肝素治疗在三硝基苯磺酸诱导的结肠炎模型中的作用

目的 探讨三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导的大鼠实验性结肠炎模型中凝血异常与炎症的关系.方法 将40只SD大鼠分为4组:正常对照组、结肠炎组、肝素治疗组和柳氮磺吡啶(SASP)治疗组.检测各组的PT、APTT、抗凝血酶(AT)活性,及组织大体评分和病理评分、血中TNFα水平,并对结果进行统计学分析.结果 TNBS诱导的结肠炎模型中PT及APTT均比正常对照组缩短[(14.83±0.45)s比(16.68±1.08)s及(12.49±1.30)s比(29.06±1.60)8,P值均<0.05],AT活性较正常对照组下降[(111.33±8.50)%比(122.13±3.52)%,P<0.05].肝素治疗组的PT及APTT.均较结肠炎组延长[(17.83±0.78)s比(14.83±0.45)s及(53.34.±9.49)8比(12.49±1.30)s,P值均<0.05],AT活性较结肠炎组为高[(131.67±6.92)%比(111.33±8.50)%,P<0.05].SASP治疗组与结肠炎组比较,PT和APTT差别无统计学意义(P>0.05),AT活性较结肠炎组高[(122.33±5.82)%比(111.33±8.50)%,P<0.05].肝素治疗组大体评分低于结肠炎组(2.50±0.55比4.75±1.16,P<0.05),组织病理评分明显低于结肠炎组(3.83±0.41比7.75±1.04,P<0.05),TNFα水平比结肠炎组减低[(84.75±18.03)ag/L比(149.93±23.52)ng/L,P<0.05].结论 TNBS诱导的实验性结肠炎模型中存在凝血异常;肝素治疗TNBS诱导的实验性结肠炎模型有效.这提示凝血系统异常在实验性结肠炎发生发展中可能起到一定作用.     

徐长卿对三硝基苯磺酸诱导的大鼠结肠炎的作用

目的:探讨徐长卿对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid,TNBS)诱导的大鼠结肠炎的作用.方法:将40只♂SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常组、模型组、徐长卿组和巴柳氮组.除正常组外,其余3组大鼠均以TNBS灌肠造模.灌肠24h后,徐长卿组开始每天给予徐长卿4g/kg;巴柳氮组给予巴柳氮钠1g/kg灌胃治疗10d.每天观察大鼠一般情况,给药结束后,观察大鼠结肠大体损伤及病理,酵素免疫分析法(enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay,ELISA)检测肠组织肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1β及IL-10水平.结果:两治疗组体质量较模型组增加,但差异无统计学意义;两治疗组疾病活动指数(disease activity index,DAI)评分较模型组明显下降(0.70±1.06,0.67±0.71vs2.38±1.51,P<0.05).徐长卿组、巴柳氮组结肠大体损伤及病理评分较模型组显著下降(1.05±0.83,1.06±0.85vs2.94±0.94;1.65±1.67,2.00±1.80vs6.00±1.67,均P<0.01).徐长卿组较模型组TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显降低(P<0.01),IL-10水平无统计学差异.巴柳氮组较模型组TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10水平均明显降低(P<0.01).结论:徐长卿能有效改善TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎,其机制可能与调节细胞因子水平有关.     

雷公藤红素对三硝基苯磺酸诱导的大鼠结肠炎的保护作用

背景：传统药物对炎症性肠病疗效不甚理想，寻找新型而有效的药物一直是该领域的研究热点。目的：观察雷公藤红素对三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）诱导的大鼠结肠炎的保护作用，并初步探讨其可能机制。方法：以TNBS诱导大鼠结肠炎模型。将动物随机分为正常对照组、模型组、助溶剂对照组以及雷公藤红素低剂量组（每天0．5mg／kg）和高剂量组（每天1mg／kg）。以大体和组织学评分评价结肠炎症程度。以免疫组化方法检测结肠组织核因子（NF）-kBp65的表达，以半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测白细胞介素（IL）-1β和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α mRNA的表达。结果：高、低剂量雷公藤红素均能显著改善结肠组织大体和组织学评分，降低NF-kB p65以及IL-1β、TNF-α mRNA的表达。结论：雷公藤红素对TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎具有显著保护作用，抑制促炎细胞因子的产生可能是其主要作用机制之一。     

