Jejunal Pouch Interposition with Fundic-Like Plication After Total Gastrectomy

Purpose We developed a technique of jejunal pouch interposition with a fundic-like jejunal plication (JPI-FP) for reconstruction after total gastrectomy (TG) for gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the advantages of JPI-FP over Roux-en-Y reconstruction (R-Y).Methods Twenty-two patients who had undergone TG more than 1 year earlier were classified into two groups according to the method of reconstruction used: Group A (n = 7) underwent R-Y, and group B (n = 15) underwent JPI-FP. Group B was subdivided into two groups to examine the usefulness of additional pylorus preservation: group B1 (n = 8), pylorus (−) and group B2 (n = 7), pylorus (+).Results Food intake and body weight were significantly higher in group B than in group A (P < 0.05). Reflux esophagitis was diagnosed in two of the group A patients, but in none of the group B patients. Excessive esophageal bile exposure, determined as the fraction time of esophageal bilirubin absorbance over 0.14 > 50%, was significantly higher in group A than in group B (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in bile exposure in the jejunal pouch between groups B1 and B2.Conclusions JPI-FP is a superior method of reconstruction after TG to prevent excessive esophageal bile reflux and from a nutritional aspect. The advantage of pylorus preservation remains unconfirmed.     

Medium- and Long-Term Results of Jejunal Pouch Reconstruction After a Total and Proximal Gastrectomy

Purpose We developed several kinds of jejunal (J)-pouch reconstruction after a gastrectomy for gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the advantages of these methods. Methods As for the treatment of malignant gastric diseases at stage II or earlier, we employed the J-pouch reconstruction (Roux-en-Y method: JPRY, or J-pouch interposing: JPI) following a total gastrectomy. We also used JPI after a proximal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer located in the upper third of the stomach. Results Out of a total of 80 patients, JPRY was performed in 40 patients and JPI in 40. No anastomotic leaks were associated with the use of an automatic stapler. The stapler (Endo GIA; U.S. Surgical, Norwalk, CT, USA) with a 60-mm-long white cartridge minimized bleeding from the anastomotic site and reduced the operative time. While two patients died of recurrence, all other patients are alive and well for a maximum of 15 years after surgery. The motility of the J pouch was satisfactory after both surgical procedures, as measured by the bile regurgitation test or the transit test employing radiopaque markers. The mean percentage of the radiopaque markers eliminated from the J pouch 1 h after breakfast was 7.5% in the JPRY group and 0%–33% in the JPI group. After another hour, the corresponding percentage was 19.5% in the JPRY group and 14%–60% in the JPI group. Conclusion Our procedures for J-pouch reconstruction are considered to result in a favorable postoperative quality of life and prognosis. J-pouch reconstruction is therefore advantageous in terms of operative morbidity, postoperative clinical signs, symptoms, and dietary status.     

间置空肠消化道重建术对全胃切除术后患者早期营养状况的影响

目的　评估间置空肠法 (JIP)是否是一种理想的全胃切除后消化道重建术。方法　将 94例在我院行择期全胃切除术者按随机双盲法分为两组 ,其中JIP组 4 2例 ,Roux en Y消化道重建术组 (RYP) 5 2例 ,对两组术后 1年内无肿瘤复发患者的营养状况的随访资料 (有无消化道症状、体重变化及其他营养指标 )进行对比分析。结果　两组患者术后营养状况明显优于术前 (P<0 .0 1) ,JIP组较RYP组改善更为明显 ,且无倾倒综合征 ,返流性食管炎发生率低 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　JIP术后肠道功能紊乱发生率低 ,且可明显改善患者术后早期营养状况 ,是全胃切除术后理想的消化道重建术式。     

全胃切除术后Roux-Y空肠袢动力变化的临床研究

目的探讨全胃切除、食管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术后,Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ空肠袢动力变化与Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ综合征间的关系。方法采用多孔导管灌注测压法,测定１３例全胃切除术后病人Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ空肠袢动力变化。结果Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ空肠袢动力异常,表现为非传导性ＭＭＣⅢ、向口传导性ＭＭＣⅢ、分裂的ＭＭＣⅢ及非传导性爆发群增加。在Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ综合征病人该现象更为明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论全胃切除术后,Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ空肠袢存在着动力变化。该变化与Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ综合征的发生率有明显的相关性。     

全胃切除消化道重建术式中保留食物储袋和十二指肠径路的意义

全胃切除术是常见的胃癌根治术之一,消化道重建的方式繁多,空肠肠袋和保留十二指肠径路术式并不显著增加手术死亡率和并发症发生率,在早期能改善食物摄入,增加体重,一定程度上提高患者生活质量,但其远期效果尚有待于进一步的探索。     

