急诊内镜治疗食管贲门胃底静脉曲张活动出血200例

目的:探讨急诊内镜治疗食管贲门胃底静脉曲张活动出血的疗效. 方法:内镜下套扎、硬化和栓塞等治疗手段治疗200例食管贲门胃底静脉曲张活动出血.结果: 200例食管贲门胃底静脉曲张活动出血患者, 经急诊内镜治疗仅4例术中死亡, 止血成功率98%. 术后2 wk内因为各种原因死亡32例, 病死率16%. 结论:食管静脉破裂出血, 贲门静脉曲张破裂出血, 套扎效果好. 胃底静脉曲张出血应首选注射人体组织胶栓塞.     

内镜下乳头括约肌切开术术中、术后出血的诊治探讨

目的探讨内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)术中、术后出血的原因和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析解放军第四一一医院EST术中、术后出血的12例患者临床治疗过程,总结其经验教训。结果 12例EST术中、术后出血患者中,即时出血9例,迟发性出血3例;渗血9例,搏动性出血3例;轻度出血9例,中度出血2例,重度出血1例。内镜下治疗成功10例(轻度出血9例,中度出血1例),内镜下止血无效行DSA治疗2例(中度出血1例,重度出血1例);并发轻度胰腺炎1例,无其他并发症;全部病例均治愈,无手术及死亡病例。结论 EST术中、术后出血多为渗血和即时出血,出血多为轻度至中度,内镜下治疗多能止血,无效时应及时行DSA或手术治疗。     

790例门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张内镜检查分析

为深入评价胃镜检查在肝硬化门脉高压诊疗中的作用 ,对肝硬化门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张790例患者行内镜检查 (含急诊内镜检查 12 3例 )。结果显示轻度静脉曲张占 2 6 .71% ,中度占2 9.75 % ,重度占 43.5 4%。单独食管或食管、胃底静脉曲张同时存在共 783例 ,占 99.11% ,单独胃底静脉曲张仅 7例 ,占 0 .89%。对并发上消化道出血患者急诊内镜提示 :静脉曲张破裂出血占74% ,胃粘膜病变出血占 12 .2 % ,消化性溃疡出血占 10 .5 7% ,4例未能确定出血病因。认为肝硬化并发上消化道出血急诊内镜检查是安全的 ;胃镜检查除了对门脉高压的诊断有重要价值外 ,还可观察门脉高压性胃十二指肠溃疡和胃粘膜病变 ;并可及时明确出血原因 ,以及针对原因制定治疗措施 ;必要时还可进行内镜下止血治疗。     

ERCP术中并发上消化道穿孔11例

目的:探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)并发上消化道穿孔的原因及穿孔的处理防治.方法:收集整理南京市鼓楼医院近3年(2008-08-31/2011-08-31)ERCP术中并发上消化道穿孔患者2399例,依据一定标准进行穿孔原因诊断分析,并针对患者的实际情况采取保守治疗和手术治疗相结合的方法进行穿孔治疗.结果:2399例ERCP术中发现上消化道穿孔共11例,发生率0.46%(其中食管穿孔1例,贲门口穿孔1例,十二指肠球部穿孔2例,十二指肠降部及乳头周围穿孔5例,毕Ⅱ式胃术后穿孔2例).11例上消化道穿孔中7例为保守治疗成功,4例为手术治疗成功.结论:ERCP并发上消化道穿孔原因较多,主要为医源性,处置方法是在早期发现的基础上,采取保守治疗能取得良好的效果.     

门奇静脉断流术后早期消化道出血4例

目的探讨门奇断流术、脾切除术后早期消化道出血的发病机制、临床表现和预防及治疗方法.方法回顾1996-08/2000-12行门奇断流术、脾切除术患者的临床资料.结果在40例接受门奇断流术、脾切除术的患者中4例发生早期消化道出血,内镜证实为胃粘膜糜烂,浅表溃疡出血,行保守治疗,其中2例行内镜止血治疗,患者痊愈.结论门脉高压性胃炎、胃粘膜糜烂和溃疡是门奇断流术后早期常发生消化道出血的常见原因,经保守和内镜止血治疗后,出血可以停止.     

