HPLC法测定氨咖敏片中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的建立用HPLC法测定氨咖敏片中马来酸氯苯那敏含量的方法。方法用KromasilODS-C18色谱柱(250×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.3%十二烷基硫酸钠溶液-磷酸(60:40:0.02)(用三乙胺调PH值至3.3)为流动相,流速为1.0m·lmin-1,检测波长为215nm。结果马来酸氯苯那敏在10.03～30.09μg·ml-1范围内呈线性关系,r=0.9997,平均回收率为99.86%,RSD=0.3%(n=5)。结论本法适用于氨咖敏片中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度

目的 建立小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度的检测方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱法对小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度进行测定。以shimpack VP-ODS(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱为固定相;甲醇-0.01 mol·L-1辛烷磺酸钠溶液(三乙胺调节pH值至3.0,63∶37)为流动相;流速为1 mL·min-1;检测波长为261 nm;进样量为10 μL。结果 马来酸氯苯那敏在7.928~31.712 mg·L-1的范围与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 92。样品中马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为99.8%(n=9,RSD=0.83%)。用该文建立的方法对5个批次小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度进行了测定,其含量均为标示量的90.0%～110.0%,均匀度符合规定。结论 该方法准确可靠,可作为小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度的测定方法。     

HPLC法测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中二组分的含量及马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度考察

目的:应用HPLC测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚与马来酸氯苯那敏的含量,并对马来酸氯苯那敏的含量均匀度进行考察。方法:采用ODS柱(大连依利特250mm×4.5mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.5mol·ml-1磷酸二氢钠-三乙胺(150∶850∶0.25),用磷酸调节pH为2.3为流动相,检测波长215nm。结果:平均回收率(n=3)对乙酰氨基酚为99.5%(RSD=0.3%),马来酸氯苯那敏96.8%(RSD=0.4%)。结论:该方法快速准确,能更好地控制产品质量。     

HPLC法测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度

目的 建立小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度的检测方法。方法 采用HPLC法对小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度进行测定。以shimpack VP-ODS(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱为固定相;甲醇-0.01mol.L-1辛烷磺酸钠溶液(三乙胺调节pH值至3.0,63∶37)为流动相;流速为1mL.min-1;检测波长为261nm;进样量为10μL。结果　马来酸氯苯那敏在7.928~31.712μg/ml的范围与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0.99992。样品中马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为99.8%( n=9,RSD=0.83%)。用本文建立的方法对5个批次小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度进行了测定,其含量均为标示量的90.0%～110.0%,均匀度符合规定。结论 本方法准确可靠,可作为小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏含量及均匀度的测定方法。     

氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏含量测定及含量均匀度方法研究

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度。 方法：色谱柱为Grace Alltima C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);以三乙胺溶液(取三乙胺1mL,加水1000mL,用磷酸调节pH值至2.6)-乙腈(82:18)为流动相;检测波长为222nm(马来酸氯苯那敏)、245nm(对乙酰氨基酚);进样量为10μL。结果：对乙酰氨基酚在6～125μg.mL-1、马来酸氯苯那敏在4～103μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积均呈良好线性关系,分别为r =1.0000(n=5)、r = 0.9999(n=5);对乙酰氨基酚的平均回收率为99.6%,RSD%为2.17%(n=9);马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为102.6%,RSD%为1.52%(n=9)。收集的5家生产企业10批样品,测得对乙酰氨基酚标示含量99.4%～103.5%,马来酸氯苯那敏标示含量84.8%～99.7%,马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度A+2.2S为6.0～26.0,其中3批A+S大于15.0。结论：本法能同时测定氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量,以及马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度,专属准确,为氨金黄敏颗粒质量标准的完善和提高提供依据。     

HPLC法测定小儿速效感冒冲剂

目的 :应用高效液相色谱法测定小儿速效感冒冲剂中对乙酰氨基酚 ,咖啡因。马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。方法 :采用 CN柱(大连依利特 2 5 0 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm) ,以甲醇 -水 (3∶ 97)为流动相 ,检测波长 2 37nm(对乙酰氨基酚 ,咖啡因 )。以庚烷磺酸钠溶液 -甲醇 -乙腈 (2 5∶ 30∶ 18)为流动相 ,检测波长 2 6 2 nm(马来酸氯苯那敏 )。结果 :平均回收率 (n=6 )对乙酰氨基酚 10 1.2 % ,RSD=1.19% ;咖啡因 98.7% ,RSD=0 .6 4% ;马来酸氯苯那敏 10 0 .9% ,RDS=0 .6 7%。结论 :该方法简单 ,快速 ,重现性好     

HPLC法测定咳特灵颗粒中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的建直咳特灵颗粒的含量测定标准以控制产品质量。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量，高效液相色谱条件：Hypersil柱（4．6mm×250mm，5μl）、流动相为乙腈-0．3％十二烷基硫酸钠溶液-磷酸（65：35：0．02）：检测波长为262nm。结果高效液相法测定马来酸氯苯那敏，重复性好，精度高。结论该方法可用于咳特灵颗粒中的马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的的含量。方法：U-Bondpak C18钢柱（150mm×4.6mm）色谱柱;流动相：甲醇-（0.1mol/L）磷酸二氢钠（30∶70）;流速：1.0ml/min;检测波长215nm;进样量20μl;柱温：室温。结果：平均回收率（n=5）对乙酰氨基酚100.51%,RSD为0.42%;马来酸氯苯那敏99.72%,RSD为0.71%。结论：该方法简单,快速,重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定康乐鼻炎片中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定康乐鼻炎片中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量. 方法 色谱条件：Kromasil C18柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）; 流动相：乙腈-0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠溶液-磷酸（60：40：0.1）; 检测波长：210 nm. 结果 马来酸氯苯那敏进样量在0.192 4～0.448 8 μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r＝0.999 9）,加样回收率为98.40%,RSD为1.1%. 结论 该法操作方便、分离良好、 结果 满意.     

HPLC法测定咳特灵胶囊(片)中马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的为了控制咳特灵胶囊(片)的质量,建立马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定方法.方法HPLC测定马来酸氯苯那敏的含量,用Kromasil C18柱,流动相为乙腈-3%冰乙酸-三乙胺(20:80:0.08),醋酸调节pH＝3.0;检测波长262 nm;流速1.5 ml/min.结果马来酸氯苯那敏在81～408μg范围内线性关系良好(r＝0.9999),平均回收率为98.1%.RSD＝0.67%.结论本法方便、快速、准确、可作为咳特灵胶囊(片)的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.