Comparative Study on Three Types of Alimentary Reconstruction After Total Gastrectomy

Background  More than 70 alimentary reconstruction procedures after total gastrectomy have been proposed to reduce the postoperative syndromes such as dumping syndrome, reflux esophagitis, and malnutrition. However, the optimal alimentary reconstruction method is still a matter of debate. The aim of the current study was to investigate the rationality of different alimentary tract reconstruction methods after total gastrectomy for gastric malignancy. Methods  Three types of digestive reconstruction methods were performed after total gastrectomy in 285 cases of gastric malignancy from May 1996 to December 2006, including Orr-type Roux-en-Y reconstruction (Orr-type), P-type Roux-en-Y reconstruction (P-type), and Moynihan-type reconstruction (Moynihan-type) methods. The operative time, early postoperative complications and mortality, food intake, alimentary symptoms, Visick scores, nutritional status at 1 and 3years after surgery, and cumulative survival at 1, 3, and 5years were comparatively analyzed. Results  There were no significant differences among the three methods in early postoperative complications and mortality, postoperative food intake and nutritional status (hemoglobin, total proteins and albumin), and incidence of diarrhea and dumping syndrome at 1 and 3years (p > 0.05). The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative survival rate were 75.30%, 39.86%, and 21.48%, respectively, without significant differences among the three groups (p > 0.05). However, the average operative time used in the Orr-type reconstruction method (2.9 ± 0.1h) was comparatively shorter than that used in the P-type (3.4 ± 0.2h) and the Moynihan-type (3.2 ± 0.1h). The incidences of reflux esophagitis after the gastric reconstruction with the Moynihan-type method at 1 and 3years (72% and 65%) were significantly higher than that with the Orr-type (3% and 0%) and P-type (5% and 0%; p < 0.01). Constituent ratio of Visick scores I–II of the Moynihan-type method at 1 and 3years (54% and 73%) were smaller than that of the Orr-type (94% and 96%) and the P-type (93% and 96%) methods (p < 0.01). Conclusion  Orr-type Roux-en-Y reconstruction method can avoid reflux esophagitis, and the procedure is simpler than the other two methods. Therefore, Orr-type Roux-en-Y reconstruction can be recommended as an adoptable method of digestive reconstruction after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer.     

Biodistribution of Technetium-99m Pertechnetate after Total Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y Jejunal Pouch

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the influence of total gastrectomy, with and without a jejunal pouch, on the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical Technetium-99m pertechnetate (^99mTcO₄^?). A quantitative biodistribution study was performed on the 30th postoperative day in Wistar rats, using the Wizard PerkinElmer gamma counter. The percentage of injected radioactivity of ^99mTcO₄^? per gram of tissue (% ATI/g) in Roux-en-Y total gastrectomy rats was lower in the lung, brain, and femur, compared to the sham rats (p <.05). In the jejunal pouch rats, the%ATI/g was higher than in the jejunum of sham rats (p <.05). The biodistribution was higher in the lung, brain, and femur of Roux-en-Y pouch rats than in Roux-en-Y rats (p <.05). Serum levels of cobalamin, phosphorus, and calcium were lower in gastrectomized than in sham rats (p <.05). No significant histological change was observed in the jejunum of Roux-en-Y rats. In the jejunal pouch, we found vascular ingurgitation, inflammation, submucosal, and muscular wall hypertrophy and widening of the villi. In conclusion, total gastrectomy in rats affected the biodistribution of ^99mTcO₄^? to important organs, mainly when a Roux-en-Y reconstruction without a pouch was performed. Moreover, the operation caused biodistribution-related metabolic changes.     

Uncut Esophagojejunostomy with Double Jejunal Pouch: An Alternative Reconstruction Method that Improves the Quality of Life of Patients after Total Gastrectomy

Background: Currently, there is no optimal digestive tract reconstruction technique well recognized by scholars after total gastrectomy. In this study, a new reconstruction method, which is modified from the classic Roux-en-Y procedure, an uncut jejunal esophageal anastomosis with double jejunal pouch (UJEA-DJP) was established, and its advantages for improving the quality of life of patients who undergo total gastrectomy were analyzed. Methods: Altogether 160 patients with gastric cancer enrolled in our center from September 2009 to March 2012 received radical D2 total gastrectomy. According to the reconstruction methods used, these patients were divided into three groups: UJEA-DJP (n = 63), Roux-en-Y (n = 45), and P-loop with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (P-RY; n = 52). The operation time for reconstruction, complications, prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and the Visick classification among the three groups were analyzed. Results: We found that UJEA-DJP has advantages over Roux-en-Y and P-RY regarding the time of digestive tract reconstruction, incidence rates for long-term complications, postoperative nutritional index, body weight recovery, and the Visick classification for subjective feelings (p < .05). Conclusions: The UJEA-DJP surgical procedure has the advantages of intestinal continuity and double-pouch construction, which can significantly reduce long-term complications and improve the long-term quality of life of patients after surgical procedure.     

