高位硬膜外麻醉联合臂丛神经阻滞应用于乳腺癌手术临床观察

目的探讨高位硬膜外麻醉联合臂丛神经阻滞用于乳腺癌手术的临床效果。方法对36例接受乳腺癌手术的患者行高位硬膜外麻醉联合臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,回顾性分析临床资料,并对麻醉效果进行总结。结果 36例患者均顺利完成手术,在手术过程中没有出现较为明显的呼吸抑制、神经损伤以及全脊髓麻醉等不良后果。麻醉效果优良率为91.67%。结论高位硬膜外联合臂丛神经阻滞麻醉具有生理干扰小、术后并发症少、可实施硬膜外术后镇痛等优点,应用于乳腺癌手术麻醉的临床效果明显。     

Anesthesia and lumbar epidural anesthesia in an infant with third-degree burns

Epidural route is widely used in adults for injection of drugs, but it is not so often used in pediatric patients. We present the case of a 8 month old burned infant who received anesthesia and analgesia through a lumbar epidural catheter. The insertion of epidural catheter is described. Two surgical procedures were performed under epidural anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine an epinephrine 1:200.000 (2.5 mg/kg). 16 hours of postoperative analgesia was obtained with epidural morphine (0.05 mg/kg). No side effects were seen. We analyze the uses of epidural anesthesia in pediatric patients, the catheter care in the burned child, the hemodynamic changes observed during anesthesia and the results of peridural morphine.     

Immediate Extubation after Aortic Valve Surgery Using High Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia

Abstract Purpose: Fast-track anesthesia has gained widespread use in cardiac centers around the world. No study has focused on immediate extubation after aortic valve surgery. This study examines the feasibility and hemodynamic stability of immediate extubation after simple or combined aortic valve surgery using thoracic epidural anesthesia. Methods: Thirty patients undergoing aortic valve surgery with an ejection fraction of more than 30% were included in this prospective audit. After insertion of a high thoracic epidural catheter, induction with fentanyl 2 to 4 microg/kg, administration of propofol 1 to 2 mg/kg, and endotracheal intubation facilitated by rocuronium, anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane titrated according to bispectral index (target, 50). Perioperative analgesia was provided by high thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) (bupivacaine 0.125% 6-14 mL/h). Hemodynamic data were compared by Friedman test. P <.05 was considered to show a significant difference. Data are presented as median (25th-75th percentile). Results: Patients underwent simple aortic valve surgery (n = 17) or combined aortic valve surgery (n = 13) with additional coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 8), replacement of the ascending aorta (Bentall procedure) (n = 4), and repair of open foramen ovale (n = 1). All 30 patients were extubated within 15 minutes after surgery at 36.5 degrees C (36.4 degrees C-36.6 degrees C). There was no need for reintubation. Pain scores were low immediately after surgery and 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery at 0 (0-3.5), 0 (0-2), 0 (0-2), and 0 (0-2), respectively. During and up to 6 hours after surgery, there was no significant hemodynamic change due to TEA. Fifteen of 30 patients needed temporary pacemaker activation. There were no complications related to TEA. Conclusions: Immediate extubation is feasible after aortic valve surgery with high thoracic epidural analgesia and maintenance of hemodynamic stability throughout surgery. Immediate extubation after aortic valve surgery is a promising new path in cardiac anesthesia.     