急诊胃镜在残胃并发上消化道大出血中的临床价值

目的探讨急诊胃镜及内镜下治疗在残胃并发上消化道大出血中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院2008年1月-2011年1月因残胃引起的上消化道大出血患者的临床资料及处理方法。结果所有并发消化道出血患者首选药物+内镜止血,其中单纯药物止血23例,药物+内镜止血37例,治疗失败行介入治疗6例,上述处理无效转外科手术1例,所有患者均成功止血。结论残胃患者一旦出现上消化道大出血,在补充有效血容量的基础上,尽快行急诊内镜检查,根据出血量及内镜下forrest分级采取不同的止血措施。     

直肠类癌内镜诊断及治疗46例

目的:探讨内镜下直肠类癌的诊断率及其内镜治疗方法的安全性和有效性.方法:对46例直肠类癌病例进行回顾性分析,总结其内镜下表现,对瘤体直径小于2.0 cm的16例直肠类癌采用内镜下黏膜切除术进行治疗.结果:本组共诊断直肠类癌46例,内镜下治疗16例,术中或术后即刻出血2例,迟发性出血1例,术中穿孔1例,均经内镜治疗及内科保守治疗痊愈,无患者死亡.1例肿瘤切除不完全,转外科追加手术治疗.1例术后3 mo随访时见复发,转外科行手术治疗.结论:直肠类癌可通过内镜下钳取组织行病理检查或全瘤切除后活检而确诊,内镜治疗对于直径小于1.0 cm的直肠类癌是一种简单、安全有效的方法,术后应定期随访.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术并发出血的研究进展

出血是内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗胃肠道疾病过程中常见的并发症之一。准确的评估和预防出血直接关系到手术是否成功。并发出血的主要影响因素包括病灶部位、大小、是否伴有纤维化和溃疡、有无合并症以及操作时间、术后病理类型等。通过术前内镜下检查对病灶生物学特征进行预判,术中合理、谨慎地处理病灶,术后进行药物预防,可有效降低出血率。此文就ESD出血并发症的发生情况、危险因素、预防及处理措施作一综述。     

内镜疗法后续应用粉防己碱预防食管静脉曲张破裂再出血的研究

目的:研究内镜套扎术和(或)硬化剂治疗后续用粉防己碱预防肝硬化食管静脉破裂出血患者再出血的作用.方法:90例肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者,分成治疗组及对照组,2组均接受内镜治疗,继而都予以一般对症、保肝治疗,而治疗组加用粉防己碱(20 mg,3次/d),疗程12个月,随访治疗期间出血复发率及静脉曲张复发率,同时实验前及实验结束时2组患者均行血流动力学检测及内镜检查.结果:治疗组患者出血复发率及静脉曲张复发率均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),治疗组患者血流动力明显改善(P＜0.05),而对照组血流动力学无明显变化.结论:内镜套扎术和(或)硬化剂治疗后续用粉防己碱可明显降低肝硬化并食管静脉曲张出血患者的再出血率及静脉曲张复发率,其作用机制可能与抑制钙离子通道、提高一氧化氮合酶活性及抑制胶原纤维合成有关.     

双气囊内镜对小肠巨大息肉的内镜治疗研究

目的 探讨双气囊内镜治疗小肠巨大息肉的安全性和可行性.方法 回顾性分析解放军空军总医院应用双气囊内镜对小肠巨大息肉进行镜下切除的情况:包括息肉的大小、形状、病理、息肉切除方法及手术并发症等,并对患者的内镜随访情况和外科干预情况进行总结.结果 共检出小肠巨大息肉488枚,成功切除442枚(直径20～30 mm 112枚,31～50 mm 280枚,＞50 mm 50枚;最大者长径达80 mm),术中出血47例(10.6%),术后出血4例(0.9%),并发穿孔2例(0.5%).11例患者因息肉巨大无法镜下摘除转行外科手术治疗.结论 谨慎使用双气囊内镜下息肉切除技术,可安全摘除绝大多数小肠巨大息肉.这项技术不仅节省了医疗费用,还可以有效避免因外科手术引起的术后并发症.     

