开放性骨盆骨折会阴撕裂感染的治疗

 目的 探讨应用骨盆外固定支架复位固定、结肠造瘘、反复清创、创口封闭负压引流等措 施治疗开放性骨盆骨折会阴撕裂感染的疗效。方法 2004年 2月至 2011年 1月, 治疗 8例开放性骨盆 骨折会阴撕裂伤感染患者, 男 7例, 女 1例;年龄 22~59岁, 平均 36.3岁;交通伤 5例, 高处坠落伤 2例, 重物压伤 1例。骨盆骨折按 Tile分型: B型 3例, C型 5例;创口部位根据 Faringer等分区均为玉区。行 骨盆外固定支架固定、早期结肠造瘘、反复清创、创口封闭负压引流等方法治疗, 待感染控制后择期修 补撕裂的会阴及根据骨盆骨折移位情况行骨折复位固定术。结果 在给予骨盆外固定支架固定、结肠 造瘘、反复清创、创口封闭负压引流等综合治疗后, 8例患者感染治愈, 体温、血常规恢复正常, 创口愈 合。受伤至创口愈合时间为 8~43d, 平均 17d。 1例患者于创口愈合后行切开复位内固定术;4例早期行 骨盆外固定支架固定患者复位满意, 未再进一步治疗;3例合并损伤较重患者, 创口愈合 1个月后全身 情况才允许行手术治疗, 但此时骨折周围已见明显骨痂生长, 故未再进一步治疗, 骨折畸形愈合。 8例患 者骨折均愈合, 愈合时间 3~6个月, 平均 3.6个月。患者均获得随访, 随访时间 6~36个月, 平均 16个月。 Majeed骨盆骨折评分: 优 2例, 良 3例, 可 2例, 差 1例;优良率为 62.5%。结论 应用外固定支架、结肠 造瘘、反复清创、创口封闭负压引流等措施在开放性骨盆骨折会阴撕裂感染的治疗中能有效控制感染、 降低感染率及死亡率, 对缩短伤口愈合时间有积极作用。     

肛管直肠损伤的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨肛管直肠损伤的诊断和治疗方法。方法　回顾性总结 1981年 3月～ 1999年 3月收治的肛管直肠损伤 34例。34例均行手术治疗。结果　行直肠损伤修补、转流性结肠造瘘 2 2例 ,单纯修补肠壁、骶前引流 6例 ,肛管会阴部清创缝合、局部引流 6例。治愈 31例 ,死亡 3例。结论　及时正确的诊断和早期清创、修补破损、粪便转流及局部引流是提高肛管直肠损伤疗效的关键     

骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤的诊治

目的探讨提高骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤的救治水平。方法回顾性总结１９６６～１９９６年骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤１６例,采用转流性结肠造瘘与骶前引流;对合并大出血休克的病人８例在抗休克治疗的同时,早期开腹手术,结扎髂内动脉,填塞止血。结果本组治愈１３例;死亡３例,其中死于多器官衰竭（ＭＳＯＦ）２例,死于败血症１例。结论正确的早期诊断和有效的早期治疗是提高骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤疗效的关键     

伴会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折治疗

目的探讨伴会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折治疗方法及疗效。方法 2000年8月-2010年7月,收治16例伴会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折患者。男12例,女4例;年龄17～69岁,平均41岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤9例,高处坠落伤6例,重物砸伤1例。受伤至入院时间为5～20 min,平均8 min。骨盆骨折按照Tile分型标准:A型2例,B型6例,C型8例。创面范围5 cm×3 cm～15 cm×12 cm。会阴部损伤部位:腹膜内直肠损伤2例,腹膜外直肠肛管损伤14例。按创伤严重度评分标准(injury severity score,ISS)评分为25～48分,平均29分。入院后按创伤骨折流程急救处理,主要包括急救复苏、结肠造瘘、外固定架固定、创面多次清创、冲洗、持续封闭式负压引流技术(vacuum sealingdrainage,VSD)。结果入院4 d内死亡5例,其中3例死于失血性休克,2例死于多器官功能衰竭。余11例存活患者均获随访,随访时间6～46个月,平均14个月。X线片检查示骨盆骨折于术后2～4个月达骨性愈合。术后会阴部损伤创面均有不同程度感染,经扩创、VSD治疗后,其中10例创面直接拉拢缝合后Ⅱ期愈合,1例行股薄肌皮瓣移位修复后愈合。直肠肛管损伤患者随访期间无失禁表现。结论对于伴会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折,应早期积极抗休克、保护重要脏器功能、处理合并症,后期抗感染、恢复骨盆环稳定性、修复重建直肠肛管及尿道功能,以获得较好疗效。     

应用VSD协助治疗伴有会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折

目的 探讨伴有会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折的治疗方法.方法 16例伴有会阴部损伤开放性骨盆骨折入院后按创伤骨折流程急救处理,主要包括急救复苏、结肠造瘘、外固定架固定、创面多次清创、冲洗、真空负压封闭引流(VSD)、创面闭合或皮瓣移植.结果 5例在入院后数小时内死亡.11例存活,存活组获平均14个月(6～46个月)随访,所有伤口均愈合.结论 对于伴有会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折积极抗感染,伤口多次扩创,真空负压封闭引流,重建骨盆环的稳定、直肠肛管、尿道功能,是取得较满意效果的保证.     