Effect of preemptive epidural analgesia on cytokine response and postoperative pain in laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Surgical stress and general anesthesia suppress immune function. Preemptive epidural analgesia can affect the perioperative immune responses, and influence cancer management. METHODS: Forty women undergoing elective laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer were allocated to this prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Before inducing anesthesia, 2 mg morphine dissolved in 15 mL of 1% lidocaine (preemptive group) or the same volume of normal saline (control group) was administered into the epidural space through a prepared catheter in a double-blind manner, using sealed syringes. After peritoneal closure, the other drugs in the remaining sealed syringe were administered in the reverse manner. All patients were then administered lidocaine plus morphine over a 72-hour period, using a patient-controlled epidural analgesia pump. RESULTS: The interleukin-6 levels in both groups increased significantly after surgery. These elevations were significantly less pronounced in the preemptive group than in the control group. The interleukin-2 level in both groups decreased significantly after surgery. Seventy-two hours after surgery, the interleukin-2 level returned to its baseline value in the preemptive group but not in the control group. The number of lymphocytes in both groups decreased significantly after surgery. The pain scores at 6 and 12 hours after surgery in the preemptive group were significantly lower than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Preemptive epidural analgesia is a reasonable approach for potentially controlling perioperative immune function and preventing postoperative pain in patients undergoing cancer surgery.     

Can anesthetic technique for primary breast cancer surgery affect recurrence or metastasis?

BACKGROUND: Regional anesthesia is known to prevent or attenuate the surgical stress response; therefore, inhibiting surgical stress by paravertebral anesthesia might attenuate perioperative factors that enhance tumor growth and spread. The authors hypothesized that breast cancer patients undergoing surgery with paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia combined with general anesthesia have a lower incidence of cancer recurrence or metastases than patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia and patient-controlled morphine analgesia. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the authors examined the medical records of 129 consecutive patients undergoing mastectomy and axillary clearance for breast cancer between September 2001 and December 2002. RESULTS: Fifty patients had surgery with paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia combined with general anesthesia, and 79 patients had general anesthesia combined with postoperative morphine analgesia. The follow-up time was 32 +/- 5 months (mean +/- SD). There were no significant differences in patients or surgical details, tumor presentation, or prognostic factors. Recurrence- and metastasis-free survival was 94% (95% confidence interval, 87-100%) and 82% (74-91%) at 24 months and 94% (87-100%) and 77% (68-87%) at 36 months in the paravertebral and general anesthesia patients, respectively (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis suggests that paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia for breast cancer surgery reduces the risk of recurrence or metastasis during the initial years of follow-up. Prospective trials evaluating the effects of regional analgesia and morphine sparing on cancer recurrence seem warranted.     

The efficacy of thoracic epidural neostigmine infusion after thoracotomy

Few anesthesia studies have explored perioperative continuous epidural infusion of neostigmine. We examined such a regimen in thoracotomy patients. Ninety patients were randomized to one of three groups in this double-blind trial. Before anesthesia induction, an epidural catheter was inserted in all patients at T5-8 levels under local anesthesia. Pre-neo patients received bolus 500-microg epidural neostigmine before anesthesia induction followed by infusion of 125 microg/h until the end of surgery. Post-neo patients received epidural saline during the same time periods plus bolus 500-microg epidural neostigmine at end of surgery. Patients in the control group received saline placebo during all three periods. Patients in the neostigmine groups postoperatively received patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine 0.02 mg/mL, bupivacaine 0.08 mg/mL, and neostigmine 7 microg/mL. Control patient-controlled epidural analgesia excluded neostigmine. Data were recorded for 6 postoperative days. Daily patient-controlled epidural analgesia consumption (mL) for Pre-neo patients was significantly less than that of post-neo and control group patients for postoperative days 1-6 (at least 10% and 16% less, respectively; P < 0.05). There was a modest decrease in pain intensity on postoperative days 3-6 for pre-neo patients versus other groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that continuous thoracic epidural neostigmine started before anesthesia provided preemptive, preventive analgesia and an analgesic-sparing effect that improved postoperative analgesia for these patients without increasing the incidence of adverse effects.     

Can Anesthetic Technique for Primary Breast Cancer Surgery Affect Recurrence or Metastasis?

Background: Regional anesthesia is known to prevent or attenuate the surgical stress response; therefore, inhibiting surgical stress by paravertebral anesthesia might attenuate perioperative factors that enhance tumor growth and spread. The authors hypothesized that breast cancer patients undergoing surgery with paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia combined with general anesthesia have a lower incidence of cancer recurrence or metastases than patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia and patient-controlled morphine analgesia.