植物乳杆菌对IL-10基因敲除结肠炎小鼠黏附分子的影响

目的: 观察植物乳杆菌( Lactobacillus plantarum,LP)灌胃对IL-10基因敲除小鼠肠道炎症和淋巴细胞归巢的影响.方法: 取IL-10基因敲除(knockout,KO)小鼠和未作基因敲除的背景鼠分为4组: 对照组(野生组WT)、加植物乳杆菌组(WT+LP)、IL-10基因敲除模型组(KO)、模型加植物乳杆菌组(KO+LP).4 wk开始对照组和KO组每日予PBS灌胃,WT+LP和KO+LP组予溶于PBS的LP灌胃,持续4-8 wk结束.实验结束后取各组小鼠结肠行炎症评分和电镜亚显微结构观察,并用RT-PCR和Western blot检测归巢相关分子MAdCAM-1、ICAM-1、α4β7及CD3的表达.结果: 8 w k 后K O小鼠1 0 0%发生肠道炎症,且其CD3及黏附分子α4β7、ICAM-1和MAdCAM-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平较WT组均明显增高(mRNA: t = 39.42,8.83,25.53,45.78,均P＜0.01;CD3、ICAM-1、MAdCAM-1蛋白: t = 19.04,29.57,12.29,均P＜0.01).予以益生菌LP灌胃后,KO+LP组小鼠CD3及黏附分子α4β7、ICAM-1和MAdCAM-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平较KO组均明显降低(mRNA: t = 20.34;4.95;14.21;22.31,均P＜0.01;CD3、ICAM-1、MAdCAM-1蛋白: t = 6.82,14.10,7.03,均P＜0.01);WT+L P组小鼠CD3及黏附分子α4β7、ICAM-1和MAdCAM-1的mRNA较WT组均明显降低( t = 9.33,10.55,7.75,6.69,均P＜0.01),而WT+LP组小鼠CD3及黏附分子ICAM-1和MAdCAM-1的蛋白表达水平无明显降低.结论: 植物乳杆菌能下调黏附分子在IL-10基因敲除结肠炎小鼠中的高表达,这可能是其减轻炎症状态,缓解炎症性肠病的重要机制之一.     

姜黄素对三硝基苯磺酸诱导的结肠炎模型细胞因子的影响

目的探讨姜黄素对三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导的实验性结肠炎的疗效,并研究肠黏膜、脾细胞和血清中细胞因子的变化。方法45只Sprague-Dawley大鼠经直肠注入TNBS(100 mg/kg)诱导肠炎模型。实验动物分为阴性对照组、模型组(TNBS)和姜黄素治疗组(30 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),腹腔注射)。RT-PCR测定肠黏膜细胞因子表达水平,流式细胞术测定脾细胞内干扰素(IFN)-γ和白细胞介素(IL)-4,ELISA法测定血清中IFN-γ和IL-4。结果姜黄素治疗前后肠黏膜大体评分(3．9±1．0比2．2±0．7),髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性[每毫克蛋白(15．0±2．6)U比(7．3±1．4)U],肠黏膜中Th1类细胞因子IFN-0γ(1．02±0．07比0．06±0．02)、IL-12 mRNA相对表达水平(0．29±0．05比0．11±0．01)和IFN-γ/IL-4比值(11．44±0．97比0．38±0．10),脾细胞中IFN-γCD4~+细胞百分比(31．7±7．5比21．1±3．7)和IFN-γ/IL-4 CD4~+比值(19．9±5．1比6．1±1．8),血清中IFN-γ质量浓度[(1528±159)pg/ml比(513±14)pg/ml]和IFN-γ/IL-4比值(19．5±4．1比4．2±0．6)均降低(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)。且姜黄素治疗前后肠黏膜中Th2类细胞因子IL-4 mRNA(0．09±0．01比0．15±0．04)和IL-10 mRNA相对表达水平(0．28±0．08比0．63±0．12),脾细胞中IL-4 CD4~+细胞百分比(1．6±0．5比3．4±1．1)和血清IL-4质量浓度[(81±1 5)pg/ml比(124±20)pg/ml]升高(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)。结论姜黄素能治疗TNBS诱导的肠炎,其机制可能与调节肠道局部和机体Th1/Th2平衡有关。     

