型手术方式.目前成功应用于临床的有经胃阑尾切除术、经阴道和脐联合胆囊切除术、经阴道阑尾切除术、经阴道胆囊切除术等.NOTES在泌尿外科也是蓬勃发展.特别是经脐途径的NOTES手术(E-NOTES)给泌尿外科开辟了一个新的天地.本文对NOTES的发展历程、现状、优势、局限性及在泌尿外科的应用作一综述.     

腹部无切口经肛门拖出标本的腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术

经自然腔道内镜手术（naturalorificetmnsluminalendoscopicsurgery,NOTES）是指经口腔、胃肠道、阴道或膀胱等自然腔道进入腹腔或胸腔进行各种操作。作为一项新兴的手术技术,NOTES在临床的开展仍需较长时间的实践和探索。在尚不具备NOTES手术的条件下,可在微创手术中灵活实施个体化方案。     

经自然腔道内镜技术和单孔腹腔镜技术在结直肠外科手术中的应用

经自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）和单孔腹腔镜手术（LESS）是当今国际微创外科领域的研究与临床应用热点。NOTES技术尚待进一步的发展．而LESS技术是现阶段最可行的体表“无疤痕”技术。是NOTES技术的过渡阶段。虽然腹腔镜辅助的NOTES结直肠手术和完全的NOTES结直肠手术已经见诸报道．但是该手术目前仍然主要处于动物试验阶段。LESS技术在结直肠手术中的应用已经较为广泛．其可行性已经为较多的文献资料证实．而其是否符合肿瘤根治原则尚需进一步的研究确定。     

经阴道纯NOTES肾囊肿去顶术1例报告并文献复习

目的：报告1例经阴道纯自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）肾囊肿去顶术的临床经验和体会。方法：采用经阴道纯NOTES肾囊肿去顶术治疗右肾囊肿患者l例。患者取截石位,患侧垫高约30°,头低脚高约25°。剪开阴道后穹窿黏膜约3cm,在5mm无损伤分离钳的引导下置人5mmTrocar,插入5mmO°远端可弯曲（四方向）腹腔镜,证实无肠管损伤。扩大阴道后穹窿切口至3cm,置入Triport。改头高脚低约25°,患侧抬高约60°。游离右肾囊肿,切除外露囊壁并取出,彻底止血后留置盆腔引流管,关闭切口。结果：手术顺利完成。手术时间75min,术中失血量约为20m1。患者于术后第1天拔除尿管和盆腔引流管并下床活动,第2天肛门通气并进饮食。术后第4天出院。结论：经阴道纯NOTES肾囊肿去顶术临床应用可行,其美容优势明显。该手术的成功实施,为经阴道纯NOTES其它术式的探索提供了借鉴。     

经阴道NOTES在妇科领域中的应用现状

妇科腹腔镜技术至今已日臻完善,但也同样面临着如何寻找更加体现微创理念、加速康复和给患者更多人文关怀的问题。近年兴起的经阴道自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)无腹壁切口瘢痕,实现理想的美容效果,术后疼痛减轻,能达到加速康复目的。由于经阴道NOTES所需器械均通过阴道切口,与传统多孔腹腔镜手术和阴式手术差别较大。笔者就经阴道NOTES在妇科手术中的应用现状进行综述,并探讨在妇科领域的价值。     

经自然腔道内镜手术的现状和发展

随着微创手术设备和技术的不断发展,极可能成为第3次外科革命的经自然腔道内镜手术（ natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）已悄然而至。NOTES是指不经皮肤切口而经人体自然的腔道造口进行的腹部内镜外科手术,主要的手术径路包括经胃、结肠、阴道和膀胱等。     

经自然腔道内镜手术研究进展及其在泌尿外壳领域的应用

腹腔镜手术技术的引人及发展对于患者的治疗起到了非常重要的作用.经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）是一种新出现的、结合内镜与腹腔镜技术经由自然腔道（如：口、肛门、阴道、尿道等）对腹腔内病变进行诊断和治疗的手术方法.因其具有无需腹部手术切口、消除了切口相关并发症、减少腹腔内粘连、术后疼痛轻、恢复快等潜在优势而得以迅速发展.本文将对NOTES在泌尿科的应用及发展史作一综述.     