胃癌全胃切除术后消化道重建方式的研究现状

目的总结胃癌全胃切除术后消化道重建方式的研究进展。方法复习近年来国内外关于全胃切除术后消化道重建方式的研究并作综述。结果胃癌患者全胃切除术后的生活质量越来越受到重视,消化道重建方式对胃癌患者术后的生活质量有最直接的影响。全胃切除术后的食物储袋构建和保持肠管神经肌肉连续性在消化道重建中具有一定的临床意义。目前认为,储袋重建安全、有效,可改善胃癌患者术后的生活质量;而保留十二指肠通道的重建方式并没有明显的优势。结论全胃切除术后的消化道重建仍有许多问题需要研究解决,有待于更深入的基础研究及更高质量的临床研究。     

A Step-Wise Approach to Total Laparoscopic Gastrectomy with Jejunal Pouch Reconstruction: How and Why We Do It

Laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) is a safe alternative compared to open gastrectomy for cancer. To increase the uptake of minimally invasive approaches and facilitate their analysis and improvement a stepwise approach is warranted. This study describes our technique and experiences total laparoscopic gastrectomy (TLG) with jejunal pouch reconstruction for gastric cancer. Technical modifications throughout the years were described. In patients with anastomotic leakage, the CT-scan and reoperation report were reviewed to identify the location and cause of the leak. A total of 47 patients who underwent laparoscopic total gastrectomy with extracorporeal jejunal pouch reconstruction and stapled circular esophagojejunostomy from May 2007 to August 2015 were prospectively analyzed. A stepwise approach of 10 steps was designed based on video and case analysis. Median operation time was 301 (148–454) minutes and median blood loss was 300 (30–900) milliliters. Anastomotic leakage occurred in six (12.8 %) patients; additionally, one (2.12 %) jejunal-pouch staple line leak was identified. An important modification in our technique was a purse-string suture around the anvil of the circular stapler to prevent esophageal mucosa to slip away. After this modification, the leakage rate was reduced to 7 % in the last 15 procedures. In conclusion, TLG with jejunal pouch reconstruction is a feasible procedure in a selected group of patients. Our stepwise approach and technique may help surgeons to introduce jejunal pouch reconstruction during laparoscopic gastrectomy in their center.     

全胃切除术后改良Orr式Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合术的临床研究

目的探讨改良0rr式Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合术的临床应用价值。方法胃癌行全胃切除术患者共38例,消化道重建按手术日期随机分为ρ型食管空肠吻合组（ρ型组）20例及改良Orr式Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合组（改良组）18例。比较2组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症发生率、贮袋排空时间和术前及术后3个月时的体重变化情况。结果改良组和ρ型组的手术时间分别为（229&#177;18）min和（283&#177;35）min（P〈0．05）;贮袋全排空时间分别为（35．7&#177;4．9）min和（3．0&#177;0．5）min（P〈0．01）。在术中出血量、术后并发症发生率和体重变化方面,2组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论改良Orr式Roux-en-Y食管空肠吻合术有利于操作,可节省手术时间,有一定贮袋功能,不增加并发症,有临床应用价值。     

Effectiveness of Roux-en-Y Reconstruction After Distal Gastrectomy Based on an Assessment of Biliary Kinetics

Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of Roux-en-Y reconstruction (RY) after distal gastrectomy we compared postoperative physiological functions and disorders among patients who underwent RY, conventional Billroth I reconstruction (BI), or Billroth II reconstruction (BII). Methods: The subjects were 91 patients who had undergone distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer more than 1 month earlier. To examine the severity of gastroesophageal reflux, acid reflux and alkali reflux were assessed, and to examine the severity of duodenal reflux into the remnant stomach, biliary scintigraphy was performed. The degree of inflammation in the esophagus and remnant stomach was examined by endoscopy. Questionnaires on postoperative complaints were sent out to the patients to determine how serious their reflux symptoms were. Results: Both acid and alkali reflux were mild in the RY group. Biliary reflux into the remnant stomach, as assessed by biliary scintigraphy, was significantly less severe in the RY group than in the BI and BII groups. Endoscopy showed that inflammation of the lower esophagus and remnant stomach was much less severe in the RY group than in the BI and BII groups. According to the questionnaire survey, none of the patients in the RY group reported any reflux symptoms. Conclusions: In this series, RY was found to be a superior reconstruction method after distal gastrectomy since it was rarely accompanied by the reflux of duodenal juice into the remnant stomach or gastric reflux into the lower esophagus. Received: May 9, 2001 / Accepted: January 8, 2002 Reprint requests to: K. Shinoto     