Prognostic factors for recurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding due to Dieulafoy's lesion

AIM: To analyze the effectiveness of the endoscopic therapy and to identify prognostic factors for recurrent bleeding.METHODS: Retrospective study of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to Dieulafoy’s lesion (DL) from 2005 to 2011. We analyzed the demographic characteristics of the patients, risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding, endoscopic findings, characteristics of the endoscopic treatment, and the recurrence of bleeding. We included cases in which endoscopy described a lesion compatible with Dieulafoy. We excluded patients who had potentially bleeding lesions such as angiodysplasia in other areas or had undergone other gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients with DL were identified. Most of them were men with an average age of 71.5 years. Fifty-five percent of the patients received antiaggregatory or anticoagulant therapy. The most common location for DL was the stomach (51.7%). The main type of bleeding was oozing in 65.5% of cases. In 27.6% of cases, there was arterial (spurting) bleeding, and 6.9% of the patients presented with an adherent clot. A single endoscopic treatment was applied to nine patients (31%); eight of them with adrenaline and one with argon, while 69% of the patients received combined treatment. Six patients (20.7%) presented with recurrent bleeding at a median of 4 d after endoscopy (interquartile range = 97.75). Within these six patients, the new endoscopic treatment obtained a therapeutic success of 100%. The presence of arterial bleeding at endoscopy was associated with a higher recurrence rate for bleeding (50% vs 33.3% for other type of bleeding) [P = 0.024, odds ratio (OR) = 8.5, 95% CI = 1.13-63.87]. The use of combined endoscopic treatment prevented the recurrence of bleeding (10% vs 44.4% of single treatment) (P = 0.034, OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.19-0.99).CONCLUSION: Endoscopic treatment of DL is safe and effective. Adrenaline monotherapy and arterial (spurting) bleeding are associated with a high rate of bleeding recurrence.     

Description of prescribing practices in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding receiving intravenous proton pump inhibitors: a multicentre evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous forms of proton pump inhibitors (IV PPI) are routinely used for patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but a significant concern for their inappropriate use has been suggested. patients and METHODS: All consecutive patients who received IV PPI (pantoprazole) over 20 months in six Canadian hospitals were reviewed. Prescribing practices, endoscopic findings and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 854 patients received IV PPI. Over 90% of patients were given IV PPI for treatment of known or suspected active upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Most patients (69%) underwent upper endoscopy, and 58% of these patients had peptic ulcer disease (PUD). The majority of patients who had endoscopy (57%) had IV PPI administered in advance of the procedure. Of the 334 patients who had IV PPI given in advance, 46 (13.8%) were found to have high risk bleeding PUD stigmata at endoscopy. The remaining 288 patients (86.2%) with advance IV PPI had low-risk PUD lesions or non-PUD lesions; IV PPI was continued after endoscopy in 164 (56.9%) of these patients. CONCLUSIONs: IV PPI is often used before endoscopy in suspected upper gastrointestinal bleed and maintained, regardless of endoscopic findings, after the endoscopy in many Canadian centres. Further study is required to support these clinical practices.     

