有机阳离子转运子2在人类附睾中的表达及其意义

目的:研究人类附睾有机阳离子转运子2(OCTN2)mRNA的表达,探讨附睾肉碱转运机制,为探索男性避孕节育新技术提供理论依据。方法:应用RT-PCR方法检测人类附睾头、体、尾组织中OCTN2 mRNA的表达。结果:人类附睾头、体、尾组织中都存在OCTN2 mRNA表达。结论:人类附睾可能依赖OCTN2转运肉碱进入附睾管,为精子提供能量,促进精子成熟。对人类附睾OCTN2的进一步研究,将成为男性节育研究中新的分子靶标。     

人OCTN2基因片段的克隆及其GST融合蛋白的原核表达

目的 从人附睾组织中克隆OCTN2基因,构建PGEX-2T-OCTN2载体,原核表达人OCTN2重组蛋白.方法 应用RT-PCR方法从人附睾组织中克隆OCTN2,利用ECoR Ⅰ和BamH Ⅰ酶切位点把OCTN2克隆到PGEX-2T载体,酶切和测序鉴定后,大量诱导重组蛋白并回收.结果 从人附睾组织中克隆到人OCTN2的基因片段,构建了PGEX-2T-OCTN2载体,表达了预期相对分子质量的融合蛋白并大量回收.结论 成功克隆OCTN2,表达并大量回收其融合蛋白,为制备人OCTN2特异性抗体、进一步研究附睾肉碱转运机制奠定了前期基础.     

还少胶囊对奥硝唑诱导的弱精子症模型大鼠生殖功能损伤的保护机制研究

目的:探讨还少胶囊对奥硝唑(ORN)诱导的弱精子症模型大鼠生殖功能损伤可能的保护机制。方法:将SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组,每组10只,分别是空白对照组、模型组、还少胶囊组和左卡尼汀组,除空白对照组外,其余3组采用ORN 400 mg/(kg·d)灌胃大鼠28 d,制成弱精子症大鼠模型。并同时连续给药28 d后,处死大鼠,检测大鼠附睾中左卡尼汀的含量,精子浓度、活率,附睾组织中有机阳离子转运子2(OCTN2)mRNA的表达,并观察大鼠睾丸组织病理结构。结果:还少胶囊组、阳性对照药左卡尼汀组与模型组相比,附睾左卡尼汀的含量均可明显提高(6 366.5、6 934.7 mg/L vs 2 880.3 mg/L,P<0.01);改善精子浓度[(46.19±14.23)、(42.25±6.11)×10~6/ml vs(34.58±10.25)×10~6/ml,P<0.01]、活率[(61.34±7.98)%、(61.34±7.98)%vs(42.59±7.54)%,P<0.01];上调附睾OCTN2 mRNA的表达量(27.26、27.15 vs 26.07,P<0.01);同时还少胶囊组能保护ORN造模导致的睾丸生精细胞的病理损伤,使生精细胞在生精小管形态、排列方式、生精细胞的活跃程度上与空白对照组更加接近。结论:还少胶囊对ORN诱导的弱精子症大鼠模型生殖功能损伤具有保护作用,能提高模型大鼠的精子浓度与活率,其机制可能与上调附睾OCTN2 mRNA的表达量、提高附睾左卡尼汀的含量有关。     

c-mos原癌基因在小鼠附睾的表达

目的研究原癌基因c-mos在小鼠附睾的表达及c-Mos蛋白在小鼠附睾上皮细胞的定位。方法采用半定量RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光的方法分别检测c-mos mRNA和蛋白在附睾不同区域的表达,并通过免疫电镜对c-Mos蛋白在附睾上皮细胞内进行精确定位。结果c-mos mRNA表达量在小鼠附睾头部最高,体部最低;仅在附睾头部管腔面检测到c-Mos蛋白表达;电镜观察见c-Mos蛋白定位在附睾上皮细胞的顶部胞质内。结论c-mos原癌基因在小鼠附睾的区域特异性表达以及c-Mos蛋白在附睾上皮细胞的定位,提示c-mos基因可能在精子成熟过程中发挥调节功能。     

