慢性萎缩性胃炎伴异型增生的治疗进展

慢性萎缩性胃炎伴胃黏膜异型增生属于癌前病变。目前国内外学者一致认同肠型胃癌发生的Correa模式[1]即＂正常胃黏膜—慢性浅表性胃炎—慢性萎缩性胃炎—肠上皮化生—异型增生—胃癌＂的发展模式。如能对胃黏膜异型增生进行积极的随访监测,并加以有效干预,从而阻断其向胃癌发展,那将显著降低胃癌的发生率和病死率。     

慢性萎缩性胃炎与胃癌

萎缩性胃炎是指胃的固有腺体数目减少甚至消失,常伴有广泛的肠上皮化生和异型增生,肠上皮化生及异型增生为胃癌的癌前病变。正常胃黏膜．浅表性胃炎一萎缩性胃炎一肠上皮化生一异型增生一胃癌是Correa提出的慢性胃炎向胃癌演变的规律模式,已得到相关学者的广泛认同。越来越多证据表明,慢性萎缩性胃炎作为一种癌前疾病与胃癌的发生及发展密切相关。     

幽门螺杆菌感染、胃蛋白酶原和胃泌素-17与胃疾病的关系

幽门螺杆菌（ Helicobacter pylori, Hp ）感染与慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡以及低度恶性胃MALT淋巴瘤的发生密切相关．世界卫生组织已将其列为Ⅰ类致癌因子.根除Hp治疗能明显改善急性和慢性胃炎，降低消化性溃疡的复发，使低度恶性胃MALT淋巴瘤得到治愈，并可能终止胃癌的发生㈣。萎缩性胃炎是胃癌的主要癌前病变，在从慢性非萎缩性胃炎→萎缩性胃炎→肠化生→异型增生→肠型胃癌这一演变过程中，     

胃癌及癌前病变p53蛋白及Ki-67抗原检测的临床意义

应用免疫组织化学法检测胃癌和癌前病变p53蛋白、Ki-67抗原的表达.结果 正常胃黏膜无p53蛋白和Ki-67抗原表达.从萎缩性胃炎、肠上皮化生、胃黏膜异型增生至胃癌,p53蛋白和Ki-67抗原阳性表达率逐渐升高.胃癌及胃黏膜异型增生p53蛋白和Ki-67抗原阳性表达率显著高于萎缩性胃炎和肠上皮化生,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;胃癌与胃黏膜异型增生、萎缩性胃炎与肠上皮化生比较p53蛋白和Ki-67抗原表达差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.认为p53蛋白和Ki-67抗原的检测有助于胃黏膜癌变的早期诊断.     

胃黏膜异型增生和肠化生的研究进展

胃癌的发生是一个渐进的过程,胃黏膜异型增生和肠化生是胃癌前病变,与胃癌的发生密切相关。本文就异型增生和肠化生的定义和分类,两者与胃癌发生的相关性及其防治等问题进行综述,旨在提高临床医师对两者的认识水平,以更好地防治早期胃癌。     

pS2/TFF1蛋白在胃癌及其癌前病变组织中表达的研究

背景:pS2/TFF1蛋白属于三叶因子家族,是一类具有胃肠道黏膜保护和修复作用的生长因子类小分子多肽物质,研究pS2/TFF1蛋白可能为胃癌的防治开辟新的思路。目的:观察pS2/TFF1蛋白在胃癌及其癌前病变组织中的表达,探讨其与胃癌发生的关系。方法:采用免疫组化法检测30例慢性非萎缩性胃炎、35例慢性萎缩性胃炎、50例慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠化生、37例异型增生、46例胃癌和30名健康志愿者胃黏膜组织中pS2/TFF1蛋白的表达。结果:正常胃黏膜组织-慢性非萎缩性胃炎-慢性萎缩性胃炎-慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠化生-异型增生-胃癌组织中,pS2/TFF1蛋白阳性表达呈逐渐下降的趋势(分别为100%、93.3%、82.9%、78.0%、62.2%、56.5%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与正常对照组、慢性非萎缩性胃炎组和慢性萎缩性胃炎组相比,慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠化生组、异型增生组和胃癌组pS2/TFF1蛋白阳性表达均显著降低(P0.05),而后三组之间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:pS2/TFF1蛋白表达降低是胃癌发生过程中的早期事件,有望成为诊断胃癌的标记物。     