非静脉曲张性上消化道出血行急诊内镜止血患者病情严重且预后较差

目的：比较分析非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(NVUGIB)床边急诊内镜与择期内镜治疗的临床特点和疗效。方法：回顾性收集304例NVUGIB并接受内镜止血治疗患者的病例资料，其中接受床边急诊内镜的152例患者纳入急诊内镜组，接受择期内镜止血的152例患者纳入择期内镜组，比较分析2组患者的一般情况、病情严重程度、疗效等。结果：2组患者的一般情况、病因构成、止血方式无明显差异(P均>0.05)，与择期内镜组比较，急诊内镜组患者血红蛋白量和血小板计数低，凝血时间延长，AIMS65评分及内镜前Rockall(pRS)评分较高(P均<0.01)，输血率高(60.4% vs 47.4%，P<0.01)，输血量多(P<0.01)，再出血率高(12.2% vs 3.9%，P<0.01)，住院时间更长(P<0.01)。2组患者止血成功率都在80%以上，并发症发生率和死亡率无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论：对于NVUGIB患者，需行床边急诊内镜止血者失血情况严重，凝血功能差，其输血量、再出血率、住院时间均较高或较长，但死亡率与择期内镜止血治疗者相近。     

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a Brazilian hospital: a retrospective study of endoscopic records

BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a frequent and potentially severe complication of most digestive diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Upper endoscopy has a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, however epidemiological studies are still limited in our country. Aims - To assess the clinical characteristics, endoscopic accuracy, treatment efficiency and clinical outcome of patients admitted to the endoscopic unit with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: A retrospective study of consecutive records from patients who underwent emergency endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding was performed during a period of 2 years. RESULTS: Most patients were male 68.7%, with a mean age of 54.5 +/- 17.5 years. A bleeding site could be detected in 75.6% of the patients. Diagnostic accuracy was greater within the first 24 hours of the bleeding onset, and in the presence of hematemesis. Peptic ulcer was the main cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (35%). The prevalence of variceal bleeding (20.45%) indicates a high rate of underlying liver disease. Endoscopic treatment was performed in 23.86% of the patients. Permanent hemostasis was achieved in 86% of the patients at the first endoscopic intervention, and in 62.5% of the patients after rebleeding. Emergency surgery was seldom necessary. The average number of blood units was 1.44 +/- 1.99 per patient. The average length of hospital stay was 7.71 +/- 12.2 days. Rebleeding was reported in 9.1% of the patients. The overall mortality rate of 15.34% was significantly correlated with previous liver disease. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic accuracy was related to the time interval between the bleeding episode and endoscopy, and to clinical presentation. Endoscopic therapy was an effective tool for selected patients. The resulting increased duration of hospitalization and higher mortality rate in the patients submitted to therapeutic endoscopy were attributed to a higher prevalence of variceal bleeding and underlying liver disease.     

Endoscopic Management of Dieulafoy Lesions in Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Dieulafoy lesion is an unusual but important cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The study retrospectively reviewed 29 patients (2.1%) with Dieulafoy lesions of 1393 acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding episodes from October 1999 to May 2001. Nineteen patients (66%) were male and the median age was 62 years (range, 19 to 86 years). Two patients underwent emergent surgery after endoscopic diagnosis. The other patients were allocated to four therapeutic endoscopic groups: group I, epinephrine injection (11 patients); group II, epinephrine injection plus heater probe coagulation (10 patients); group III, histoacryl injection (4 patients); and group IV, hemoclipping (2 patients). Initial treatment failure ocurred in three patients (all in group I) and they received surgery, hemoclipping, or band ligation as salvage therapy, respectively. Among those who achieved initial hemostasis, recurrent bleeding developed in two patients (all in group I) and was successfully controlled by endoscopic injection plus thermal therapy. No complication was noted after endoscopic treatment. Group II had a significantly higher successful hemostasis rate than group I (100 vs 54%; P = 0.02). One patient in the therapeutic endoscopy groups died during admission, for a mortality rate of 3.7%. Patients were followed up from 6 to 36 months and no further bleeding was noted. The results suggest that epinephrine injection plus heater probe coagulation was significantly superior to epinephrine injection alone in achieving hemostasis. Histoacryl injection, hemoclipping, and endoscopic band ligation were safe and effective alternate therapies.     

