江苏省2009年辐射环境监测与评价

目的 评价江苏省2009年天然辐射环境水平。方法 通过对江苏省158个陆地γ辐射空气吸收剂量率瞬时监测点,13个空气中氡浓度监测点、32个水体监测点、28个土壤监测点和40个电磁辐射监测点进行监测。结果 江苏省陆地γ辐射空气吸收剂量率、土壤和水体中放射性核素含量保持在1989年全国本底调查水平涨落范围之内,空气中氡浓度和电磁辐射监测结果与往年监测结果无显著变化。结论 江苏省2009年辐射环境质量良好,持续保持稳定。     

北京市通州区农村地下水氨氮浓度及其影响因素

目的探讨不同时期、不同地点地下水中氨氮浓度的时间和空间动态变化.方法1998-2005年,每年枯、丰水期分别对北京市通州区农村生活饮用水10个监测点进行采样,以纳氏试剂比色法测定氨氮浓度,分别参照<北京市生活饮用水监测管理办法>(氨氮≤0.1 mg/L)、GB/T 14848-1993<地下水质量标准>(Ⅲ类水质限值:氨氮≤0.2 mg/L,Ⅳ类水质限值:氨氮≤0.5 mg/L)进行评价.结果通州区农村生活饮用水氨氮浓度为＜0.020～0.721mg/L,中位数为0.168 mg/L;不同年度及枯、丰水期地下水氨氮的浓度差异未见统计学意义;不同监测点地下水氨氮浓度差异有统计学意义(H=71.588 P=0.000);地下水氨氮浓度与细菌总数间也未见相关关系.结论通州区农村地下水氨氮浓度较高的状况持续存在,深层地下水氨氮浓度的枯、丰水期变化不明显,但存在地区差异,提示深层地下水中氨氮增高可能与水文地质因素有关.     

西安市室内空气氡浓度水平及人体辐射暴露研究

目的 了解西安市室内氡浓度水平。方法 采用Model 1027连续测氡仪对西安市三环内室内氡浓度水平进行监测。室内氡浓度监测共选取西安市三环内样本数92个,每个采样点选取2~3个监测点,并且对监测点连续监测1 h,所有监测点的平均值即为该点的氡浓度水平。结果 西安市三环内室内氡浓度范围为3.70~525.40 Bq/m³,算术平均值为89.93 Bq/m³。冬季室内氡浓度水平高于春季。结论 除网吧外,西安室内空气氡浓度在国家规定范围之内,网吧室内氡浓度普遍偏高。     

办公室装修后的空气污染及其健康危害

目的 调查办公室装修后的空气污染及其健康危害.方法 于2005年5-9月选择装修竣工时间在<2个月、2个月～、5个月～、9个月～、12～18个月、＞5 a的办公室共200间(≤18个月为装修组,＞5 a为对照组),测定室内空气中甲醛、苯、氨、氡浓度,并对符合条件的617名工作人员(装修组478人,对照组139人)进行健康效应问卷调查.结果 装修后2个月内甲醛、氨、苯的超标率最高,分别为100%,87.3%,83.9%.随着装修竣工时间的延长,甲醛、氨、苯的浓度随装修后竣工时间的延长而下降,约在竣工1 a后达到GB/T18883-2002<室内空气质量标准>的要求.办公室装修后工作人员不良反应发生率(76.4%)明显高于对照组(30.9%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),装修组眼刺激、流泪、咽刺激、鼻刺激、嗅味异常、咳嗽、哮喘、皮肤干燥、头痛、四肢红斑疼痛症状均重于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).工作人员不良反应评分与空气中甲醛、氨、苯的浓度均呈正相关,与装修完工时间呈负相关(P＜0.01).结论 办公室装修后对工作人员健康可造成一定损害,且损害程度与办公室内甲醛、氨和苯污染物浓度呈正相关,与装修完工时间呈负相关.     

2002～2007年大理白族地区部分宾馆、酒店公共用品和食(饮)具消毒监测

[目的]掌握大理州三星级以上宾馆、酒店的公共用品和食(饮)具卫生消毒状况,为卫生监督提供依据.[方法]根据GB 9663-1996<公共场所卫生标准>、GB/T 18204.1～30-2000<公共场所卫生标准检验方法>、GB 14934-94<食(饮)餐具消毒卫生标准>对2002～2007年大理州三星级以上宾馆、酒店的公共用品和食(饮)具卫生消毒效果进行监测.[结果]2002～2007年共检测公共用品2 322份,合格的2 224份,总合格率为95.78%.6年间合格率呈逐年上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).检测食(饮)具2 517份 ,合格的2 196份,总合格率为85.20%.6年间合格率呈上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).公共用品消毒合格率高于食(饮)具,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).[结论]大理州三星级以上宾馆、酒店的公共用品和食(饮)具卫生状况逐年改善,但应加强卫生监督监测,进一步提高卫生消毒质量.     