严重骨盆骨折合并毗邻脏器损伤的救治

目的探讨严重骨盆骨折合并毗邻脏器损伤的急诊处理方法。方法对14年中收治的79例严重骨盆骨折合并毗邻脏器损伤患者的资料做回顾性分析。结果骨盆大出血行髂内动脉结扎术33例、栓塞术8例;膀胱造口和后期尿道重建35例、尿道会师术7例;腹膜外直肠伤做结肠造口并骶前引流13例、一期修补4例;腹膜内结直肠伤一期手术19例、结肠造口3例。死亡率9％(7／79),主要死于休克和合并伤。共发生并发症7例：直肠膀胱瘘4例、右髂总动脉血栓形成1例、胸伤后急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)1例、截瘫1例,除截瘫均治愈。结论迅速准确的诊断治疗是成功的关键。髂内动脉断血术配合骨盆外固定支架的使用、膀胱造口和乙状结肠近端造口,是危重患者急诊治疗时常采用的有效方法。     

开放性骨盆骨折的治疗体会

目的 探讨开放性骨盆骨折合理的急救处理及骨折复位方式.方法 收治11例开放性骨盆骨折,其中累计髋臼骨折7例,其余为骨盆环多处骨折;急诊行结肠造瘘及膀胱造瘘的9例;一期行外固定架固定的4例,6例二期行切开复位骨折内固定.结果急诊抢救时死亡1例,其余随访8～24个月,平均15个月.有2例轻度跛行,3例结肠永久性造瘘,2例永久性膀胱造瘘,其余行二期尿道会师和结肠还纳再吻合后泌尿及排便通路正常.结论 对于开放性骨盆骨折,急诊行简单外固定架固定及结肠、膀胱造痿可稳定骨折并减少术区感染机会,为二期髋臼切开复位创造无菌环境,同时避免了感染中毒性休克及败血症的发生,术后恢复效果理想且并发症少.     

髋臼上方置钉外固定支架治疗伴腹部脏器损伤的骨盆骨折

 目的 探讨髋臼上方置钉外固定支架治疗伴腹部脏器损伤骨盆骨折的疗效、特点及手术 方法。方法 2009年 3月至 2010年 12月, 治疗 17例伴腹部脏器损伤的骨盆骨折患者, 男 9例, 女 8 例;年龄 21~75岁, 平均 42岁。根据 Tile分型, B1型 7例, B2型 3例, B3型 2例, C1型 4例, C2型 1例。 其中合并失血性休克 15例, 合并会阴部损伤 2例, 合并四肢骨折 12例。应用经髋臼上方置钉外固定支 架复位和固定治疗。采用 Cole等及 Matta和 Tornetta标准对术后疗效进行评价。结果 17例患者全部 获得随访, 随访时间 2~18个月, 平均 6.5个月, 所有骨折均愈合, 愈合时间 8~12周, 平均 9.2周。术后 3 例患者出现一过性股外侧皮神经麻痹, 口服营养神经药物弥可保 1个月后缓解;5例发生软组织内钉道 感染, 经换药、清创、抗感染等综合治疗后 4例愈合, 1例在骨折愈合拆除外固定支架后愈合。根据 Cole 等提出的骨盆骨折效果评分表进行功能评价, 优 15例、良 1例、可 1例, 优良率为 94.12%。按照 Matta 和 Tornetta标准对骨折复位进行评估, 优 12例、良 3例、可 2例, 优良率为 88.24%。结论 经髋臼上方 置钉外固定支架治疗伴腹部脏器损伤的骨盆骨折具有创伤小, 操作简单, 固定可靠的特点。     

骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤致阴茎勃起功能障碍48例临床分析

目的探讨男性骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤致阴茎勃起功能障碍（ED）的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析48例男性骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤患者的临床资料,其中28例急诊行尿道端端吻合术,13例患者Ⅰ期先行膀胱造瘘术,3～6个月后行尿道瘢痕切除＋Ⅱ期尿道吻合术或冷刀切开术,5例行尿道会师牵引固定术,2例行保守治疗后仅留置导尿管。其中15例不稳定型骨盆骨折并发后尿道断裂伤的患者同期行骨盆复位内固定术。结果 48例患者中39例出现不同程度勃起功能障碍,术后通过病史、查体、实验室检查,国际勃起功能指数、夜间阴茎勃起（NPT）监测,罂粟碱试验、彩色多普勒血流显像（CDU）、动态阴茎海绵体造影、球海绵体肌反射（BCR）和尿动力学检查等方法。其中神经性勃起障碍28例,动脉性15例,静脉性4例,心理性2例。结论 ED是骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的常见并发症,严重骨盆骨折致后尿道的损伤发生ED的机率明显升高。     