Methods: In this retrospective study, the authors examined the medical records of 129 consecutive patients undergoing mastectomy and axillary clearance for breast cancer between September 2001 and December 2002.

Results: Fifty patients had surgery with paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia combined with general anesthesia, and 79 patients had general anesthesia combined with postoperative morphine analgesia. The follow-up time was 32 +/- 5 months (mean +/- SD). There were no significant differences in patients or surgical details, tumor presentation, or prognostic factors. Recurrence- and metastasis-free survival was 94% (95% confidence interval, 87-100%) and 82% (74-91%) at 24 months and 94% (87-100%) and 77% (68-87%) at 36 months in the paravertebral and general anesthesia patients, respectively (P = 0.012).     

Anesthetic management of a patient with severe combined pulmonary disease under epidural anesthesia with spontaneous respiration

A 74-year-old man with gastric cancer was complicated with abdominal aortic aneurysm. A two-stage operation was scheduled (repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm and subsequent gastrectomy). He also had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We planned to maintain spontaneous breathing during operations under epidural anesthesia and light general anesthesia. For the first surgery, two epidural catheters were placed at T1-2 and T7-8 on the day before surgery. After establishing epidural anesthesia, general anesthesia was induced and maintained with midazolam, fentanyl and sevoflurane, but without muscle relaxants under BIS monitoring. Ropivacaine solution 0.375% was infused through an epidural catheter to provide analgesia, and spontaneous breathing was kept throughout the procedure. Surgery lasted 4 hours and 50 minutes, and patient recovered without complications. Forty days after the first surgery, the second operation was scheduled. Anesthetic management was almost the same as in the first one, except for the use of dexmedetomizine rather than sevoflurane. In both operations, sufficient analgesia was provided with epidural anesthesia, and the surgeons rated muscle relaxation as satisfactory. No respiratory complications developed postoperatively. Maintaining spontaneous breathing during abdominal surgery using epidural anesthesia and light general anesthesia is a good option for COPD patients.     

Levobupivacaine versus racemic bupivacaine for thoracic and upper lumbar epidural anesthesia-analgesia in children

OBJECTIVES: We compared levobupivacaine to bupivacaine for epidural analgesia for thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in children. Our working hypothesis was that at equivalent doses levobupivacaine and bupivacaine behave in the same way. MATERIAL AND METHODS: ASA 1-4 patients between the ages of 5 and 16 years were randomized to a levobupivacaine or a bupivacaine group. After general anesthesia was induced, we inserted a thoracic or upper lumbar epidural catheter and administered a dose of 0.25% bupivacaine or levobupivacaine (1 mgxkg(-1)) while maintaining general anesthesia. Analgesia was provided with an epidural infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine or levobupivacaine with fentanyl. Fentanyl was used as a perioperative rescue analgesic and metamizole magnesium as a postoperative rescue analgesic. The epidural infusion was reduced by 25% each day beginning on the second day. We analyzed hemodynamic and respiratory variables, rescue analgesia, time until extubation and discharge from the recovery unit, complications associated with the technique, adverse effects, and degree of comfort achieved. RESULTS: We studied 64 patients; 33 received levobupivacaine and 31 bupivacaine. Mean (SD) duration of recovery unit stay was significantly longer in the bupivacaine group (4.2 [0.99] days) than in the levobupivacaine group (35 [0.6] days; P<.05). Significantly more patients needed perioperative rescue analgesia in the levobupivacaine group (n=6 [18.18%]) than in the bupivacaine group (n=3 [9.67%]; P<.01). After 48 hours, the need for postoperative rescue analgesia was significantly lower with levobupivacaine (P<.01). Motor block was significantly greater with bupivacaine (P<05). Adverse effects and complications included 2 cases of persistent bradycardia and 1 case of dural puncture with no subsequent clinical manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: This experience with epidural anesthesia for thoracic and upper abdominal surgery showed levobupivacaine and racemic bupivacaine to have similar profiles. Levobupivacaine, which is less toxic, could be used to replace bupivacaine in children.     