Risks of endoscopy in hospitalized pediatric patients with collagen vascular diseases

BACKGROUND: The gastrointestinal manifestations of the collagen vascular diseases have been well described in the pediatric population. These patients frequently have symptoms that constitute indications for endoscopy. However, the risks and benefits of endoscopy in this population have not been examined. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients with collagen vascular diseases hospitalized during a 7-year period was undertaken, and those patients who underwent endoscopy were identified. RESULTS: Nine patients (5%) underwent endoscopic procedures (eight upper and three lower endoscopy). Complications and outcomes were analyzed. Indications for endoscopy included abdominal pain, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and/or vomiting and diarrhea. Two patients had complications that required surgery within 1 day of the endoscopic procedure. One of these patients subsequently died with GI bleeding. Five of the nine patients had changes in their management after endoscopy. Helicobacter pylori infection was identified and treated in two patients. Three patients had esophagitis or gastritis and acid suppression treatment was started or optimized. Vasculopathy was present in the patients who had complications. CONCLUSIONS: This series suggests that endoscopy can provide useful information for the management of the pediatric patient with GI symptoms and collagen vascular diseases. However, because serious and potentially life-threatening complications can occur, great care is needed in evaluating the risk/benefit ratio of endoscopy in these patients.     

Management and predictors of early mortality in elderly patients with iron deficiency anemia: a prospective study of 111 patients

OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is common in the elderly. It usually results from gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and requires endoscopic exploration of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this prospective study in elderly patients was to evaluate the feasibility of endoscopy, the therapeutic impact, and identify predictors of early mortality. METHODS: From June 2003 to May 2005, all patients over 75 years, hospitalized for anemia were screened for iron deficiency. Clinical (including serious comorbidities), biological, endoscopic and therapeutic data were collected. One month after treatment, a follow-up was carried out to assess the tolerance of such investigation and treatment. RESULTS: One hundred and eleven patients (69 women, 82.3 +/- 6.4 years) had IDA, 102 (92%) underwent an upper endoscopy and 91 (82%) a colonoscopy. Nine (8%) patients were not investigated because of poor clinical condition (N=4) or dementia (N=5). Of the 75 (68%) patients with an identified source of bleeding, 12 (11%) had a synchronous lesion, 43 (39%) a colorectal source including 31 (72%) colorectal cancer, and 44 (40%) an upper GI source. Sixty-nine (92%) of the 75 patients received at least one of the following treatments: medical (N=27), endoscopic (N=20), and surgical (N=31). Surgery was curative in 28/31 (90%) cases of which 25/27 were colorectal cancers. One month after treatment, overall mortality was 11/111 (10%) and 4/31 (13%) after surgery. Predictors of early mortality (Odd ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) were: a malign cause (42; 3-588), no specific treatment (34; 3-423), at least 2 co-morbidities (20; 1-400). CONCLUSION: In an unselected hospitalized population of elderly patients with IDA, endoscopy was generally feasible, allowing identification of a source of bleeding, especially colorectal cancer. A specific treatment was usually possible and proved curative without increase in early mortality.     

Predictive factors of therapeutic intervention in on-call endoscopy for suspected gastrointestinal bleeding

Background and Aims: Performing an endoscopy out of hours confer significant burdens on limited health-care resources. However, not all on-call endoscopies lead to therapeutic interventions. The purpose of the present study was to analyze predictive factors for performing therapeutic intervention in patients with suspected gastrointestinal bleeding.

Methods: We reviewed and analyzed electronic medical records regarding on-call endoscopy that were prospectively collected for quality control. The subjects were patients with suspected gastrointestinal bleeding who underwent on-call endoscopies at night, on weekends and on holidays between April 2013 and January 2017 in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. To determine predictive factors for performing therapeutic intervention, the following variables were analyzed: symptoms, patient status, coexisting disease, laboratory findings and medications. To clarify the association between the likelihood of therapeutic intervention in on-call endoscopy and AIMS65 score, the included variables were divided by cutoffs.