基于L-肉碱通路探讨灵归方对弱精子症大鼠生殖系统保护作用的实验研究

目的:探讨灵归方对奥硝唑(ORN)所致弱精子症大鼠生殖系统保护作用及其可能机制。方法:将40只体重200～230 g的雄性SD大鼠随机将其分为空白组、模型组、灵归方组、左卡尼汀组各10只。模型组:予400 mg/kg ORN灌胃;灵归方组:予灵归方浓缩液,按17.5 g生药/kg体重+400 mg/kg ORN灌胃;左卡尼汀组:予左卡尼汀100 mg/kg+400 mg/kg ORN灌胃;空白组:予等量0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC2Na);均1次/d,连续灌胃4周后,检测各组大鼠精液质量、附睾中L-肉碱的含量,大鼠附睾OCTN2 mRNA的表达并观察睾丸组织病理。结果:与模型组相比,各组精子浓度无统计学差异(P0.05),前向运动精子(PR)和前向+非前向运动(NP)精子百分率均高于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。与模型组相比,各组附睾的肉碱含量均提高,有统计学差异(P0.01)。灵归方组、左卡尼汀组OCTN2 mRNA表达量明显高于模型组,有统计学差异(P0.05)。睾丸病理观察结果发现,与空白组比较,模型组异常结构生精小管明显增多,排列不整齐,生精小管管腔缩小加重,管腔内精子及精子细胞数量减少,空腔型生精小管明显增多,生精小管内部各级生精细胞缺失,排列层次紊乱,上皮部分变性并出现空泡征;左卡尼汀组及灵归方组大鼠睾丸组织结构趋于正常,生精小管中各级生精细胞排列基本规整,生精小管结构基本正常。结论:①ORN可诱导大鼠产生弱精子症,且与降低附睾L-肉碱含量可能有关;②灵归方可以改善奥硝唑诱导的弱精子症大鼠精液活力;③灵归方可以改善ORN诱导睾丸的病理组织结构;④灵归方可以提高附睾中OCTN2 mRNA在附睾中的表达,其可能与提高附睾肉碱浓度有关。     

雌激素受体β蛋白及其同分异构体在慢传输型便秘大鼠结肠中的表达

目的研究雌激素受体β（ERβ）蛋白及其同分异构体mRNA在慢传输型便秘（STC）大鼠结肠的表达。方法建立STC大鼠模型．采用RT-PCR及Western blot技术检测20只STC大鼠及20只对照组结肠ERβ蛋白及其同分异构mRNA的表达。结果rERβ2mRNA在STC大鼠及对照组结肠均有表达,redβ1、rERβ1δ3、rERβ1δ3,及rERβ1δ4mRNA在两组中均无表达．STC组rERβ2mRNA及蛋白表达量（0．31±0．03,0．57±0．15）低于对照组（0．55±0．05,0．99±0．15）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论STC大鼠结肠ERβ蛋白及ERβ2mRNA表达量均低于对照组,提示ERβ参与STC的发病。     

BMP2及Msx2在特发性高钙尿肾结石患者肾乳头组织表达的研究

目的：研究骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP2）及成骨样细胞转录因子Msx2在特发性高钙尿（IH）肾结石患者肾乳头组织中表达以及探讨其在IH患者结石形成中作用机制。方法：筛选特发性高钙尿肾结石患者8例（IH组）,排除各种已知可能影响血清钙或者尿钙的继发疾病;选择同期因肾肿瘤或非结石所致的无功能肾需行肾切除术的患者8例（NC组）。分别取16例患者肾乳头组织若干,各标本应用实时荧光定量PCR检测BMP2和Msx2mRNA的表达,并应用Westernblot测定两组蛋白质表达水平。结果：IH组BMP2的mRNA表达量为（1．491±0．121）,而NC组BMP2的tuRNA为（1．032±0．034）,两组间表达量差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而1H组与NC组Msx2的mRNA表达量分别为（1．432±0．091）和（1．015±0．017）,两组数据差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Westernblotting检测BMP2蛋白提示NC组和IH组蛋白质表达量分别为（1．475±0．042）和（1．681±0．153）,两组数据差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;测定Msx2蛋白水平表达显示NC组为（1．531±0．134）,而IH组（1．603±0．156）,两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：特发性高钙尿（IH）肾结石患者肾乳头BMP2和Msx2mRNA表达增强为间质异位钙化特征,BMP2信号通路在特发性高钙尿结石患者Randall钙斑形成中具有一定作用。     

