管状吻合器在胸段食管癌切除胃代食管颈部吻合术中的应用研究

目的探讨管状吻合器在胸段食管癌切除胃代食管颈部吻合术中的技术方法,总结其应用经验。方法回顾性总结228例胸段食管癌患者的临床资料,其中77例行胸段食管癌切除食管胃颈部管状吻合器吻合术,151例行手工吻合术。结果术后吻合口瘘、乳糜胸、喉返神经损伤、胸胃排空障碍发生率两组无明显差异（P〉0.05）,但管状吻合器组手术吻合时间显著缩短（P〈0.05）,吻合口狭窄发生率明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论管状吻合器适用于多数胸段食管癌切除胃代食管颈部吻合术,吻合时间短,创伤小,术后并发症发生率低;但对于颈段食管直径过细、胃长度不足等情况更宜手工吻合。术中切除胃小弯制作管状胃可有效延长胃长度,对成功进行胸段食管癌切除胃代食管颈部管状吻合器吻合有帮助。     

弓上手法弓下吻合器行食管胃吻合206例体会

作者自1990年6月至1996年8月对206例食管，贲门癌切除行食管胃吻合术，颈段、胸上段、胸中段食管癌经右胸后外侧、腹、左颈部三切口，颈部食管胃垂直褥式内翻一层缝合法吻合。胸下段及贲门癌经左胸第6肋骨床切口胸腔内弓下食管用吻合器（上海产GF-1型管状消化道吻合器，器械头部外径28mm）吻合。结果无1例吻合口漏，吻合口狭窄1例，无手术死亡。本文介绍了手法，吻合器的使用和体会，并对术式的选择及并发症的预防作了讨论。     

食管癌切除经食管床行弓上食管胃机械吻合术280例

目的总结使用弯管型吻合器经主动脉弓后食管床行食管胃吻合术的临床经验。方法280例中、下段食管癌患者行食管癌切除、经弓后食管床行弓上食管胃机械吻合术,采用多次或一次性弯管型吻合器。结果一次吻合成功278例,吻合失败2例,改为原位修补或弓旁手工吻合。全组患者均无吻合口出血。术后随访244例(87.1%),随访时间140个月。死亡3例,死亡原因:吻合口瘘、严重感染2例,心肌梗死1例。发生膈疝2例(合并胸胃穿孔1例),乳糜胸2例,经对症处理治愈;其余患者术后恢复良好。远期出现吻合口狭窄5例,均经沙氏扩张器扩张13次后缓解或治愈。结论中、下段食管癌患者采用左胸后外侧肋间切口,使用弯管型吻合器经弓后食管床行食管胃弓上吻合,手术难度虽较大,对施术者的手术技术要求较高,但术后胃肠道重建符合正常消化道解剖结构,并发症较少,患者的生活质量得到提高。     

食管胃颈部机械吻合治疗食管癌疗效评价

目的总结食管、胃颈部机械吻合治疗中、上段食管癌的临床经验及效果分析。方法对56例食管中上段癌患者使用吻合器行颈部食管胃吻合术。结果 56例中颈部切口感染1例,经换药后痊愈,1例术后因纵膈胸膜破裂,疝入右侧胸腔,出现胸胃扩张,幽门扭曲不全梗阻,多次出现呕吐症状,于透视下置入十二指肠营养管支持治疗痊愈。无1例出现吻合口瘘、狭窄及出血,无手术死亡病例。结论食管胃颈部机械吻合最大限度切除食管病变,食管残端阳性率降低,减少手术并发症,缩短手术时间,值得临床推广应用。     

经右胸中段食管癌切除胃胸膜顶固定食管胃吻合术

经右胸中段食管癌切除胃胸膜顶固定食管胃吻合术马春山段振泉李安富孙强为减少胸部吻合口瘘的发生，我院１９８８年４月～１９９４年７月，采用经右胸行中段食管癌切除，胃胸膜顶固定食管胃吻合的方法。共治疗４２例患者，现报告如下。１临床资料与方法１．１临床资料本组...     