德保铝矿区放射性水平与地质因素研究

目的 解铝矿区的土壤、室内外氡及γ辐射剂量率水平及其影响因素,为验证氡地质潜势规律提供依据。方法 采用改进型ATD累积氡探测器、专业测氡仪和FH40G环境γ剂量率仪对铝矿区及周围环境氡浓度和γ剂量率进行了测量。结果 铝矿工作区室外和室内γ照射量率均值分别是57.4和80.2 nGyh^-1;正在建设的工地为136nGyh^-1,明显高于已建好的工作区。厂区和工地土壤氡浓度分别为8864和29191 Bqm^-3,工地为厂区的3.3倍,有2点超过30 000 Bqm^-3。对照组德保县城土壤氡浓度有2点超过30 000 Bqm^-3,占抽样总数的18.2%。矿区室外氡浓度最高点为41.6 Bqm^-3,是我国室外典型值的2.97倍;室内氡浓度最高点为52.2 Bqm^-3。发现德保县城室内氡浓度均值为55.9 Bqm^-3(25.1~136 Bqm^-3,n=25),为我国典型值的1.3倍。结论 铝矿新开发工地γ剂量率和土壤氡浓度偏高,导致附近室外氡浓度有所增高。其他工作区和生活区天然辐射水平在正常本底范围。德保县城约有13.9%底层房屋中的氡浓度超过WHO(100 Bqm^-3)推荐值,氡潜势区土壤氡对室内的贡献值得关注。     

深圳市市政供水出厂水水质卫生状况分析

目的 了解深圳市生活饮用水水质的卫生状况.方法 选取该市特区内全部市政供水水厂和宝安区、龙岗区主要的市政供水水厂共35家,予2008年5月采集市政供水水厂出厂水水样.水样的采集和检验按照GB/T 5750-2006<生活饮用水标准检验方法>进行.检测结果按照GB 5749-2006<生活饮用水卫生标准>进行评价.结果 市政供水出厂水水样合格率为82.9%(29/35).在检测的106项指标中,部分水厂出厂水存在浑浊度、铝、锰和余氯不合格情况.经Spearman相关分析,铝与浑浊度呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(r=0.417,P＜0.05);菌落总数与游离余氯含量呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(r=0.481,P＜0.05).结论 深圳市市政供水出厂水水质良好.     

南宁市氡地质填图验证测量与相关因素分析

目的 了解南宁市土壤氡、室内外γ照射量率与室内氡水平及其影响因素,为验证氡地质潜势规律提供依据。方法 采用改进型ATD累积氡探测器和FH 40 G环境γ剂量率仪对南宁市6个城区30个测点土壤与其邻近建筑物底层房间中的氡浓度和建筑物内外γ照射量率进行了验证性测量,探讨了三者间的相关性和影响因素。结果 南宁市土壤、室内氡浓度的均值和范围值分别为(3 738±2 674)Bq·m^-3,167~11 034Bq·m^-3和(30.6±12.3)Bq·m^-3,14.6~64.4Bq·m^-3;室外和室内γ照射量率的均值和范围值分别为(73.4±14.8)nGy·h^-1,50.6~97.9nGy·h^-1和(88.5±17.9)nGy·h^-1,58.0~145 nGy·h^-1,本次调查未发现土壤氡和室内氡异常点和超标点。结论 南宁地区土壤氡和γ照射量率处于中低水平,验证值与预期结果及以往调查水平接近,低氡潜势区修建房屋不需考虑土壤氡的防护。     