青春期糖尿病大鼠附睾中5α—还原酶[Ⅱ型]基因表达的变化

应用Northem Blot和Dot Blot杂交技术研究了青春期糖尿病时大鼠附睾5α-还原酶基因表达的变化。实验分对照（C）组、糖尿病（D）组和胰岛素治疗糖尿病（ID）组。结果：Northem Blot方法显示附睾头部5α-还原酶表达强度,D组较C组显著降低（P＜0．01）,ID组较D组显著升高（P＜0．001）,体、尾部各组间变化不显著（P＞0．05）;Dot Blot,除头部ID组未见恢复和体部D组显著高于C组外,其余结果与Northern blot基本一致。结果提示：青春期糖尿病时可能由于糖尿病状态引起附睾5α-还原酶表达降低,胰岛素治疗后随糖尿病状态改善,附睾头部5α-还原酶表达升高。     

SOX2在肝细胞肝癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的：研究SOX2在肝细胞肝癌和癌旁肝组织的表达及其意义,探讨其表达水平与临床病理因素的联系。方法：收集42例肝细胞肝癌患者的临床资料,采用RT—PCR和Westernblot方法检测SOX2在42例肝细胞肝癌和癌旁肝组织的表达,并分析其表达水平与临床病理因素的联系。结果：PCR结果显示SOX2mRNA在肝细胞肝癌组织中的表达水平为0．7136±0．1556,明显高于癌旁肝组织（O4429±0．1215）,差异有统计学意义（f=8．8864．P〈0．001）;Westernblot结果显示,SOX2蛋白在肝细胞肝癌的表达水平为0．4638±0．1600,高于癌旁肝组织（0．3130±0．1554）,差异有统计学意义（t=3．8839,P〈0．05）;SOX2mRNA表达水平与患者的性别、年龄、血清AFP水平、肿瘤大小无明显相关性（P〉O．05）,而与临床TNM分期有明显相关性（P〈0．05）。Westernblot显示SOX2蛋白在TNMI期中的表达明显低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ期中的表达。结论：SOX2在肝细胞肝癌组织中的表达高于癌旁肝组织中的表达,其表达水平与临床TMN分期密切有关。     

肝硬化形成过程中大鼠肝组织组织胺1、2受体mRNA表达的变化

目的研究肝硬化形成过程中大鼠肝组织组织胺1受体（H1R）和组织胺2受体（H2R）mRNA表达的变化。方法用内对照逆转录定量聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）对经四氯化碳诱导的肝硬化形成过程中2周、4周、6周、8周（各12只）和对照组大鼠（12只）肝组织H1R和H2R的mRNA表达进行研究。结果H1R的mRNA水平：对照组（2．308±0．202）显著高于肝硬化形成过程中的2周（0．756±0．130）、4周（O．999±0．207）、6周（1．127±0．217）、8周（1．564±0．130）（P＜0．01），肝硬化各组间差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。H2R的mRNA水平：对照组（0．851±0．208）显著高于肝硬化形成过程中的2周（0．263±0．104）、4周（0．244±0．092）、6周（0．225±0．047）、8周（0．243±0．062）（P＜0．01），肝硬化形成过程各组间差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论大鼠肝组织以H1RmRNA的表达为主，肝硬化形成过程中肝细胞上的H1R和H2RmRNA的表达明显减少。     

Expression of Cdv-iR gene in mouse epididymis as revealed by in situ hybridization

We have previously studied mouse Cdv (carnitine deficiency-associated gene expressed in ventricle)-1 related gene Cdv-1IR and its human counterpart CDV-1R, and revealed that mouse Cdv-1R was predominantly expressed in testis by multiple tissue northern analysis. To further localize the Cdv-1R mRNA in mouse testis and epididymis tissue, in situ hybridization study was reported in this article. In the adult mice, the Cdv-1R expression was intensively found in the epithelial cells of the caput and corpus epididymis, whereas it was moderately detected in the initial segment, and weakly in the cauda epididymis. In the seminiferous tubles of the testis, no obvious hybridization signals were observed above the background level. This Cdv-1R region-specific expression pattern in the epididimis suggests Cdv-1R may play an important role in sperm maturation. Moreover, considering the Cdv-1R has a similar expression distribution in epididymis to the OCTN2, it would appear that Cdv-1R might be involved in the carnitine pathway in the epididimis.     