经胸颈段食管胃机械吻合术的临床应用（附82例报告）

８２例食管癌食管次全切除病人，用吻合器经胸行颈段食管胃机械吻合，无手术死亡，亦无吻合口瘘、喉返神经或胸导管损伤，并发症发生率７．３２％（６／８２）。多病灶发现率６．１１％（５／８２），切端癌残留率１．２１％（１／８２）。术后随访４年，无吻合口复发癌或重度狭窄，１、２、３年生存率分别为８４．５％（４９／５８）、６１．５％（２４／３９）、５２．６％（１０／１９）。此方法较胸内吻合可扩大食管癌切除范围，较经颈部切口手工吻合简便、可靠、安全。作者较详细地介绍了手术操作。     

消化道吻合器在颈部胃食管吻合中的应用

目的 总结食管癌切除后采用消化道吻合器行颈部胃食管吻合术治疗食管癌患者的临床经验,以降低术后吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄的发生率,提高手术疗效.方法 125例食管癌患者,根据采用的手术术式不同分为两组,器械吻合组:行食管癌切除后采用国产常州WGWB-26型吻合器进行颈部胃食管吻合;手工吻合组,行食管癌切除后采用手工方法进行颈部胃食管吻合.比较两种手术术式的胃食管吻合时间、术后吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄的发生率.结果 全组无手术死亡.器械吻合组吻合时间少于手工吻合组(30±5min vs.55±5 min, P＜0.05),近期吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄发生率明显低于手工吻合组(0% vs.4.8%, 0% vs.9.5%,P＜0.05);器械吻合组随访1～15个月食管X线钡餐检查证实无吻合口狭窄.结论 使用吻合器行胃食管器械吻合,能增加吻合的可靠性,减少术后并发症,包括吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄的发生.     

改良Ivor-Lewis手术治疗食管癌576例

目的总结采用改良Ivor—Lewis手术治疗胸中、下段食管癌的临床经验。方法1996年4月至2001年4月，576例食管癌患者经右胸前外侧切口和上腹部正中切口径路手术（改良Ivor—Lewis手术），切除胸段食管癌，用吻合器行食管胃右胸顶吻合。结果术后发生乳糜胸1例，再次开胸手术治愈；术后胸腔内出血行开胸止血4例，发生吻合口瘘11例，均经保守治疗治愈。发生吻合口狭窄3例，术后病理检查食管残端癌残留1例，给予放射治疗。围手术期死亡2例，分别死于心肌梗死和心律失常。本组1、3、5年总的生存率分别为77．7％（446／574），57．8％（258／446），49．2％（127／258）。结论改良Ivor—Lewis手术是治疗胸中、下段食管癌的理想术式。     

食管胃吻合器在食管外科的应用

我科自１９８０年至１９９３年应用吻合器施行食管胃吻合术１８６例，其中经胸顶行颈根部吻合１８例，主动脉弓上吻合９１例，主动脉弓下吻合７７例。术后吻合口痰４例（２．１％），吻合口狭窄５例（２．７％）。作者认为由于吻合器吻合可靠，可降低吻合口瘘发生率；而将吻合器的平行吻合变成近似对端吻合有利于减少吻合口狭窄；对需行颈部吻合者利用吻合器经胸顶行颈根部吻合有它一定的临床实用价值。     

经胸行食管胃超胸顶吻合术

经胸行食管胃超胸顶吻合术胡晨虎孙桂武寇仁业卢兆桐李晓华超胸顶吻合术系指不做颈部切口，而置吻合口于胸顶部以上的吻合法。１９９１年１月至１９９４年１０月，我们采用此法治疗４１例中、上段食管癌病人，取得满意效果。临床资料本组男３２例，女９例。年龄３４～６８...     