经阴道纯NOTES肾切除术2例报告并文献复习

目的：评价经阴道纯自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）肾切除术的临床可行性和有效性。方法：对1例右肾无功能和1例左。肾结石并左肾萎缩、左肾无功能的女性患者行经阴道纯NOTES肾切除术。患者取全麻,截石位。切开阴道后穹窿,置入Triport及操作器械。所有操作均经此Triport完成,按照普通腹腔镜肾切除方法游离并切除患肾,装入自制标本袋,自阴道后穹窿切口取出。留置盆腔引流管,缝合阴道后穹窿切口。结果：手术均顺利完成,术中未出现肠管、实质性器官和大血管损伤等并发症。手术时间分别为330min、300min,术中失血量分别为300ml、250ml。例1、2分别于术后第2、1天下床活动,第3、2天肛门通气并进饮食。2例均于术后第6天痊愈出院,患者体表均无切口或穿刺孔。结论：经阴道纯NOTES肾切除术临床应用可行,美容优势明显,可在临床选用。但仍需进一步研发、完善相关器械。     

使用传统腹腔镜器械经阴道阑尾切除术的围手术期护理

经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）又称＂无瘢痕手术＂或＂阿努比斯（Anubis）手术＂,是通过胃、阴道、膀胱、结直肠、食管等自然腔道进入腹腔和胸腔进行手术,术后患者体表没有手术瘢痕。我们在动物实验研究的基础上,在国内率先施行了腹腔镜辅助经阴道双通道内镜胆囊切除术的临床探索。     

Laparoendoscopic Single-site and Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery in Urology: A Critical Analysis of the Literature

Context

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) have been developed to benefit patients by enabling surgeons to perform scarless surgery.

Objective

To summarize and critically analyze the available evidence on the current status and future perspectives of LESS and NOTES in urology.

Evidence acquisition

A comprehensive electronic literature search was conducted in June 2010 using the Medline database to identify all publications relating to NOTES and LESS in urology.

Evidence synthesis

In urology, NOTES has been completed experimentally via transgastric, transvaginal, transcolonic, and transvesical routes. Initial clinical experience has shown that NOTES urologic surgery using currently available instruments is indeed possible. Nevertheless, because of the immaturity of the instrumentation, early cases have demanded high technical virtuosity. LESS can safely and effectively be performed in a variety of urologic settings. As clinical experience increases, expanding indications are expected to be documented and the efficacy of the procedure to improve. So far, the quality of evidence of all available studies remains low, mostly being small case series or case-control studies from selected centers. Thus, the only objective benefit of LESS remains the improved cosmetic outcome. Prospective, randomized studies are largely awaited to determine which LESS procedures will be established and which are unlikely to stand the test of time. Technology advances hold promise to minimize the challenging technical nature of scarless surgery. In this respect, robotics is likely to drive a major paradigm shift in the development of LESS and NOTES.

Conclusions

NOTES is still an investigational approach in urology. LESS has proven to be immediately applicable in the clinical field, being safe and feasible in the hands of experienced laparoscopic surgeons. Development of instrumentation and application of robotic technology are expected to define the actual role of these techniques in minimally invasive urologic surgery.     

Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) Transvaginal Cholecystectomy in a Morbidly Obese Patient

Transvaginal natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a new diagnostic and potentially therapeutic method of surgical endoscopy. The first case of NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy in a morbid obese patient in the literature is described. IRB approval was obtained at the institution for transvaginal NOTES clinical trials. A 58-year-old female patient with cholelithiasis, hypertension, and type II diabetes, and BMI of 35.8 kg/m(2) was submitted to the technique. After transvaginal access, a two-channel gastroscope was introduced into the abdominal cavity along with a laparoscopic trocar. There were 2 umbilical punctures for use of 3 mm laparoscopic equipment. Operative time was 85 min. There was no use of postoperative analgesia, and the patient was discharged on the third postoperative day. Transvaginal NOTES is a feasible alternative method for cholecystectomy in the morbidly obese, although available technology is limited for natural orifice surgery.     

Rapid communication: transvaginal single-port NOTES nephrectomy: initial laboratory experience

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) using purpose-built equipment has never been applied to urologic surgery. Herein, we present our initial experience with a trans-vaginal single-port NOTES nephrectomy. METHODS AND RESULTS: An acute experiment was performed in a female farm pig. A single 12-mm trocar was placed in the midline and the TransPort Multi-Lumen Operating Platform (USGI Medical, San Clemente, CA) was passed transvaginally. This flexible device has four working channels and can be locked into position, thereby creating a rigid multitasking platform that allows two-handed tissue manipulation. Dissection was performed using an endoscopic needle knife and a tissue grasper for retraction. Via the 12-mm port, the renal artery and vein were taken separately with a vascular EndoGIA and standard laparoscopic titanium clips, respectively. The kidney was placed in a 10-mm EndoPouch retriever and removed intact via the vagina. The total operative time was 300 minutes. Conclusion: Transvaginal NOTES nephrectomy can be accomplished in a porcine model. Additional testing on survival animals is necessary to validate this approach.     

NOTES-Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: Why not?