大鼠精子在附睾成熟过程中肉毒碱量变化的研究

肉毒碱被认为是与精子在附睾中成熟有关的成熟因子。本文报告测定大鼠附睾头部,体部及尾部精子中的肉毒碱。结果表明精子在循附睾头、体、尾运行过程中,精子中肉毒碱含量逐步增加,在附睾体一头部,附睾尾一头部的精子内的肉毒碱量呈现十分显著性差异。结果提示附睾体部或体一头部交界部位可能是精子在附睾中成熟的关键部位。     

Expression and distribution of OCTN2 in mouse epididymis and its association with obstructive azoospermia in juvenile visceral steatosis mice

AIM: L-carnitine, an essential cofactor for mitochondrial, beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, is known to play important roles in sperm maturation and metabolism when spermatozoa pass and acquire motility in the epididymis. We reported that obstructive azoospermia occurred in the epididymis in the juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice, which are OCTN2 dysfunction mice caused by mutations in the gene encoding OCTN2, have been used for animal models of primary systemic carnitine deficiency. The aim of present study is to investigate the expression of OCTN2 protein in the mouse epididymis and its relation between the localization of OCTN2 and obstructive azoospermia in JVS mice as animal models for human male infertility. METHODS: Animals used in this study were wild-type (C57BL/6 J) mice (n = 4) and JVS mice (n = 4). We made a specific polyclonal antibody against OCTN2 and examined immunohistochemically the localization of OCTN2 in the mouse epididymis. RESULTS: OCTN2 was localized on the apical membrane of the principal cells of distal corpus and cauda epididymides. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that OCTN2 was localized on the surface of microvillus upon the principal cells. In JVS mice, immunoreactivity started in a region immediately distal to where the sperm obstruction occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that OCTN2 functions as a carnitine transporter between the epithelium and the lumen in distal corpus and cauda epididymides and provides a clue as to why obstructive azoospermia is induced in distal parts of epididymis.     

The presence of α-glucosidase, glycerophosphocholine and carnitine in the epididymis and ejaculate of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and the Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)

Summary.  The epididymis is the site of post-testicular sperm maturation in the male genital tract. Studies on human epididymides are hampered by the practical inaccessibility of epididymides of healthy men in their reproductive years. The limited use of laboratory animals therefore seems unavoidable. The objective was to establish baseline values of the epididymal markers α-glucosidase, glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and carnitine in the lumen of the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis and in the ejaculate of adult male Chacma baboons and vervet monkeys. In both primates, α-glucosidase was found throughout the epididymis and in the ejaculate; values did not vary significantly. In monkeys, the highest concentration of GPC was found in the cauda epididymidis, but smaller amounts were found in the other regions and the ejaculate. In baboons, GPC was absent from the caput, but present in the other regions, including the ejaculate. Carnitine concentrations increased significantly from the caput to the cauda in monkeys and from the caput to the corpus in baboons. With this study, the relative concentration ranges in which these markers are present in the epididymides of these primates have been established. In future studies, changes in concentrations of these substances would probably indicate changes in epididymal function.     

Age-dependent expression of the cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic （Cres） gene in mouse testis and epididymis

Aim： To investigate the spatial and temporal expression of the cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic （Cres） gene in mouse testis and epididymis during postnatal development. Methods： The QuantiGene assay and indirect immunofluorescence technique were used to examine the Cres mRNA and Cres protein level in mouse testis and epididymis on postnatal days 14, 20, 22, 28, 35, 49, 70 and 420. Results： （1） In both the testis and epididymis, Cres mRNA was fast detected on day 20, then it increased gradually from day 20 to day 70, and the high expression level maintained till day 420. （2） In the testis, the Cres protein was exclusively localized to the elongating spermatids and was first detected on day 22. The number of Cres-positive spermatids increased progressively till day 49. From day 49 to day 420, the number of Cres-positive cells was almost stable. （3） The Cres protein was first detected on day 20 in the proximal caput epididymal epithelium. By day 35, the expression level of the Cres protein increased dramatically and the high level was maintained till day 420. Moreover, the luminal fluid of the midcaput epididymis was also stained Cres-positive from day 35 on. No Cres-positive staining was observed in distal caput, corpus and cauda epididymis throughout. Conclusion： The Cres gene displays a specific age-dependent expression pattern in mouse testis and epididymis on both the mRNA and protein level.     