Comparison of manual and mechanical cervical esophagogastric anastomosis after esophageal resection for squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective randomized controlled trial

Objective: The use of a circular stapler in cervical esophagogastric anastomosis remains controversial. This study was to compare the postoperative and long-term results of manual and mechanical techniques for cervical esophagogastric anastomosis after resection for squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 63 patients with curatively resectable squamous cell cancer of the thoracic esophagus between 1996 and 1999. Patients were randomized to receive either a hand-sewn (32 patients) or circular stapled (31 patients) cervical esophagogastric anastomosis. Results: The mean operating time was longer when the hand-sewn method was used (524 vs. 447 min, P<0.001). Anastomotic leakage was noted in seven patients (22%) in the hand-sewn group and eight patients (26%) in the stapler group (P=NS). Hospital mortality occurred in four patients (13%) of the hand-sewn group and in three patients (10%) of the stapler group (P=NS). After the operation, four patients (14%) in the hand-sewn group and five patients (18%) in the stapler group developed a benign esophageal stricture (P=NS). The mean follow-up time was 24 months, and the rates of freedom from benign stricture and survival were comparable in each group. Conclusions: Performing cervical esophagogastric anastomoses using a circular mechanical stapler had a shorter operating time and a comparable outcome to the hand-sewn method. The circular mechanical stapler could be used as an alternative for cervical esophagogastric anastomosis after resection for esophageal squamous cell cancer.     

Complete mechanical cervical anastomosis using a narrow gastric tube after esophagectomy for cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Fibrous stenosis of the esophagogastric cervical anastomosis remains a significant complication occurring in up to one-third of cases. Trying to reduce the incidence of this complication, we describe our technique of cervical esophagogastric anastomosis using endoscopic linear stapler which seems to reduce the incidence of fibrous stricture formation after resection of esophageal cancer. METHODS: Between March 2000 and June 2003, 26 patients (15 males and 11 females) underwent esophagectomy using tubulized stomach for reconstruction. Cervical esophagogastric anastomosis using linear endoscopic stapler was performed in all cases. The occurrence of post-operative anastomotic leak and development of anastomotic stricture were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: All patients survived esophagectomy and were available for post-operative follow-up. Anastomotic leak developed in one case. No patient developed fibrous stenosis that required dilatation therapy. CONCLUSION: Complete mechanical esophagogastric anastomosis, using endoscopic linear stapler is effective and safe, even when a narrow gastric tube is used as esophageal substitute. This technique seems superior to other techniques to reduce the incidence of post-operative anastomotic complications.     

Mechanical cervical esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy for cancer

AIM: Fibrous stenosis of the esophagogastric cervical anastomosis remains a significant complication occurring in up to one third of cases. Trying to reduce the incidence of this complication, we describe our technique of cervical esophago-gastric anastomosis using endoscopic linear stapler which seems to reduce the incidence of fibrous stricture formation after resection of esophageal cancer. METHODS: Between March 2000 and December 2004, 34 patients (20 males and 14 females) underwent esophagectomy using tubulized stomach for reconstruction. Mean age was 57 years. Eight patients with advanced stage (5 T3 and 3 T4) underwent induction chemotherapy. The most of patients was affected by squamous cell carcinoma. In all cases we performed cervical esophagogastric anastomosis using linear endoscopic stapler. The occurrence of postoperative anastomotic leak and development of anastomotic stricture were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: All patients survived esophagectomy and 30 of them (88%) were available for postoperative follow-up at 6 months. Anastomotic leak developed in 1 case. No patient developed fibrous stenosis that required dilatation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Complete mechanical esophago-gastric anastomosis, using endoscopic linear stapler is effective and safe, even when a narrow gastric tube is used as esophageal substitute. These technique seems superior to other techniques to reduce the incidence of postoperative anastomotic complications.     

Esophagogastrostomy with the EEA stapler.

Esophagogastric anastomosis was performed with the EEA stapler in 31 patients who underwent esophageal resections. Anastomoses were accomplished at all levels of the thoracic and cervical esophagus by a variety of approaches. Routine barium cine-esophagograms obtained at seven days after operation failed to demonstrate an anastomotic leak in any patient. The operative mortality rate was 3% (1 of 31 patients). Technical problems occurred during the operation in three patients; in two of these an incomplete anastomosis may have resulted from the surgeon's error. All patients were able to swallow normally at the time of discharge. Late anastomotic stricture occurred in five patients, and responded to dilatation in all but one patient who had local tumor recurrence. We conclude that the EEA stapler allows rapid and reliable esophagogastric anastomosis. Successful use of the instrument requires strict attention to technical detail and awareness of possible pitfalls.     