Since natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) was first described by Anthony Kalloo, it has attracted tremendous interest from surgeons and gastroenterologist all around the world. This special issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery explores the current possibilities and future potential of the most disruptive revolution in the field of surgery represented by the NOTES approach. In the future, new technologies developed for this approach and deeper insight into several gastrointestinal diseases will lead to the design of completely new interventional procedures and change the way we will operate, bringing us to the previously unimaginable goal of "no scar surgery".     

经阴道双通道治疗内镜输卵管切除术治疗输卵管妊娠2例报告

目的探讨经阴道内镜下输卵管切除术治疗输卵管妊娠的可行性。方法2009年5月采用经阴道双通道治疗内镜下行输卵管切除术治疗2例输卵管妊娠,经阴道后穹隆置入双通道治疗内镜（OlympusSD-210U-15）,内镜下应用尼龙圈套扎及圈套器电凝电切输卵管及其孕囊。结果2例手术均顺利完成,手术时间51min、62min。住院时间3d、2d。无腹腔感染、出血等并发症发生,血β-hCG分别于术后7d、10d恢复正常,妇检阴道伤口于术后7天愈合。2例均随访90天,复查B超、妇检无异常。结论经阴道内镜下输卵管切除术治疗对无合并症的输卵管妊娠是可行的。     

In vivo miniature robots for natural orifice surgery: State of the art and future perspectives

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is the integration of laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery techniques with endoscopic technology. Despite the advances in NOTES technology, the approach presents several unique instrumentation and technique-specific challenges. Current flexible endoscopy platforms for NOTES have several drawbacks including limited stability, triangulation and dexterity, and lack of adequate visualization, suggesting the need for new and improved instrumentation for this approach. Much of the current focus is on the development of flexible endoscopy platforms that incorporate robotic technology. An alternative approach to access the abdominal viscera for either a laparoscopic or NOTES procedure is the use of small robotic devices that can be implanted in an intracorporeal manner. Multiple, independent, miniature robots can be simultaneously inserted into the abdominal cavity to provide a robotic platform for NOTES surgery. The capabilities of the robots include imaging, retraction, tissue and organ manipulation, and precise maneuverability in the abdominal cavity. Such a platform affords several advantages including enhanced visualization, better surgical dexterity and improved triangulation for NOTES. This review discusses the current status and future perspectives of this novel miniature robotics platform for the NOTES approach. Although these technologies are still in pre-clinical development, a miniature robotics platform provides a unique method for addressing the limitations of minimally invasive surgery, and NOTES in particular.     

Repeated transvaginal notes: is it possible?

Purpose  

Transvaginal surgery has been performed by gynecologists for decades with abundant literature supporting its efficacy and safety. Recently, several groups reported on the NOTES transvaginal (TV) approach for extrapelvic disease. Nevertheless, repeated TV access for NOTES has never been reported to date. Two cases of “repeated” TV access for NOTES cholecystectomy after TV hybrid sleeve gastrectomy are described.     

NOTES—third generation surgery. Vain hopes or the reality of tomorrow?

Background Laparoscopic approach has made many procedures less invasive; however, it seems like this is not enough. The newest challenge for the medical environment is applying the scarless surgery in humans. In this article, we review the origin, current state of art, and future of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The registered base of research in humans is yet scarce; however, the porcine model experimental studies hold a great promise. In NOTES, peritoneal cavity can be easily achieved, and some procedures are feasible through the natural orifices like digestive tract, vagina, or urinary bladder. If safety and advantages of these approaches will be proven beyond question, NOTES procedures are likely to be adapted in humans after overcoming the critical obstacles, like reliable closure methods, indispensable equipment invention, the multidisciplinary specialists training, etc. The aim of this article was to review available literature to provide current state of art in NOTES surgery. Materials and methods Medical databases were searched for animal and human experience with NOTES to give an overview of history, current state of art, and future of this technique. Results NOTES is currently the subject of the intensive research. It seems like this is only the matter of time when a transluminal access to the abdominal or even thoracic cavity will become the reality. Moreover, this will enable the management of some diseases in a possibly minimally invasive pattern, nearly painless and leaving no scar at all.     

Natural orifice surgery applied for colorectal diseases

Clinical natural orifice surgery has been applied to abdominal surgery in recent years, mostly using transvaginal and transgastric access. Rectal and transcolonic natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) were tested in animal and cadaver models by a few research groups. Despite the potential advantages of transcolonic NOTES for colorectal diseases, it has not yet been clinically applied. The first successful series of human applications of transcolonic NOTES in the literature from the NOTES Research Group in Brazil provide new possibilities in the field in new transrectal procedures for rectal cancer and benign disease. Successful first human reports on Transcolonic NOTES potentially brings new frontiers and applications for minimally invasive surgery. The treatment of colorectal diseases through flexible Perirectal NOTES Access is a promising new approach alongside existing laparoscopic and open surgery to improve patient care.