The role of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in surgical practice

OBJECTIVE: To review the potential and proven benefits and complications of epidural anesthesia/analgesia. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Advances in analgesia/anesthesia have improved patient satisfaction and perioperative outcomes. Epidural anesthesia/analgesia is one of these advances that is gaining rapid acceptance due to a perceived reduction in morbidity and overall patient satisfaction. METHODS: A MEDLINE search was conducted for all pertinent articles on epidural anesthesia/analgesia. RESULTS: Retrospective, prospective, and meta-analysis studies have demonstrated an improvement in surgical outcome through beneficial effects on perioperative pulmonary function, blunting the surgical stress response and improved analgesia. In particular, significant reduction in perioperative cardiac morbidity ( approximately 30%), pulmonary infections ( approximately 40%), pulmonary embolism ( approximately 50%), ileus ( approximately 2 days), acute renal failure ( approximately 30%), and blood loss ( approximately 30%) were noted in our review of the literature. Potential complications related to epidural anesthesia/analgesia range from transient paresthesias (<10%) to potentially devastating epidural hematomas (0.0006%). CONCLUSIONS: Epidural anesthesia/analgesia has been demonstrated to improve postoperative outcome and attenuate the physiologic response to surgery.     

Anesthetic Technique for Radical Prostatectomy Surgery Affects Cancer Recurrence: A Retrospective Analysis

Background: Regional anesthesia and analgesia attenuate or prevent perioperative factors that favor minimal residual disease after removal of the primary carcinoma. Therefore, the authors evaluated prostate cancer recurrence in patients who received either general anesthesia with epidural anesthesia/analgesia or general anesthesia with postoperative opioid analgesia.

Methods: In a retrospective review of medical records, patients with invasive prostatic carcinoma who underwent open radical prostatectomy between January 1994 and December 2003 and had either general anesthesia-epidural analgesia or general anesthesia-opioid analgesia were evaluated through October 2006. The endpoint was an increase in postoperative prostate-specific antigen.

Results: After adjusting for tumor size, Gleason score, preoperative prostate-specific antigen, margin, and date of surgery, the epidural plus general anesthesia group had an estimated 57% (95% confidence interval, 17-78%) lower risk of recurrence compared with the general anesthesia plus opioids group, with a corresponding hazard ratio of 0.43 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.83; P = 0.012) in a multivariable Cox regression model. Gleason score and tumor size (percent of prostate involved) were also independent predictors of recurrence (hazards ratios of 1.19 [1.08, 1.52], P = 0.004, and 1.17 [1.03, 1.34] for 10% size difference, P = 0.01, respectively). A similar association between epidural use and recurrence was obtained by comparing patients matched on the propensity to receive epidural versus general anesthesia.     

Epidural hematoma following epidural catheter placement in a patient with chronic renal failure

PURPOSE: We report a case of epidural hematoma in a surgical patient with chronic renal failure who received an epidural catheter for postoperative analgesia. Symptoms of epidural hematoma occurred about 60 hr after epidural catheter placement. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 58-yr-old woman with a history of chronic renal failure was admitted for elective abdominal cancer surgery. Preoperative laboratory values revealed anemia, hematocrit 26%, and normal platelet, PT and PTT values. General anesthesia was administered for surgery, along with epidural catheter placement for postoperative analgesia. Following uneventful surgery, the patient completed an uneventful postoperative course for 48 hr. Then, the onset of severe low back pain, accompanied by motor and sensory deficits in the lower extremities, alerted the anesthesia team to the development of an epidural hematoma extending from T12 to L2 with spinal cord compression. Emergency decompressive laminectomy resulted in recovery of moderate neurologic function. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first case of epidural hematoma formation in a surgical patient with chronic renal failure (CRF) and epidural postoperative analgesia. The only risk factor for the development of epidural hematoma was a history of CRF High-risk patients should be monitored closely for early signs of cord compression such as severe back pain, motor or sensory deficits. An opioid or opioid/local anesthetic epidural solution, rather than local anesthetic infusion alone, may allow continuous monitoring of neurological function and be a prudent choice in high-risk patients. If spinal hematoma is suspected, immediate MRI or CT scan should be done and decompressive laminectomy performed without delay.     