三硝基苯磺酸/乙醇与结肠细菌菌株诱导的实验性结肠炎模型的建立与评价

目的比较2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸（2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid,TNBS）/乙醇和大鼠结肠细菌菌株诱导两种结肠炎模型,建立更加接近人IBD自然病程的模型,进一步探讨IBD发病原因及病变发展规律。方法 50只SPF级雄性Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠随机分为正常对照组（N组,20只）,TNBS/乙醇模型组（A组,20只）、大鼠结肠细菌菌株模型组（B组,20只）。观察造模后存活率,每日行疾病活动指数评分（disease activity index,DAI）,分别于造模后第14天、第28天各处死一半大鼠,评价结肠大体形态损伤指数（colon macroscopic damage index,CMDI）及组织学损伤指数（tissue damage index,TDI）。结果 A组2只大鼠死亡,模型组DAI、CMDI及TDI评分明显高于正常对照组（均P〈0.05）,模型组于第14天与第28天处死大鼠DAI、CMDI及TDI评分及模型A、B组之间无显著性差异。结论从病变发展过程、病程及病理改变情况上看采用大鼠的正常菌群为抗原,比较接近于自然情况,可作为研究IBD发病机制及评估药物疗效的一个良好模型。     

三硝基苯磺酸诱导小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型制备的技术改良

目的:改良2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)硅胶管灌肠诱导制备小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(UC)模型的方法,提高造模的成功率和模型的稳定性,并探索造模的适宜剂量和时间.方法:选用40只SPF级♂Balb/c小鼠,6-8周龄,随机分为正常对照组、不同浓度TNBS组(37.5mg/kg、75mg/kg、150mg/kg、200mg/k g),每组8只,使用"灌胃针"替代"硅胶管"灌肠,并于灌肠后2d和4d分别处死4只小鼠,观察不同组别小鼠生理状态、结肠组织的损伤及病理学的改变情况.结果:在"灌胃针"造模过程中未发生小鼠死亡现象;对照组小鼠一般情况及结肠黏膜组织无异常改变;小鼠灌肠后出现少食、少动、体质量下降、皮毛光泽度下降、腹泻、便血.不同浓度TNBS造模组随着TNBS剂量的增加,小鼠结肠黏膜组织出现充血、出血、水肿、炎症、溃疡的程度增加.HE染色可见结肠组织水肿、炎症细胞浸润、杯状细胞缺失、溃疡形成的程度逐渐增加.其中TNBS37.5mg/kg、75mg/kg组于造模后2d,以上损伤现象开始缓解,未形成稳定的UC模型;150mg/kg、200mg/kg组持续时间较长,以上损伤现象4d内未见明显缓解,150mg/kg组表现为较典型的UC模型,200mg/kg为重症UC模型.结论:对制造小鼠UC模型进行相关技术改进,使灌肠更加简便,提高造模效率,显著增加了模型的稳定性.     

羌活醇对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎小鼠作用的研究

背景:免疫功能失调在炎症性肠病(IBD)的发病机制中起着关键作用。羌活醇是中药羌活的主要活性成分,具有抗炎的作用。目的:探究羌活醇对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的小鼠结肠炎的作用。方法:将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组、阴性对照组、模型组、羌活醇组。模型组、羌活醇组小鼠自由饮用2%DSS溶液诱导结肠炎模型。阴性对照组、羌活醇组小鼠给予腹腔注射羌活醇溶液40 mg/kg,正常组、模型组小鼠给予腹腔注射等体积0.9%NaCl溶液。10 d后处死小鼠,行疾病活动指数(DAI)评分、结肠长度和组织病理学评分,ELISA法检测结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17A水平,定量PCR法检测结肠和脾脏组织中IL-17A、RORγt mRNA表达。结果:与正常组相比,模型组DAI评分、组织病理学评分、结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17A水平、结肠和脾脏组织中IL-17A、RORγt mRNA表达均显著增高(P<0.01),结肠长度明显缩短(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,羌活醇能明显降低小鼠DAI评分、组织病理学评分(P<0.01),下调TNF-α、...     

五味消澼洗液对三硝基苯磺酸诱导溃疡性结肠炎小鼠各脏器的影响

目的探讨五味消澼洗液对三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导溃疡性结肠炎(UC)小鼠各脏器的影响。方法 Balb/c小鼠24只随机分为6组,每组4只,通过HE染色分析心、肾、肝脏及结肠的病理变化。结果 TNBS可诱导各脏器的损伤,而五味消澼洗液防治了因TNBS造成各脏器的损伤。结论五味消澼洗液可能具有治疗UC,又能保护其他脏器的功效。     