Results: A total of 270 patients (male: 72.6%, mean age: 62.6 years) with suspected gastrointestinal bleeding had on-call endoscopies and 153 (56.7%) patients had therapeutic intervention. Gastroscopy, colonoscopy and both endoscopic techniques were performed in 215, 42 and 13 patients, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, hematemesis (p?p?=?.033; OR, 1.958) were correlated with performing therapeutic intervention in on-call endoscopy. AIMS65 score with a cutoff of 2 was associated with the likelihood of intervention (p?=?.043).

Conclusions: Hematemesis and prolonged PT-INR were predictive factors of therapeutic intervention when on-call endoscopy was performed in patients with suspected gastrointestinal bleeding.     

Age is not a discriminating factor for outcomes of therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare the efficacy and complications of therapeutic endoscopy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding between the geriatric (aged 65 and older) and non-geriatric patients. METHODOLOGY: A total of 134 out of 259 hospitalized patients in the year 2005 had high-risk endoscopic lesions in UGI endoscopy and received therapeutic endoscopy. Seventy-six out of 134 patients were aged 65 and older (44 men), while 58 patients were aged 64 and younger (51 men). We compared clinical presentations, co-morbidities, endoscopic therapeutic procedures, endoscopic treatment failure, hospitalization days, blood transfusion, post-endoscopy complications (fever, acute coronary syndrome, aspiration pneumonia), and in-hospital mortality after therapeutic endoscopy. RESULTS: Geriatric patients had lower hemoglobin on arrival (9.19 +/- 2.7 vs. 10.64 +/- 2.46 g/dL, p = 0.002) and larger gastric ulcers (7.3 +/- 6.9 vs. 4.0 +/- 3.6 mm, p = 0.008). Failure of therapeutic endoscopy, defined as salvage endoscopy or surgery within 48 hours after first endoscopy, showed no difference (14% vs. 14%, p = 0.98). Hospitalization stay (mean 7.47 vs. 5.97 days, p = 0.2), blood transfusion more than 4 units (47% vs. 34%, p = 0.13), post-endoscopic complications, in-hospital mortality were all comparable between geriatrics and non-geriatrics. CONCLUSIONS: Our results serve a scientific basis that age is not a discriminating factor for outcomes in current therapeutic endoscopy.     

Early elective surgery for bleeding ulcer in the posterior duodenal bulb. Own results and review of the literature

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding represents the major, potentially life-threatening complication of gastroduodenal ulcer disease with an average mortality of 10%. To decrease mortality a risk-dependent combined endoscopic and operative approach for the treatment of bleeding ulcer in the posterior duodenal wall was developed. METHODOLOGY: Between 1998 and 2000 in our hospital a total of 22 patients with bleeding posterior duodenal bulb ulcer were treated following a differentiated endoscopic-surgical concept. High-risk patients with high bleeding activity (n = 8) underwent early elective surgery after primary endoscopic treatment of the bleeding and stabilization of the patient in an intensive care unit. The management of patients presenting a low-risk profile (n = 14) included careful surveillance and a consecutive second endoscopy 24 hours after the initial endoscopy. RESULTS: Patients that underwent surgery showed more severe secondary diseases than patients of the endoscopic group. Hemoglobin concentration in patients requiring surgery was significantly lower, they showed a higher incidence of hypovolemic shock and received more blood transfusions within the first 24 hours. Mortality was 0% in both groups, a relevant rebleeding occurred in one patient after endoscopic therapy, which was successfully treated by reendoscopy with fibrin injection. CONCLUSIONS: Due to these results as well as results of other groups we recommend early elective surgery in high-risk patients with bleeding duodenal bulb ulcer after primary endoscopic treatment of the bleeding.