Double-masked Randomized Trial Comparing Alternate Combinations of Intraoperative Anesthesia and Postoperative Analgesia in Abdominal Aortic Surgery

Background : Improvement in patient outcome and reduced use of medical resources may result from using epidural anesthesia and analgesia as compared with general anesthesia and intravenous opioids, although the relative importance of intraoperative versus postoperative technique has not been studied. This prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial was designed to compare alternate combinations of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia with respect to postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing surgery of the abdominal aorta.

Methods : One hundred sixty-eight patients undergoing surgery of the abdominal aorta were randomly assigned to receive either thoracic epidural anesthesia combined with a light general anesthesia or general anesthesia alone intraoperatively and either intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia postoperatively (four treatment groups). Patient-controlled analgesia was continued for at least 72 h. Protocols were used to standardize perioperative medical management and to preserve masking intraoperatively and postoperatively. A uniform surveillance strategy was used for the identification of prospectively defined postoperative complications. Outcome evaluation included postoperative hospital length of stay, direct medical costs, selected postoperative morbidities, and postoperative recovery milestones.

Results : Length of stay and direct medical costs for patients surviving to discharge were similar among the four treatment groups. Postoperative outcomes were similar among the four treatment groups with respect to death, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, reoperation, pneumonia, and renal failure. Epidural patient-controlled analgesia was associated with a significantly shorter time to extubation (P = 0.002). Times to intensive care unit discharge, ward admission, first bowel sounds, first flatus, tolerating clear liquids, tolerating regular diet, and independent ambulation were similar among the four treatment groups. Postoperative pain scores were also similar among the four treatment groups.     

Is urinary drainage necessary during continuous epidural analgesia after colonic resection?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative urinary retention may occur in between 10% and 60% of patients after major surgery. Continuous lumbar epidural analgesia, in contrast to thoracic epidural analgesia, may inhibit urinary bladder function. Postoperative urinary drainage has been common in patients with continuous epidural analgesia, despite the lack of scientific evidence for its indication after thoracic epidural analgesia. This study describes 100 patients who underwent elective colonic resection with 48 hours of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia and only 24 hours of urinary drainage. METHODS: This is a prospective, uncontrolled study with well-defined general anesthesia, postoperative analgesia, and nursing care programs in patients with a planned 2-day hospital stay, urinary catheter removal on the first postoperative morning, and epidural catheter removal on the second postoperative morning. Follow-up in the outpatient clinic was on days 8 and 30. RESULTS: Nine patients needed bladder recatheterization, 8 as a single procedure and 1 patient a second recatheterization with removal on day 7. This patient had urinary infection on day 10 and was readmitted for 5 days because of urosepsis and, subsequently, for cystitis and left-sided epididymitis. Three patients had uncomplicated urinary infection. No patients had urological complaints at 30 days follow-up (95% confidence limit, 0% to 3.6%). CONCLUSION: The low incidence of urinary retention (9%) and urinary infection (4%) suggests that routine bladder catheterization beyond postoperative day 1 may not be necessary in patients with ongoing continuous low-dose thoracic epidural analgesia.     

Early postoperative pain management after thoracic surgery; pre- and postoperative versus postoperative epidural analgesia: a randomised study.