植物乳杆菌对白细胞介素-10基因敲除小鼠结肠炎的治疗作用

目的 评估植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum,Lp）对白细胞介素-10基因敲除(interleukin-10 knockout,IL-10-/-)小鼠结肠炎的治疗作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 8周龄雌性IL-10-/-小鼠和WT小鼠各20只,各自平均分成2组,即WT组、WT+Lp组、IL-10-/-组和IL-10-/- +Lp组。WT和1L-10-/-组予0.5 ml PBS灌胃,WT+ Lp和IL-10-/-+ Lp组予0.02g Lp(0.5 ml)灌胃,每天摄入Lp1×109菌落形成单位(CFU),持续灌胃4周后实验结束。实验开始前（0周）及开始后每隔1周收集小鼠新鲜粪便1次,直至实验结束。实验结束后将小鼠处死,记录各组小鼠体重变化,并测量其结肠长度和湿重,切取新鲜结肠组织标本做病理切片及结肠黏膜促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)检测。并对小鼠新鲜粪便作选择性细菌培养,观察Lp在正常小鼠和炎症小鼠体内的定植情况及其对肠道菌群的调节作用。结果 与WT小鼠相比,IL-10-/-小鼠腹泻较重,体重亦明显下降(P＜0.05),存在严重营养不良,而经Lp治疗后IL-10-/-小鼠腹泻得到缓解,体重亦明显增加(P＜0.05)。病理学检查显示,所有IL-10-/-小鼠皆发生肠道炎症,经Lp治疗后肠道炎症得到明显改善,黏膜溃疡、上皮增生及黏膜固有层淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞浸润明显减轻,病理学评分明显降低(P＜0.01)。IL-10-/-小鼠经Lp治疗后结肠湿重及湿重与长度比出现明显变化(P＜0.01),结肠水肿和增厚现象得到明显改善。IL-10-/-组小鼠结肠TNF-a和IFN-γ含量分别为(377.4±84.4) μg/g和（602.6±108.1）μg/g,均较WT组明显增加[（139.2±32.7）μg/g和（173.0±52.4）μg/g,P＜0.05）]。Lp干预4周后,IL-10-/- +Lp组小鼠结肠TNF-α和IFN-γ的含量分别为(207.2±65.7) μg/g和(442.1±138.4) μg/g,均较IL-10-/-组显著降低(P＜0.05)。IL-10-/-小鼠体内肠道菌群出现紊乱。结论 Lp能有效减轻IL-10-/-小鼠肠道炎症,对结肠炎起到一定的治疗作用,且这种治疗作用与Lp调节肠道菌群及抑制促炎细胞因子的表达有关。     

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LP-Onlly on gut flora and colitis in interleukin-10 knockout mice

Background and Aim: Probiotics are used in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. This study aimed to determine the effects of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum LP‐Onlly (LP) on gut flora and colitis in interleukin‐10 knockout (IL‐10^?/?) mice, a model of spontaneous colitis. Methods: IL‐10^?/? and wild‐type mice were used at 8 weeks of age and LP by gavage was administered at a dose of 10⁹ cells/day per mice for 4 weeks. Mice were maintained for another one week without LP treatment. The colonic tissues were collected for histological and ultrastructural analysis at death after 4 weeks treatment of LP, and the feces were collected at 1‐week intervals throughout the experiment for the analysis of gut flora and LP using selective culture‐based techniques. Results: Compared with control mice, IL‐10^?/? mice developed a severe intestinal inflammation and tissue damage, and had an abnormal composition of gut microflora. LP administration attenuated colitis with the decreased inflammatory scoring and histological injury in the colon of IL‐10^?/? mice. In addition, LP administration increased the numbers of beneficial total bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and decreased the numbers of potential pathogenic enterococci and Clostridium perfringens, although the decrease of coliforms was not significant after LP treatment in IL‐10^?/? mice. Conclusions: Oral administration of LP was effective in the treatment of colitis, with the direct modification of gut microflora in IL‐10^?/? mice. This probiotic strain could be used as a potential adjuvant in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease, although further studies are required in human.     

Protective effects of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains in hyperlipidemic mice

