肝细胞癌组织中抑癌基因NPRL2的表达及其意义

肝细胞癌(HCC)为原发性肝癌,其发生、发展是由于环境、遗传和生活环境等因素通过不同的途径激活原癌基因、抑制抑癌基因导致细胞增殖和凋亡失调所致.NPRL2(nitrogenpermease regulator-like 2)是新发现的人抑癌基因,位于人基因组3p21.3区域[1].它通过多个途径抑制肿瘤的形成,而其失活与多种肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关[2-3].其表达量与癌组织大小、血清人凝血酶原前体蛋白(PIVKA-Ⅱ)水平密切相关[3].本研究选取肝癌组织及其配对正常肝组织,应用实时荧光定量PCR法、免疫组织化学方法检测NPRL2mRNA和蛋白的表达情况,探讨其与肝癌临床病理特征的关系,了解NPRL2基因在原发性肝癌发生、发展中的作用,为肝癌的临床诊断和预后判断提供新的线索.     

肝癌组织中RUNX3表达及其与临床病理因素的相关性

目的 探讨肝癌组织及其癌旁组织中RUNX3 mRNA和蛋白表达情况,并分析其与临床病理因素的相关性.方法 采用反转录-多聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫组织化学分别检测肝癌组织及其癌旁组织中RUNX3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平,并分析与临床病理因素的相关性.结果 在51例肝癌组织中RUNX3 mRNA表达量相对值为:0...     

中国北方人群p14~（ARF）启动子甲基化与原发性肝癌的临床相关性

目的通过对中国北方人群原发性肝癌p14ARF启动子甲基化的分析,探讨p14ARF基因启动子甲基化与原发性肝癌的临床相关性。方法通过甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）方法检测111例原发性肝癌组织和22例癌旁组织中p14ARF基因启动子甲基化状况,然后与肿瘤种类、病因、病理以及肿瘤分期等临床数据进行关联。结果肝细胞癌组织及癌旁组织中p14ARF基因启动子甲基化频率分别为33.7%（29/86）和5.0%（1/20）,二者差异有统计学意义（P=0.010）。肝细胞癌p14ARF基因的启动子甲基化频率在不同肿瘤分期显著相关（P=0.027）,而与肿瘤细胞分化程度以及是否感染HBV无关,肝内胆管细胞癌p14ARF基因启动子甲基化频率在不同肿瘤分期、有无HBV感染以及不同肿瘤细胞分化程度之间的差异均无统计学意义。结论肝细胞癌中p14ARF基因启动子甲基化可能是p14ARF基因失活并影响TP53功能的方式之一,p14ARF基因启动子甲基化可能与肝细胞癌发生发展相关。     

DNA甲基化与RUNX3抑癌基因在肿瘤中的研究进展

人RUNT相关转录因子3(RUNX3)是近年来发现的一个新的抑癌基因,因其低表达或不表达在多种人类肿瘤的发生发展过程中起着重要作用。启动子区过度甲基化是基因失活的重要原因。此文现对RUNX3的甲基化与肿瘤的相关性研究进展予以综述。     

RUNX3基因与胰腺癌的关系

人类RUNT相关转录因子3(RUNX3)基因是新近发现的一种肿瘤抑制基因,其失活的主要机制是高甲基化和杂合性缺失。RUNX3基因可能是转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)转导通路中的一处重要环节,参与TGF-β上皮细胞生长的负调控作用。在胰腺癌中发现RUNX3基因表达下调,可能是胰腺癌发生过程中的关键性基因。此文对RUNX3基因的结构、功能及其与胰腺癌之间的关系作一综述。     

原发性肝癌多基因异常的研究

肿瘤分子生物学和分子遗传学研究表明：肿瘤的发生和演变为多种遗传学事件积累的结果，其中原癌基因激活和抑癌基因失活是肿瘤发生发展的两类重要遗传学改变原发性肝癌是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其发病机制尚不清楚．但近几年研究发现多种癌基因的异常表达和结构异常与原发性肝癌有关；限制性片段长度多态性（RFry）分析表明人类肝癌染色体IP，4q，sq，回IP，回扣和17P存在较高频率的余合缺失，提示原发性肝癌的发生、发展还需要多个抑癌基因失活的参与．目前国内外对肝癌癌基因和抑癌基因的研究多集中在单基因异常的报道，缺乏对肝癌…     

抑癌基因RUNX3与消化系肿瘤关系的研究进展

抑癌基因RUNX3在胃癌中被发现以来,研究便集中在该基因与消化系肿瘤发生发展的关系,尤其是在胃癌、结直肠癌、食管癌、肝癌中.RUNX3基因甲基化可能与肿瘤发生相关,沉默的RUNX3基因重新表达能抑制肿瘤的生长,血浆中甲基化的RUNX3可能成为较敏感的标志物,对于提高消化系肿瘤的早期诊断率将有一定的临床意义.     