海岛城市住宅自然采光卫生学调查

目的了解海岛城区不同年代建造的居民住宅的自然采光及影响因素.方法2004年11-12月,随机选择舟山市定海区3个居民区(4～6层建筑,分别代表20世纪80年代、90年代及2000年以后建筑的住宅)为研究对象,对92户进行自然采光调查(采光系数和窗地面积比),并调查323位居民对室内采光的主观评价(很好、一般、较差、很差4个等级).依据GB 50096-1999<住宅设计规范>、GB 50033-2001<建筑采光设计标准>、GB 50180-1993<城市居住区规划设计规范>进行评价.结果3个居民区住宅设计均能满足GB 50180-1993规定的楼间距高比,起居室、卧室、厨房等房间窗地面积比均大于1/7,餐厅窗地面积比大于1/10,满足GB 50096-1999的要求,新住宅窗地面积比高于早期住宅.采光系数最低值总合格率为58.2%,20世纪80年代、90年代及2000年以后建筑的住宅采光系数最低值平均合格率分别为43.3%,54.7%,76.7%,差异有统计学意义(x2=28.36,P＜0.01).采光系数最低值平均合格率以主卧室最高(80.4%),起居室最低(45.7%),4个功能间合格率差异有统计学意义(x2=26.84,P＜0.01).91.9%的首层住宅居民认为自然采光较差和很差.结论海岛城区住宅自然采光设计均符合国家标准,但仍不能满足部分居民对良好采光的要求,特别是低层住宅居民.     

某社区居民住宅室内氡浓度水平调查与分析

目的 为了解不同建筑结构、不同年代、不同装修材料、在不同密闭与通风状态下居民住宅室内氡浓度水平,为保障公众健康提出有效的氡的数据资料。方法 使用连续测氡仪,测量室内氡浓度,采用单因素方差、Dunnett统计方法分析。结果 调查36户居民室内氡浓度,范围在0.2~199.3 Bq·m^-3,几何均数为30.6 Bq·m^-3,不同建筑结构室内氡浓度差异有统计学意义,不同年代建筑室内氡浓度差异有统计学意义,不同密闭与通风状态下室内氡浓度差别有统计学意义。结论 被调查居民住宅室内氡浓度都在正常范围内,氡浓度主要受建筑结构及通风状态影响。     

湛江市部分住房室内外空气中氡浓度测定

采用活性炭吸附闪烁法测定了湛江市部分住房室内、外空气中的平衡当量氡浓度。结果表明 ,住房室内、外空气中平衡当量氡浓度平均值分别为 2 5 2 7Bq/m3 和 14 6 8Bq/m3 ,室内空气中平衡当量氡浓度显著高于室外 (P <0 0 1) ;不同装饰材料的住房室内空气中平衡当量氡浓度各有差异 ,其中以花岗岩为装饰材料的住房室内平衡当量氡浓度 (31 18Bq/m3 )为最高 ,水泥地板住房 (14 71Bq/m3 )最低     

汕头市环境中氡水平及所致居民剂量的分析

本文报道了汕头市室内外环境中氡土气浓度及其子体潜能浓度。研究结果显示：本市环境天然辐射水平较高,室内外氡浓度分别为２００４、１６０５Ｂｑ／ｍ３,土气浓度分别为４１８５、３１１５Ｂｑ／ｍ３,氡子体分别为０００２５４、０００２６８ＷＬ,土气子体分别为０００３３１、０００２４５ＷＬ。汕头市居民吸入氡土气及其子体所致的年有效剂量当量为１２６ｍＳｖ,其中２２２Ｒｎ及其子体贡献了０９０３ｍＳｖ,即氡及其子体所贡献的年有效剂量当量占７５％,较接近于温带地区而高于全球正常本底地区（０９７ｍＳｖ）的水平     

Radon in a self-selected sample of Israeli homes, schools, and workplaces.

Some 1,100 residences and places of work and 400 schoolrooms in Israel were tested for ambient air radon activity concentration in response to requests by the owners, tenants, or local authorities. A polyethylene vial containing activated charcoal was exposed to room air in each of these structures for 7 days, sealed, and transported to the laboratory. Adsorbed radon was extracted with a toluene-based cocktail which was then subjected to liquid scintillation counting. Mean radon activity concentrations were found to vary from city to city by more than an order of magnitude, indicating strong regional differences. The countrywide geometric mean was found to be 38 Bq/m3; the median, 37. The range for these means was 6-77 Bq/m3; for the medians, 11-100 Bq/m3. The highest reading was 9,100 Bq/m3. Our results are basically in line with those from the United States and much of Europe, but apparently higher than those found in the United Kingdom and Japan. It may be fairly said that mass testing for radon (222Rn) inside buildings in the United States began in the wake of the finding of a radon activity concentration in excess of 100,000 Bq/m3 in the home of the Watras family in Boyertown, PA in December 1984. To date, literally millions of American buildings have been tested, and mandatory testing of schoolrooms has begun in some states. In Israel, by contrast, where such a dramatically high measurement has not (yet) occurred, only 5 structures had been checked for radon by 1989.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Quality control of mitigation methods for unusually high indoor radon concentrations