三角吻合技术在腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术中的应用

目的比较三角吻合的全腹腔镜远端胃切除术（totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy,TLDG）与传统腹腔镜辅助下远端胃切除术（laparoseopie—assisted distal gastrectomy,LADG）的临床疗效。方法比较2013年1—6月我科32例三角吻合TLDG与32例传统腹腔外吻合的LADG临床资料。结果64例手术均获成功。LADG组1例出现吻合口漏,1例出现吻合口狭窄,吻合口相关并发症发生率6．2％（2／32）。TLDG组均未出现吻合口漏、吻合口狭窄或吻合口出血等吻合口相关并发症。三角吻合的TLDG组三角吻合耗时（30．0±12．8）min。与LADG组相比,TLDG组手术时间[（177．9±37．9）minvs．（186．7±39．1）min,t=-0．914,P=0．364]、清扫淋巴结总数[（33．4±11．8）枚VS．（31．8±12．1）枚,t=0．536,P=0．594]、进流质食时间[（3．5±1．8）d vs．（3．7±1．7）d,t=-0．457,P=0．649]均无明显差异,但住院时间[（8．2±2．4）dVS．（12．7±2．6）d,t=-7．194,P=0．000]、肛门排气时间[（2．0±1．2）dVS．（3．5±1．3）d,t=-4．796,P=0．000]明显缩短,术中出血量[中位数40ml（15～96m1）vs．中位数98ml（50～158m1）,Z=-2．388,P：0．017]明显减少,且术后患者VAS评分[术后第1天：（3．04-1．2）分vs．（6．0±1．6）分,t=-8．485,P=0．000;术后第3天：（1．7±0．7）分vs．（4．2±0．8）分,t=-13．304,P=0．000]和需要的止痛剂剂量[（1．6±0．8）支vs．（3．7±2．8）支,t=-4．079,P=0．000]明显减少。结论三角吻合技术应用于全腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术是安全可行的,近期效果显著。     

全肠外营养及早期肠内营养在胃癌全胃切除术后患者中的对比研究

目的探讨胃癌全胃切除术后的患者分别进行早期肠内营养(EEN)或全肠外营养(TPN)支持对患者术后恢复的影响。方法回顾性分析我院2006年6月至2009年8月期间行全胃切除的患者86例,其中术后行TPN者31例(TPN组),行EEN者55例(EEN组)。TPN组通过上腔静脉(颈内或锁骨下)穿刺置管,经静脉给予营养支持;EEN组术中留置鼻肠管,术后第2天开始逐渐增加肠内营养(瑞素),并逐步减少肠外营养,至术后3～5d达到全肠内营养。检测术后血清白蛋白水平,记录术后通气与排便时间、经口进食时间、住院时间以及各种并发症的发生情况。结果TPN组与EEN组比较,术后血浆白蛋白、术后通气时间、排便时间、并发症发生率及住院时间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。在进流质时间上EEN组反而晚于TPN组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004)。结论经TPN进行营养支持与鼻肠管进行肠内营养均可作为全胃切除术后的营养支持方式,两种方式的恢复情况及并发症发生情况无明显差异,可以根据患者术前营养状态及合并症决定是否行鼻肠管置入。     

全胃切除后食管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合中带血管弓单管空肠的应用

目的探讨带血管弓单管空肠在食管胃结合部腺癌和胃中上部癌行全胃切除后食管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合中处理吻合口张力的可行性。方法回顾性分析2012年12月至2013年4月期间,笔者所在医院应用带血管弓单管空肠处理食管胃结合部腺癌和胃中上部癌行全胃切除后食管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合中吻合口张力过高问题的13例患者的临床资料,总结手术体会。结果吻合前空肠上提最大延长长度为（7.75±1.75）cm（4～10 cm）,吻合后空肠上提实际延长长度为（5.95±1.82）cm（3～9 cm）,延长长度实际使用率为（77.91±16.60）%（50.0%～100.0%）。术后发生急性尿储留1例,发生左肝下间隙脓肿、腹腔感染1例,无手术死亡或严重术后并发症如吻合口漏、吻合口狭窄、腹腔出血等病例。结论带血管弓单管空肠技术能够有效安全地延长空肠系膜长度,从而降低吻合口张力。该技术在临床实践中简便易行,在遇到吻合口有潜在张力风险时可考虑采用。     