流式细胞术测定睾丸和附睾中生精细胞DNA含量

目的 :观察睾丸和附睾各段组织管腔内生精细胞DNA含量的变化。　方法 :利用流式细胞术 (FCM) ,对15例有生育能力、意外死亡的青年捐献者的右侧新鲜睾丸和附睾 (头、体、尾 )组织管腔内生精细胞的DNA含量进行测定。　结果 :从睾丸至附睾尾均存在单倍体 (1n)、二倍体 (2n)和四倍体 (4n) 3种细胞。 1n细胞由 (2 4 .87±7.2 8) %增至 (96 .33± 1.5 8) % ,其中睾丸至附睾每段之间的差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,附睾体与附睾尾之间也有明显差别 (P <0 .0 5 )。 2n和 4n细胞的比例分别由 (6 3.0 7± 8.96 ) %、(9.4 3± 3.83) %下降至 (2 .4 7± 0 .93) %、(1.17± 0 .95 ) %。睾丸至附睾每段之间 2n细胞的比例差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,附睾体与附睾尾之间也有明显差别(P <0 .0 5 ) ;除睾丸与附睾头之间的 4n细胞变化不明显外 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,其他各段之间的 4n细胞比例差异也有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :未成熟生精细胞比例在附睾转运过程中逐渐减少     

Immunolocalization of NBC3 and NHE3 in the rat epididymis: colocalization of NBC3 and the vacuolar H+-ATPase

In the male reproductive tract, the epididymis plays an important role in mediating transepithelial bicarbonate transport and luminal acidification. In the proximal vas deferens, a significant component of luminal acidification is Na+-independent, and mediated by specific cells that possess apical vacuolar proton pumps. In contrast, luminal acidification in the cauda epididymidis is an Na+-dependent process. The specific apical Na+-dependent H+/base transport process(es) responsible for luminal acidification have not been identified. A potential clue as to the identity of these apical Na+-dependent H+/base transporter(s) is provided by similarities between the transport properties of the epididymis and the mammalian nephron. Specifically, the H+/base transport properties of caput epididymidis resemble the mammalian renal proximal tubule, whereas the distal epididymis and vas deferens have characteristics in common with renal collecting duct intercalated cells. Given the known expression of the Na+/H+ antiporter, NHE3, in the proximal tubule, and of the electroneutral sodium bicarbonate cotransporter, NBC3, in renal intercalated cells, we determined the localization of NHE3 and NBC3 in various regions of rat epididymis. NBC3 was highly expressed on the apical membrane of apical (narrow) cells in caput epididymidis, and light (clear) cells in corpus and cauda epididymidis. The number of cells expressing apical NBC3 was highest in cauda epididymidis. The localization of NBC3 in the epididymis was identical to the vacuolar H+-ATPase. The results indicate that colocalization of NBC3 and the vacuolar H+-ATPase is not restricted to kidney intercalated cells. Moreover, the close association of the two transporters appears to be a more generalized phenomenon in cells that express high levels of vacuolar H+-ATPase. Unlike NBC3, NHE3 was most highly expressed on the apical membrane of all epithelial cells in caput epididymidis, with less expression in the corpus, and no expression in the cauda. These results suggest that apical NBC3 and NHE3 potentially play an important role in mediating luminal H+/base transport in epididymis.     

The appearance of basal cells in the developing murine epididymis and their temporal expression of macrophage antigens

This work demonstrates similarities between epididymal basal cells and macrophages in the mouse. Light microscopic studies of the postnatal development of the murine epididymis showed that basal cells were not present before days 12, 14 and 16 in the cauda, caput and corpus epididymis, respectively. An increase in cell number per unit length of tubule perimeter was demonstrated in all segments between days 20 and 27, when testicular fluid and spermatozoa start entering the epididymis. In the adult, there were more basal cells per unit perimeter in the cauda than caput or corpus epididymis. Conspicuous and consistent expression by basal cells of antigens detected by antibodies against tissue-fixed macrophages (F4/80) and mature macrophages (Mac-1) occurred only after they became established within the epithelium. Basal cells in the cauda epididymis did not display either antigen in the adult, although they persisted in the caput region. Such developmental patterns are compatible with the hypothesis that basal cells play a role in immune defence against sperm autoantigens.