青年医师连续52例食管癌、贲门癌手术无并发症治疗体会

目的总结青年医师连续食管癌、贲门癌手术无并发症的治疗体会。方法回顾性分析52例食管癌、贲门癌手术的临床资料,其中食管癌36例,贲门癌16例。肿瘤根治性切除后行食管胃胸膜顶吻合2例,主动脉弓上(含弓后)吻合13例,食管胃主动脉弓下吻合37例。手术均采用机械吻合。结果本组病例手术时间为160～280 min,围术期无麻醉意外,术中无大出血,无近期的吻合口狭窄,连续无吻合口瘘、脓胸、乳糜胸、心脑血管意外及肺部感染等并发症,均治愈出院。结论青年医师连续食管癌、贲门癌手术无并发症的关键在于"慎于术前,精于术中,勤于术后",多学习,并按照从贲门癌→食管下段癌→食管中段癌→食管上段癌这一由易到难的顺序进行。     

腋下小直切口食管癌切除胃-食管颈部器械吻合术

目的探讨腋下小直切口食管癌切除中颈部吻合采用胃-食管消化道吻合器的价值。方法2005年4月~2007年4月,对56例食管癌采用腋下小直切口食管次全切除,吻合器行胃-食管颈部吻合。关键步骤包括:腋下小直切口开胸;胃、食管的游离;颈部吻合器的使用;吻合口的包套;胃和吻合口置于食管床。结果切口长10~15(13.2±1.6)cm,术后无颈部吻合口漏,无吻合口出血、喉返神经损伤及乳糜胸。53例随访4~16个月,平均7.8月,吻合口轻度狭窄1例(1.9%,1/53),有明显的反流症状4例(7.5%,4/53)。结论胸部小切口创伤小、恢复快,颈部器械吻合符合食管癌切除的原则,避免了人为因素对吻合口的影响,增加了吻合的可靠性,术后并发症发生率低。     

食管癌切除食管胃颈部包套式机械吻合97例结果分析

目的探讨在食管胃颈部吻合术中使用机械吻合并吻合口包埋的作用。方法回顾性分析101例患者行食管癌切除食管胃颈部吻合术的临床资料,总结并分析手术情况和术后并发症情况。结果 97例使用管状吻合器机械吻合并包套吻合口,2例因胃长度不够采用手工吻合,1例因吻合后张力较大未行包套,1例抵钉座尺寸过大撕裂食管肌层需要另行缝合,手术完成率96.0%（97/101）。术后2例出现吻合口或胃出血（2.1%）,吻合口瘘4例（4.1%）,经过清创引流后痊愈;无其他机械吻合并发症。术后3月CT和上消化道造影提示吻合口狭窄（〈1.5 cm）2例,占2.1%,无〈1 cm病例。存在吞咽困难症状共4例（4.1%）,反流引发的反酸、口苦等口腔、咽部相关症状11例（11.3%）。结论管状吻合器胃腔内吻合安全、简便,宽松包套后有显著的抗反流作用。     

食管腐蚀性烧伤后严重狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及胃或横结肠代食管重建手术的应用价值。方法对98例食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的患者中72例广泛食管狭窄、病变超过食管中段以上者采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合,其中横结肠咽腔吻合18例,横结肠食管颈部吻合54例,胸段食管旷置不切除;26例狭窄位于中下段,经胸切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建食管,胃食管胸内吻合。结果结肠食管重建72例中,术后死亡4例（5．56％）,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（19．44％）,后期出现颈部吻合口狭窄7例,经治疗后均痊愈。胃重建食管26例无手术死亡,术后发生胸内吻合口狭窄3例,经扩张治愈。结论食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄在伤后20～24周可积极采取食管重建术,根据食管狭窄段严重程度及位置决定是否行狭窄段食管切除、选择食管重建替代物及吻合的位置。可采用横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合术,胸内胃食管吻合术。     