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白通过DNMT3A诱导肝癌细胞RUNX3基因高甲基化

目的研究肝癌细胞中乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(HBx)对抑癌基因Runt相关转录因子3(RUNX3)表达的影响及相关作用机制,探讨乙肝病毒促肝癌发生的表观遗传调控。方法HBx重组表达载体转染5-aza-CdR处理或未处理的Huh7、HepG2肝癌细胞,Western Blot及RT-qPCR检测RUNX3 的表达,分析RUNX3基因启动子CpG岛甲基化水平。合成DNA甲基转移酶3A的小干扰RNA(siRNA_3A)单独转染或与HBx共转染,检测RUNX3的表达。PCR检测21例手术切除的肝细胞癌新鲜组织标本HBx表达情况,比较HBx阴性与HBx阳性组织样本间RUNX3的表达差异以及启动子甲基化程度。结果过表达HBx可导致肝癌细胞内RUNX3表达下调,且甲基转移酶抑制剂5-aza-CdR可完全阻断HBx对RUNX3的抑制作用。HBx诱导RUNX3基因启动子CpG岛发生高甲基化,但不影响DNA甲基转移酶的表达。siRNA_3A转染肝癌细胞后,RUNX3 mRNA与蛋白表达均显著上调;其与HBx共转染后,逆转了单独HBx对RUNX3的抑制作用。HBx阳性的肝癌组织中RUNX3 mRNA表达水平较HBx阴性组低,且RUNX3启动子甲基化程度也相对较高。结论HBx通过促进RUNX3启动子区域发生高甲基化而抑制其表达,且这一过程是由DNMT3A所介导的。     

原发性肝癌癌组织肿瘤抑制因子候选基因1表达与病理特征的关系

目的观察原发性肝癌癌组织肿瘤抑制因子候选基因1(TUSC1)表达与病理特征的关系。方法纳入2016年10月至2018年10月于我院收治的78例原发性肝癌患者为研究对象,进行回顾性分析。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应,检测癌组织TUSC1基因mRNA表达,并采用Western blot法检测TUSC1蛋白表达。根据TUSC1 mRNA检测结果,将其分为TUSC1 mRNA表达组(55例)及缺失组(23例);按TUSC1蛋白检测结果,将其分为TUSC1蛋白表达组(45例)及缺失组(33例)。观察原发性肝癌患者癌组织及癌旁组织中TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平,分析原发性肝癌病理特征与癌组织中TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平的关系,并观察TUSC1 mRNA表达与TUSC1蛋白表达的关系。结果原发性肝癌癌组织中TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平显著低于癌旁组织(P0.05)。TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白表达与原发性肝癌患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径、肿瘤类型、HBsAg均无明显关系(P0.05),但中晚期(TNM分期为Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)者TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白阳性表达率显著高于早期(Ⅰ、Ⅱ期)者(P0.05),高、中分化者TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白阳性表达率显著低于低、未分化者(P0.05),肝内转移者TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白阳性表达率显著高于肝内无转移者(P0.05),伴门静脉癌栓者TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白阳性表达率显著高于不伴门静脉癌栓者(P0.05)。原发性肝癌患者TUSC1 mRNA表达与TUSC1蛋白表达具有良好一致性(kappa为0.56)。结论原发性肝癌患者癌组织中TUSC1 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平下降,与患者TNM分期、分化程度、门静脉癌栓、肝内转移有关。     

乙肝相关性肝癌及癌旁组织p73基因表达及突变的研究

目的　探讨p73基因在人乙肝相关性肝癌组织中的表达及其意义。方法　采用RT PCR方法检测p73基因mRNA在癌组织、癌旁组织及正常肝组织中的表达差异 ;采用SSCP检测方法比较分析p73基因在肝癌发生中的变异情况。结果　癌组织中p73基因mRNA的转录水平明显高于癌旁组织及正常组织 (P <0 0 5 ) ;然而 ,肝癌组织、癌旁组织及正常肝组织中p73基因PCR扩增片段的多态性是一致的 ,电泳未见异常条带 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　新近发现的肿瘤抑制基因p73基因在乙肝相关性肝癌组织中末见明显的基因突变 ,相反表达水平明显增高 ,可见 ,p73基因以一种高表达形式参与乙肝相关性肝癌的发生     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.