The present study's objective was to control the quality of different mitigation methods for unusually high indoor radon (222Rn) concentrations of up to 274,000 Bq m(-3) in a village (Umhausen, 2,600 inhabitants) in western Tyrol, Austria. Five years after mitigation, five different remedial actions were examined on their quality by means of measuring indoor radon concentrations with charcoal liquid scintillation radon detectors and with a continuously recording AlphaGuard detector. Mitigation method in house 1--a mechanical intake and outlet ventilation system with heat exchanger in the basement, combined with a soil depressurization system--was characterized by long-term stability. With most favorable air pressure (+100 Pa) in the basement, mean basement radon concentrations in the winter were reduced from 200,000 Bq m(-3) to 3,000 Bq m(-3) by this method 5 y after mitigation. Acting against experts' instructions, the inhabitants had switched off the ventilation system most of the time to minimize power consumption although it had been proven that ventilation reduced mean basement radon concentration by a factor of about 3 in the winter and about 15 in the summer. Mitigation method in house 2-soil depressurization with two fans and loops of drainage tubes to withdraw radon from the region below the floor and outside the basement walls, and from soil below that part of the house with no basement-had been the most successful remedial measure until the winter of 1999 (i.e., 6 y after mitigation), when micro-cracks opened and consequently mean basement radon concentration increased from 250 Bq m(-3) to 1,500 Bq m(-3). Measures to block these microcracks and to minimize soil drying are being developed. Five years after mitigation, the remedial method used in house 3--a multilayer floor construction, where a fan was used to suck radon from a layer between bottom slab and floor-reduced winter mean radon concentration from 25,000 Bq m(-3) to 1,200 Bq m(-3), with the ventilation on and the basement door open. Mitigation method in house 4--a basement sealing technique--was unsuccessful with almost identical radon concentrations during all the five years since mitigation had started. Mitigation method in house 5--a waterproof basement technique especially for future homes--reduced mean basement radon concentration below 300 Bq m(-3) and mean ground floor radon concentration below 200 Bq m(-3), which is the Austrian action level for newly constructed buildings. These findings indicate that even in areas with extremely high radon concentrations, effective mitigation of indoor radon can be achieved provided that house-specific long-term, stable mitigation techniques are applied.     

Radon 222Rn in residential buildings of Swieradów Zdrój and Czerniawa Zdrój

Swieradrów Zdrój and Czerniawa Zdrój are located in Region Izera Block. A total of 789 radon passive dosimeters were distributed in 183 dwellings in these town Swieradów Zdrój and Czerniawa Zdrój to measure the indoor radon concentration in 1999. Three-five measurements were performed in each dwelling, one in the basement, and the others in the main bedroom, in the kitchen, in the bathroom, since these rooms are the most frequently occupied. In addition, the occupants of each dwelling were requested to answer a questionnaire in which a number of questions about the building, ventilation habits and other related aspects were formulated. A charcoal detectors (Pico-Rad system) were used in experiment. It is a passive short-term screening method of radon gas concentration measurements. The indoor radon level was found to range from 14.8 Bq/m3 to 5,723.9 Bq/m3. The arithmetic mean overall indoor concentration was 420.4 Bq/m3 and the geometric mean was 159.7 Bq/m3. The average concentration of indoor radon, which reflects the real risk for inhabitants, is 193.5 Bq/m3. The results hand a log-normal distribution. In Poland, an action level of 400 Bq/m3 was recommended for existing buildings and 200 Bq/m3 for newly built (after 1.01.1998) buildings. In about 23% rooms the level of Rn-222 were above the top limit of 400 Bq/m3. The highest average concentrations were present in a basement (mean 919.9 Bq/m3). A decrease of average activity were observed at the upper levels: at the ground floor (225.2 Bq/m3), at the first floor and at the higher floors (137.6 Bq/m3). The above results indicate that radon emission from the ground provides the main contribution to the radon concentration measured in dwellings indoors in Swieradów Zdrój and Czerniawa Zdrój. The effective dose to the population of the Swieradów Zdrój and Czerniawa Zdrój from indoor radon and its progeny can be derived from this data if we use an equilibrium factor of 0.4 between radon and its progeny and assuming an indoor occupation index of 0.8. Taking into account that a conversion coefficient of 1.1 mSv per mJ h m-3 is recommended in ICRP 65 for members of public, the measured average annual dose is then about 3.3 mSv per year.     