袁红霞教授用经方辨治慢性萎缩性胃炎癌前病变经验撷菁

正胃癌前病变是一个病理性概念,是指较易转变为胃癌组织的病理学变化,包括肠上皮化生(IM)和异型增生(Dys),是正常胃黏膜向胃癌转化过程中的一个重要阶段~[1]。慢性浅表性胃炎→慢性萎缩性胃炎→肠上皮化生→异型增生→胃癌的Correa级     

COX-2和CK20在胃癌前病变、胃癌黏膜组织中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、细胞角蛋白20(CK20)在胃癌发生、发展中的作用。方法采用免疫组织化学ABC法观察290份胃黏膜标本(34份浅表性胃炎组织(胃炎组)、130份胃癌前病变组织[萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生45份、异型增生85份(轻中度增生68份、重度增生17份)]、126份胃癌组织(胃癌组)中COX-2和CK20表达。结果从浅表性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生、轻中度异型增生、重度异型增生到胃癌,COX-2和CK20阳性率呈上升趋势,P均<0.05;胃癌组织COX-2和CK20表达均与患者性别、年龄及组织学类型无关,与胃癌分化程度、浸润深度及淋巴结转移有关,P<0.05;CK20与COX-2在胃癌前病变及胃癌组织的表达具有相关性,P均<0.05。结论 COX-2和CK20表达与胃癌的发生、发展有关,联合检测COX-2和CK20对判断胃癌前疾病的发展及胃癌预后有一定参考价值。     

死亡相关蛋白激酶基因高甲基化在胃癌形成过程中作用的初步研究

背景：DNA启动子区甲基化可导致肿瘤抑制基因表达沉默，在胃癌的发生、发展中发挥重要作用。目的：观察正常胃黏膜、慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠化生、异型增生和早期胃癌组织中死亡相关蛋白激酶（DAPK）基因启动子区甲基化状态，探讨其与胃癌发生、发展的关系。方法：以甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应（MSP）检测20例正常胃黏膜、14例慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠化生、27例异型增生和16例早期胃癌组织中DAPK基因启动子区甲基化状态．并分析其与患者临床病理特征的关系。结果：早期胃癌组织中DAPK基因启动子区甲基化率显著高于正常胃黏膜、慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠化生和异型增生组织（43.8％对0％、7．1％和11．1％，P〈0．05），而后三者之间DAPK基因启动子区甲基化率无明显差异。DAPK基因启动子区甲基化与患者性别、年龄和病变部位均无关，与幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）感染和血清癌胚抗原（CEA）水平显著相关（P〈0．05）。结论：DAPK基因启动子区高甲基化是胃癌发生的早期分子事件，在由慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠化生和异型增生进展至早期胃癌的过程中起重要作用。     

基于“脾胃相关”的慢性萎缩性胃炎的病机演变规律及中医药防治

<正>慢性萎缩性胃炎发病率高,病程长,病情复杂,尤其伴有不典型增生和肠上皮化生时,是胃癌的癌前状态中最常见的一类,其癌变率高达10%〔1〕。而且本病发病经历"慢性胃炎→胃黏膜萎缩→肠化生→异型增生→胃癌"这一癌变模式〔2〕,加之胃癌发生病因尚未完全明确,实施针对病因的一级预防比较困难,近年来胃癌的二级预防——积极防治慢性萎缩性胃炎并阻断其向胃癌发展的研究越来越受到医学界的重视,亦是中医学     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.