AIM:To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum(L.plantarum) CAI6 and L.plantarum SC4 on hyperlipidemic mice.METHODS:Male Kunming mice were fed a highcholesterol diet for 28 d to construct hyperlipidemic models.Hyperlipidemic mice and normal mice were assigned to 3 groups which were separately treated with L.plantarum CAI6,L.plantarum SC4,and physiological saline through oral gavage for 28 d.Total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) levels were measured by commercially available enzyme kits.FACS Calibur flow cytometry was used to examine hepatic and renal nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) expression.The morphology of livers was checked by hematoxylin and eosin staining and optical microscope observation.RESULTS:Compared with normal mice,hyperlipidemic mice possessed significantly higher TC(3.50 ± 0.43 vs 2.89 ± 0.36,P < 0.01),TG(1.76 ± 0.07 vs 1.10 ± 0.16,P < 0.01),and LDL-C(1.72 ± 0.20 vs 0.82 ± 0.10,P < 0.01) levels,resulting in an increase of atherogenic index(AI)(2.34 ± 1.60 vs 0.93 ± 0.55,P < 0.05) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio(1.43 ± 0.12 vs 0.51 ± 0.16,P < 0.05).After treatment with L.plantarum CAI6/L.plantarum SC4,TG(1.43 ± 0.27/1.54 ± 0.10 vs 1.76 ± 0.07,P < 0.01/P < 0.05) and LDL-C(1.42 ± 0.07/1.47 ± 0.12 vs 1.72 ± 0.20,P < 0.01/P < 0.01) in hyperlipidemic mice significantly decreased.In addition,TC,HDL-C,AI,and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were all positively changed.Meanwhile,the treatment markedly alleviated hepatic steatosis and significantly stimulated Nrf2 expression(73.79 ± 0.80/72.96 ± 1.22 vs 54.94 ± 1.84,P < 0.01/P < 0.01) in hepatocytes of hyperlipidemic mice.CONCLUSION:L.plantarum CAI6 and L.plantarum SC4 may protect against cardiovascular disease by lipid metabolism regulation and Nrf2-induced antioxidative defense in hyperlipidemic mice.     

Probiotic yeasts: Anti-inflammatory potential of various non-pathogenic strains in experimental colitis in mice

AIM: To evaluate the in vitro immunomodulation capacity of various non-pathogenic yeast strains and to investigate the ability of some of these food grade yeasts to prevent experimental colitis in mice.METHODS: In vitro immunomodulation was assessed by measuring cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12p70,IL-10,tumor necrosis factor and interferon γ] released by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 24 h stimulation with 6 live yeast strains (Saccharomyces ssp.) and with bacterial reference strains.A murine ...     

Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation reduces intestinal injury in rats with ulcerative colitis

AIM: To investigate the effect and mechanism of stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus with glutamate acid in rats with ulcerative colitis(UC).METHODS: The rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate via abdominal injection and treated with an equal volume of TNBS + 50% ethanol enema, injected into the upper section of the anus with the tail facing up. Colonic damage scores were calculated after injecting a certain dose of glutamic acid into the paraventricular nucleus(p VN), and the effect of the nucleus tractus solitarius(NTS) and vagus nerve in alleviating UC injury through chemical stimulation of the p VN was observed in rats. Expression changes of C-myc, Apaf-1, caspase-3, interleukin(IL)-6, and IL-17 during the protection against UC injury through chemical stimulation of the p VN in rats were detected by Western blot. Malondialdehyde(MDA) content and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in colon tissues of rats were measured by colorimetric methods. RESULTS: Chemical stimulation of the PVN significantly reduced UC in rats in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effects of the chemical stimulationof the p VN on rats with UC were eliminated after chemical damage to the p VN. After glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid was injected into the p VN, the protective effects of the chemical stimulation of the p VN were eliminated in rats with UC. After AVpVl receptor antagonist([Deamino-penl, val4, D-Arg8]-vasopressin) was injected into NTS or bilateral chemical damage to NTS, the protective effect of the chemical stimulation of p VN on UC was also eliminated. After chemical stimulation of the p VN, SOD activity increased, MDA content decreased, C-myc protein expression significantly increased, caspase-3 and Apaf-1 protein expression significantly decreased, and IL-6 and IL-17 expression decreased in colon tissues in rats with UC. CONCLUSION: Chemical stimulation of the hypothalamic p VN provides a protective effect against UC injury in rats. Hypothalamic p VN, NTS and vagus nerve play key roles in this process.     