Eliminating the cervical esophagogastric anastomotic leak with a side-to-side stapled anastomosis

BACKGROUND: Although the acute postoperative complications of a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis are less than those with an intrathoracic esophageal anastomosis, the long-term sequelae of a cervical anastomotic leak are not as minor as initially reported. Nearly 50% of cervical anastomotic leaks result in an anastomotic stricture, and the subsequent need for chronic dilatations negates the merits of an operation intended to restore comfortable swallowing. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine whether construction of a side-to-side stapled cervical esophagogastric anastomosis after transhiatal esophagectomy could reliably eliminate the majority of anastomotic leaks. METHODS: In 114 consecutive patients undergoing transhiatal esophagectomy, a functional side-to-side cervical esophagogastric anastomosis was constructed with the Auto Suture Endo-GIA II stapler (United States Surgical Corporation, Auto Suture Company Division, Norwalk, Conn) applied directly through the cervical wound. This side-to-side stapled anastomosis has 3 rows of staples. Early postoperative anastomotic morbidity, subsequent need for anastomotic dilatations, and patient satisfaction with swallowing were evaluated. RESULTS: Before the side-to-side stapled anastomosis, the incidence of cervical esophagogastric anastomosis leak in over 1000 patients undergoing transhiatal esophagectomy having a manually sewn anastomosis varied from 10% to 15%. Among the 111 survivors of transhiatal esophagectomy and a side-to-side stapled anastomosis, there were 3 (2.7%) clinically significant anastomotic leaks. This lowered incidence of leaks has contributed to reduction in the average length of stay after an uncomplicated transhiatal esophagectomy to 7 days and has provided more comfortable swallowing, ease of subsequent esophageal dilatations, and greater patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Construction of the cervical esophagogastric anastomosis with a side-to-side stapled anastomosis greatly reduces the frequency of anastomotic leaks and later strictures. The side-to-side stapled anastomosis is a major technical advance in the progression of refinements of transhiatal esophagectomy and a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis.     

Clinical Application of Layered Anastomosis During Esophagogastrostomy

The aim of this study was to compare the operative results in regard to reducing anastomotic leakage and stricture formation using a newly designed layered manual esophagogastric anastomosis versus a stapler esophagogastrostomy versus the conventional hand-sewn whole-layer anastomosis after resection for esophageal or gastric cardiac carcinoma. From January 2004 to September 2006, a total of 1024 patients with esophageal or gastric cardia carcinoma underwent a layered esophagogastric anastomosis with the assistance of a three-leaf clipper in a single university medical center. The mucosal layers of the esophagus and stomach were sutured continuously with 4/0 Vicryl plus antibacterial suture (polyglyconate). From May 2002 to December 2003, there were also 170 patients and 69 patients who underwent stapler and conventional whole-layer anastomosis, respectively; they served as control groups. The results were analyzed retrospectively. The operative mortality rate was 0.7% in the layered group compared to 5.9% and 7.2% for the stapler group and the whole-layer group (p < 0.01), The anastomotic leakage rates were 0%, 3.5%, and 5.8% for the layered group, stapler group, and whole-layer group, respectively (p < 0.01). All patients were followed postoperatively. Six patients in the layered group (0.6%) developed mild stricture formation compared to 16 patients in stapled group (9.9%) and 5 patients in the conventional whole-layer group (7.8%) (p < 0.01). The application of layered esophagogastric anastomosis could reduce the incidence of anastomotic leakage and stricture after esophagectomy compared with the stapler and whole-layer manual anastomoses. It is easy to apply and could be used as an alternative for esophagogastric anastomosis after resection for esophageal or cardiac carcinoma. This abstract was accepted as a free paper and oral presentation at International Surgical Week 2007, Abstract 320, Montreal, Canada, August 2007