OBJECTIVES: Effective analgesia and blockade of the perioperative stress response may improve outcome and epidural analgesia plays a role in the reduction of pulmonary complications following thoracic surgery. In this study, we assessed preoperative and postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia (Preop-TEA and Postop-TEA) techniques on post-thoracotomy pain in 61 patients undergoing posterolateral thoracotomy. METHODS: A thoracic epidural catheter was inserted into all the patients before surgery. In Group I, 8 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine plus fentanyl 50 microg in 2 mL was administered preoperatively. In Group II, no medication was administered via the epidural catheter preoperatively and intraoperatively. Postoperative analgesia was maintained with patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl solution in both groups. Pain was evaluated at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h at rest and coughing. RESULTS: Preop-TEA Group was associated with decreased pain compared with the Postop-TEA Group. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, preoperative epidural analgesia is an appropriate method for post-thoracotomy pain and is more effective in preventing acute postoperative pain.     

Anesthesia for pediatric renal transplantation with and without epidural analgesia--a review of 7 years experience

BACKGROUND: Few objective data exist describing current anesthesia practice for pediatric renal transplantation. We describe here, the experience from an Australian tertiary pediatric center that has continued an active pediatric renal transplantation program after relocation in 1995. Areas of interest include preoperative status, fluid management, hemodynamic stability, perioperative complications, and the use of epidural analgesia. In particular, the influence of perioperative epidural analgesia on hemodynamic stability is addressed. METHODS: A retrospective review of anesthesia records of all patients undergoing pediatric renal transplantation performed at the Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHW), from November 1995 to October 2002 was carried out. RESULTS: Fifty-three pediatric renal transplants were performed in 50 patients. Average age and weight were 10.2 years (range: 1-18 years) and 31.4 kg (range: 9-66 kg), respectively. A total of 14 recipients were less than or equal to 6 years of age. Twenty-four children were recipients of cadaveric transplants, 29 children received kidneys from living related donors. Few children presented with severe anemia (two patients) gross electrolyte abnormalities (three patients) or uncontrolled hypertension. Intraoperatively, all children had central venous pressure monitoring and only four had invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring. Average intraoperative fluid administration was 88 ml x kg(-1) (range: 30-190). Twenty-three children received blood transfusions intraoperatively. Postoperative analgesia was provided using an epidural infusion in 39 patients and an opioid infusion/patient controlled analgesia in the remainder. There was a tendency to greater hemodynamic stability in the group, which received intra-operative epidural analgesia. Half the patients who had epidural analgesia required parenteral opioid supplementation. Five patients had postoperative pulmonary edema. Minor postoperative adverse events included epidural associated motor block (three cases) and opioid related oversedation (one patient). No perioperative mortality or major morbidity was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesia for renal transplantation in pediatric patients at CHW is safe and effective using a selected range of drugs and techniques. Pretransplant medical optimization, careful preoperative assessment, adequate monitoring and precise fluid management together with appropriate postoperative analgesia typify the perioperative care of CHW renal transplant recipients.     

Postoperative pulmonary complications: general anesthesia with postoperative parenteral morphine compared with epidural analgesia

In a prospective study, patients undergoing abdominal cancer surgery were randomly allocated to receive either general anesthesia with fentanyl intravenously and postoperative analgesia with parenteral morphine (GA group) or general anesthesia combined with epidural bupivacaine and epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief (EP group). Analgesia was tested on a visual pain scale. Pulmonary complications were evaluated by clinical complications, blood gas analysis, x-ray film changes, and pulmonary volumes (vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second). Measurements were performed on the day before the operation and on the first 5 postoperative days. In the EP group the pain relief was significantly better on the first day (p less than 0.03). Whatever the criteria used, the rates of pulmonary complications were similar in the two groups: clinical complications 21% versus 26%, radiologic complications 50% versus 64% for GA and EP groups, respectively. Postoperative PaO2 and spirometric values were similar in the two groups. Postoperative epidural analgesia may improve the patient's comfort but does not decrease the incidence of pulmonary complications.     