Duodenogastric biliary reflux assessed by scintigraphic scan in patients with reflux symptoms after sleeve gastrectomy: preliminary results

BackgroundBile reflux is a factor in the appearance of severe esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus, which have been reported after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter and increased gastroesophageal acid reflux have been demonstrated after this operation. Some reports have shown bile content in the antrum during endoscopic control, but no investigations objectively confirm the presence of duodenogastric bile reflux in these patients.ObjectivesTo evaluate the presence of duodenogastric bile reflux (DGR) after SG in patients presenting reflux symptoms.SettingUniversity hospital.MethodsProspective study of 22 patients presenting reflux symptoms who underwent SG for morbid obesity and who received endoscopic evaluation and scintigraphic study to confirm esophagitis and duodenogastric bile reflux.ResultsErosive esophagitis was observed in 11 patients and Barrett’s esophagus in 2 patients. Seven patients (31.8%) presented positive DGR. Among them, 3 had type B and C esophagitis. The other 4 patients did not present esophagitis in spite of reflux symptoms.ConclusionDGR may be present in patients with gastroesophageal reflux after SG. This line of investigation requires further studies to confirm this hypothesis.     

免疫强化肠内营养在老年全胃切除术后患者中的临床应用

目的探讨谷氨酰胺强化肠内营养支持对老年患者全胃切除术后营养及免疫功能的影响。方法选择我院普外科2008年2月至2010年8月期间接受全胃切除术的84例进展期胃癌老年患者作为研究对象,平均分为谷氨酰胺强化肠内营养(Gln)组、肠内营养(EN)组和肠外营养(PN)组。观察肛门排气恢复时间、术后并发症发生率、住院时间等,分别于术前、术后第2和第10天检测血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白水平,并于术前和术后第10天检测外周血CD4和CD8 T细胞百分数、CD4/CD8以及免疫球蛋白IgM和IgG水平。结果 3组患者均按计划完成治疗。Gln组和EN组患者术后肛门排气时间和住院时间均显著短于PN组(P<0.05)。3组患者术后并发症和消化道症状发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),仅PN组1例患者在术后6d发生吻合口漏,经引流、抗感染、抑制消化液分泌等治疗后于术后54d痊愈出院。3组患者术前总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及转铁蛋白水平的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后第2天各组患者上述各指标均较术前明显下降(P<0.05),但各组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后第10天时各项指标不同程度恢复,且Gln组和EN组患者术后10d各指标均显著高于术后2d(P<0.05);除转铁蛋白之外,Gln组与EN组患者术后第10天总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白水平明显高于PN组(P<0.05),Gln组与EN组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前3组患者各项免疫学指标之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后第10天Gln组患者CD4和CD8T细胞百分数、CD4/CD8比值以及血清IgM和IgG水平均已基本恢复甚至略超过术前水平,且除IgM以外均明显高于EN组和PN组相应结果(P<0.05);术后第10天EN组和PN组各项指标除EN组IgG以外仍明显低于术前水平(P<0.05)。结论老年胃癌患者行全胃切除术后早期应用谷氨酰胺强化肠内营养是安全可行的。在恢复和改善营养及免疫功能同时,可更好地促进患者术后恢复、缩短住院时间,是此类患者术后营养支持治疗的最佳选择之一。     

Gastric Emptying After Pylorus-Preserving Gastrectomy in Comparison with Conventional Subtotal Gastrectomy for Early Gastric Carcinoma

(Received for publication on Oct. 14, 1996; accepted on May 12, 1997)     

Duodenal Obstruction by Gallstone in the Absence of Cholecystoenteric Fistula,an Unusual Complication of Total Gastrectomy: Report of a Case

We present a case of gallstone obstruction of the duodenum in a post total gastrectomy patient without a cholecystoenteric fistula. The patient presented with epigastric pain. On abdominal computed tomography and percutaneous transhepatic choangiography imaging, the patient was found to have duodenal obstruction. At operation, the cause of obstruction was found to be a large gallstone in the third part of the duodenum, but there was no associated cholecystoenteric fistula. This report is the first to describe duodenal obstruction by a gallstone formed within the duodenum, in a patient post total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction, and highlights what can be a difficult diagnosis in such patients.