Radon concentrations in elementary schools in Kuwait

Measurements of indoor radon concentrations were performed in 25 classrooms in the capital city of Kuwait from September 2003 to March 2004 using track etch detectors. The investigation was focused on area, ventilation, windows, air conditioners, fans, and floor number. All the schools have nearly the same design. Mean indoor radon concentration was higher for case subjects (classrooms) than for control subjects (locations in inert gas, p < 0.001). The mean alpha dose equivalent rate for case subjects, 0.97 +/- 0.25 mSv y, was higher than the radiation dose equivalent rate value of control subjects, 0.43 +/- 0.11 mSv y. The average radon concentrations were found to be 16 +/- 4 Bq m for the first floor and 19 +/- 4.8 Bq m for the second floor after subtraction of the control. These values lead to average effective dose equivalent rates of 0.40 +/- 0.10 and 0.48 +/- 0.12 mSv y, respectively. The equilibrium factor between radon and its progeny was found to be 0.6 +/- 0.2.     

A nation-wide survey on indoor radon from 2007 to 2010 in Japan

In two previous nation-wide surveys in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Japanese indoor radon concentrations increased in homes built after the mid 1970s. In order to ascertain whether this trend continued, a nation-wide survey was conducted from 2007 to 2010. In total 3,900 houses were allocated to 47 prefectures by the Neyman allocation method and 3,461 radon measurements were performed (88.7% success). The fraction of reinforced concrete / concrete block buildings was 32.4%, similar to the value from national statistics. Arithmetic mean (standard deviation, SD) and geometric mean (geometric SD) of radon concentration after adjusting for seasonal fluctuation were 14.3 (14.7) and 10.8 (2.1) Bq/m(3). The corresponding population-weighted values were 13.7 (12.3) and 10.4 (2.0) Bq/m(3), respectively. It was estimated that only 0.1% of dwellings exceed 100 Bq/m(3), a new WHO reference level for indoor radon. Radon concentrations were highest in houses constructed in the mid 1980s and decreased thereafter. In conclusion, arithmetic mean indoor radon in the present survey was slightly lower than in previous surveys and significant reductions in indoor radon concentrations in both wooden and concrete houses can be attributed to alterations in Japanese housing styles in recent decades.     

Indoor radon in the region of Brussels

The indoor radon (222Rn) concentration has been measured by charcoal detectors in 278 buildings in the region of Brussels, Belgium. The correlation with the nature of the subsoil can be studied in detail thanks to the available geotechnical map. With a geometrical mean indoor radon concentration of 19 Bq m(-3), Brussels can be considered as generally unaffected by the radon problem. No value higher than 400 Bq m(-3) (the EU reference level for existing houses) was measured in an occupied room. However, two factors that may enhance the risk are identified: the absence of a basement or a ventilated crawl space, and the presence of loess, under the house. About one third of the houses without basements or ventilated crawl spaces built on loess show an indoor radon concentration above 200 Bq m(-3) (the EU reference level for new houses).     

长沙市室内装修及空气污染情况的调查

目的 了解长沙市城区居室装修材料及住户入住后出现的不良症状，比较装修后不同时期居室空气污染情况。方法 预先设计调查表对装修材料及住户主诉情况进行调查登记，然后现场测定居室中甲醛和氡的浓度剂量。结果 城区装饰材料以板材、粘合剂、涂料、油漆、稀释剂和石材(瓷砖)为主，不良症状以头痛乏力、咳嗽、眼鼻刺激症状及记忆力下降为主；对装修半年内、一年内和一年以上的居室中甲醛和氡的浓度进行测定，室内空气中甲醛和氡的浓度均以半年内浓度为高(均值分别为0．357mg／m^3和95．37Bq／m^3)，一年以上浓度最低(均值分别为0．049mg／m^3和17．06Bq／m^3)。结论 长沙市城区居室装饰材料基本相同，装饰后的居室最好在一年以后入住。     

Nationwide survey of radon levels in Korea

A nationwide radon survey was conducted to provide data on the annual average indoor radon concentration in Korean homes. This survey also provided data on the variation of radon concentration with season, house type, and building age. The arithmetic mean (AM) of annual radon concentration in Korean homes was 53.4 +/- 57.5 Bq m(-3). The indoor radon concentration showed a lognormal distribution with a geometric mean (GM) and its standard deviation (GSD) of 43.3 +/- 1.8 Bq m(-3). The radon concentrations in the traditional Korean-style houses were about two times higher than those in apartments and row houses. The average annual outdoor radon concentration was 23.3 Bq m(-3). The average annual effective dose to the general public from radon was 1.63 mSv y(-1).