Lactobacillus plantarum 299: beneficial in vitro immunomodulation in cells extracted from inflamed human colon

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The present study determined the pattern of cytokine secretion (interleukin [IL]-1beta, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interferon [IFN]-gamma and IL-10) and their cellular sources in mononuclear cells isolated from colonic mucosa from normal and ulcerative colitis (UC) in response to probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. METHODS: Mononuclear cells were extracted from normal and active UC colonic mucosa and incubated with pure sonicates of probiotic, commensal, and pathogenic bacteria. Cytokine secretion was measured in culture supernatant and intracellular cytokine staining measured using fluorescent-activated cytometry. RESULTS: In mononuclear cells isolated from normal mucosa, significant increases in mean IL-1beta were observed with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (286.3 +/- 138.7 pg/mL P < 0.05) and E. coli (440.5 +/- 194.0 pg/mL P < 0.01) compared with unstimulated control cells (16.7 +/- 4.8 pg/mL). In contrast, mononuclear cells isolated from active UC mucosa produced significant increases in mean IL-1beta in response to stimulation with Salmonella dublin (230.5 +/- 38.8 pg/mL P < 0.05), enteropathogenic E. coli (231.7 +/- 45.3 pg/mL P < 0.05) and E. coli (465.4 +/- 60.2 pg/mL P < 0.001) compared with unstimulated control cells (60.7 +/- 17.1 pg/mL). Escherichia coli also produced significant mean increases of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma compared with unstimulated control cells. No significant increases in IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma were observed with Lactobacillus plantarum in cells derived from normal or inflamed mucosa. Strikingly, incubation of L. plantarum with mononuclear cells isolated from active UC mucosa resulted in significant increases of mean IL-10 (327 +/- 53.5 pg/mL, P < 0.05) compared with unstimulated control cells (29.7 +/- 13.2 pg/mL). Intracellular cytokine staining confirmed T-cell and macrophage IL-10 production after L. plantarum stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus plantarum demonstrates beneficial immunomodulatory activity by increasing IL-10 synthesis and secretion in macrophages and T-cells derived from the inflamed colon. This may provide a mechanism through which probiotic bacteria ameliorate inappropriate inflammation and induce tolerance.     

Chronic lithium administration ameliorates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats; potential role for adenosine triphosphate sensitive potassium channels

Background and Aim: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multi‐factorial disease with an unknown etiology characterized by oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration and a rise in inflammatory cytokines. This study was conducted to investigate lithium in 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‐induced chronic model of experimental IBD, and the contribution of potassium channels as a possible underlying mechanism. Methods: Experimental IBD was induced in rats by a single colonic administration of 10 mg of TNBS. Lithium, Glibenclamide (a potassium channel blocker), Lithium + Glibenclamide, Cromakalim or Lithium + Glibenclamide + Cromakalim were given twice daily for 7 successive days. At the end of the experiment, macroscopic and histopathologic scores, colonic malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) level, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as plasma lithium level were assessed. Results: Both macroscopic and histological features of colonic injury were markedly ameliorated by lithium. Likewise, the elevated amounts of MPO and MDA were diminished as well as those of TNF‐α (P < 0.05). Glibenclamide reversed the effect of lithium on these markers, Addition of cromakalim abrogated the effects mediated by glibenclamide and markedly decreased MPO activity, MDA level and TNF‐α content (P < 0.0.05). Macroscopic and microscopic scores and biochemical markers were significantly decreased in Cromakalim‐treated animals. No significant difference was observed between TNBS and Glibenclamide groups. Conclusion: Lithium exerts prominent anti‐inflammatory effects on TNBS‐induced colitis in rats. Potassium channels contribute to these beneficial properties.     

大鼠急性肠道损伤动物模型的建立

目的:用三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid,TNBS)复制大鼠急性肠道损伤的动物模型.方法:SD大鼠64只随机分为制模组、制模对照组及正常对照组,分别用TNBS(乙醇稀释)、500 mL/L乙醇及生理水灌肠;观察各组大鼠制模后的粪便、精神状态、进食及存活情况;分别在第1、3、5、7及10天处死大鼠,取结肠组织,进一步观察肠道的大体病理变化和组织病理变化;再结合病理评分,总结大鼠TNBS制模后肠道病理改变的规律,评价该模型用于实验性肠道损伤研究的可行性.结果:TNBS制模组在制模后第1天即表现出明显的肠道稀便和血便,持续至实验结束;进食减少、懒动、畏寒,持续7-10 d后缓解;4只在制模后第7-9天死亡(4/34);制模后第1天即出现肠道病理改变,第5天出现急性肠道损伤,第7天病理改变最严重.制模对照组大鼠在制模后第1天部分出现稀便,持续1-2 d后消失;制模后第1天肠道出现轻度病理改变,3 d后病变减退;正常对照组大鼠未见异常,各组大鼠肠道病理评分与病变程度一致.结论:大鼠TNBS制模后早期即表现出肠道损伤,制模后第7天病理改变达到高峰,此后向慢性炎症转化:TNBS制模后5 d内可用于急性肠道损伤的实验性研究.