硬膜外超前镇痛对上腹部手术病人应激反应的影响

目的 比较硬膜外超前镇痛和术后硬膜外镇痛对上腹部手术病人应激反应的影响.方法 择期全麻下拟行上腹部手术的病人30例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=15):术后硬膜外镇痛组(C组)和硬膜外超前镇痛组(P组).于T_(10,11)间隙行硬膜外穿刺并置管.P组切皮前20 min时硬膜外注射0.5 μg/ml舒芬太尼+0.15%罗哌卡因混合液15 ml,30 min后接镇痛4泵,以5 ml/h的速率硬膜外输注250 ml.C组病人术后硬膜外注射0.5μg/ml舒芬太尼+0.15%罗哌卡因混合液15 ml,30 min后接镇痛泵,以5 ml/h的速率硬膜外输注250 ml.于硬膜外穿刺前(T_0),术后2 h(T_1)和18 h(T_2)时,采集静脉血样6 ml,测定血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)浓度和血清皮质醇(Cor)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的浓度.结果 与T0时比较,两组,T1和T2时血清Cor、CRP的浓度和血浆ACTH浓度均升高(P<0.01);与C组比较,P组T1和T2时血清Cor、CRP的浓度和血浆ACTH浓度均降低(P<0.05).结论 与术后硬膜外镇痛相比,硬膜外超前镇痛可更好地抑制上腹部手术病人术后应激反应.     

Thoracic epidural analgesia is effective in perioperative pain relief for uterine artery embolization

BACKGROUND: Uterine artery embolization (UAE) has become widely employed in Japan. Although several methods of anesthesia and analgesia are performed for UAE, pain control does not appear to be satisfactory. We report a series of UAE, successfully managed using thoracic epidural analgesia. METHODS: Before UAE an epidural analgesic catheter was inserted at T 10-11. Local anesthetic and morphine sulfate were administered through the catheter. After the UAE patients received patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for 24 hours. The next day, patients were treated with diclofenac sodium 25 mg suppository every 8 hours. RESULTS: In all cases, early pain was controlled well by epidural analgesia. Late pain was controlled by combining epidural analgesia with diclofenac sodium. Nausea and pruritis due to morphine sulfate occurred in some cases, but disappeared after discontinuation of PCEA. CONCLUSIONS: Several phases of severe pain are seen perioperatively in UAE. Because thoracic epidural analgesia is easily administered and the dosage of the drugs used effectively controlled, it is a practical method for perioperative pain control for UAE.     

Anesthesia for lung volume reduction surgery

Background: Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has become a novel palliative procedure for a subgroup of patients with advanced non-bullous emphysema. METHODS: Seventy-six patients with severe emphysema were evaluated: ten patients were considered for lung transplantation and only 24 underwent LVRS. In all patients an epidural catheter was inserted between the T5-T9 space. During one lung ventilation (OLV), ventilatory setting was adjusted to avoid air trapping and/or dynamic hyperinflation and high frequency jet ventilation was used when PaO2/ FiO2 was lower than 60 mmHg in 5 patients. Permissive hypercapnia (PaCO2=53 mmHg) was allowed to avoid hyperinflation and reach hemodynamic stability. RESULTS: During OLV PaO2/FiO2 was 148+/-80 mmHg, PaCO2 53+/-11 mmHg, mPA 27+/-2 mmHg and Qsp/Qt was 38+/-6%. Although the high risk patients, there were no complications due to hypercapnia during surgery. Twenty-three patients were extubated successfully at the end of the surgery (PaO2/FiO2 179+/-34 mmHg and PaCO2 59+/-11 mmHg) and only one patient was not extubated because of air leakage and died for postoperative respiratory failure after 20 days. Another patient died because of sepsis after 15 days. Numeric Ordinal Verbal Scale (by Keele modified) was used for postoperative pain degree at 0, 12th and 24th hours. No patients had pain>2. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a careful anesthesia technique with an accurate intraop monitoring associated with thoracic epidural analgesia even in Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery is suggested in LVRS patients; 12 months postoperative data confirm the validity of the procedure (FEV1 24 AE 36%, FVC 53 AE 70%, RV 265 AE 199% and 6MWT 213 AE 330 m).