经皮空心钉固定治疗创伤性耻骨联合分离

 目的 探讨经皮空心钉固定治疗创伤性耻骨联合分离的手术方法及临床疗效。方法 2003年 2月至 2010年 12月, 治疗 46例伴耻骨联合分离的不稳定骨盆骨折, 男 27例, 女 19例;年龄 18~61岁, 平均 34.6岁。按 Tile分型: B1.1型 4例, B1.2型 7例, B2型 2例, B3型 2例, C1.1型 7例, C1.2型 7例, C1.3型 10例, C2型 5例, C3型 2例。行闭合复位经皮耻骨联合螺钉内固定后, 再行后环 固定, 包括经皮骶髂螺钉、经皮髂骨后部螺钉固定。除 4例 B1.1型骨折仅固定耻骨联合外, 余均同时行 后环固定。结果 手术时间 15~65 min, 平均 45 min;出血量 10~50 ml, 平均 25 ml。 46例患者均置入 1 枚耻骨联合螺钉, 35例术后行骨盆 CT检查, 其中 3例发现螺钉侵入盆腔, 但未引起任何临床症状。术后 无一例发生切口及钉道感染。 46例患者均获得随访, 随访时间 5~48个月, 平均 23.5个月;随访期间未 发现明显的复位丢失。根据 Matta和 Tornetta标准, 末次随访时优 43例, 良 3例。 31例(67.39%)患者恢 复原工作, 6例因合并损伤而改变原工作, 9例尚处于恢复期。 28例患者无骶髂关节疼痛;13例仅在用 力时有耻骨联合部或耻骨微痛, 但不影响日常生活;5例有不同程度的骶髂关节疼痛。结论 闭合复位经皮空心钉固定治疗创伤性耻骨联合分离安全可行, 操作简便, 损伤小, 疗效满意。     

骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期处理

目的 探讨骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期处理措施。方法 回顾性分析16例骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期救治情况。男9例，女7例；开放性骨盆骨折10例。结果 15例存活，1例因严重合并伤，术后11天后死于严重的感染。结论 骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤常需多科室合作，采用多种外科修复手段来处理；稳定血流动力学、彻底清创、局部骨折内固定、及时修复损伤器官、放置多条引流管及选择性粪道转移是初期处理的有效手段。     

伴直肠肛管损伤的开放性骨盆骨折的早期急救处理策略及死亡危险因素分析

目的 探讨伴有直肠、肛管损伤的开放性骨盆骨折的早期急救处理策略及死亡危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2001年4月至2010年4月两家医院救治的25例伴有直肠、肛管损伤的开放性骨盆骨折患者,男23例,女2例;年龄16～56岁,平均(30.1±10.9)岁.采用Fisher精确概率法及多因素Logistic回归分析法对可能的死亡危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 19例存活,6例死亡,死亡率为24%.经Fisher精确概率法分析显示:骨盆骨折Tile分型、创伤严重程度评分(injury severity score,ISS)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(glasgow coma score,GCS)及改良创伤评分(revised trauma score,RTS)是此类损伤的死亡危险因素.当Tile分型为C型、ISS≥25分、GCS≤8分或RTS≤8分时,患者的死亡概率较大.对此4个危险因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析后发现,RTS≤8分是此类损伤的独立危险因素.结论 积极稳定血流动力学,创口彻底清创引流,早期结肠造瘘以及骨盆固定是此类损伤早期急救处理的关键.RTS是否≤8分可作为判断患者死亡概率的可靠指标.     

Management of complex perineal soft-tissue injuries

Debridement, fecal diversion, and rectal washout have been proposed as the primary therapy for complex perineal lacerations, but, in most series, survivors have a pelvic sepsis rate of 40-80%. In a retrospective study, six of 18 patients sustaining severe perineal lacerations died within the first few hours of injury due to exsanguination from pelvic injuries. The remaining 12 patients underwent sigmoidoscopy, diversion of the fecal stream with irrigation of the distal rectal stump, and radical initial debridement of necrotic soft tissue. Enteral access was obtained in two patients. In the patients with mandatory daily debridement and pulsatile irrigation, no pelvic sepsis occurred. In three patients without daily debridement, pelvic sepsis complicated recovery. The ability of patients to resume oral nutrition was significantly delayed, necessitating total parenteral nutrition in three patients. We conclude that sigmoidoscopy, total diversion of the fecal stream with irrigation of the distal rectal stump, enteral access for feeding, radical initial debridement of necrotic soft tissue, and mandatory daily debridement with pulsatile irrigation optimize recovery from this devastating injury.     

Treatment Outcomes of Open Pelvic Fractures Associated with Extensive Perineal Injuries

Background

The main causes of death in patients with open pelviperineal injuries are uncontrollable bleeding and pelvic sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management outcomes of open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 15 cases with open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries (urethral and anal canal laceration) admitted between August 2006 and September 2010. Mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, associated injuries, hemodynamic status on arrival, resuscitation and transfusion requirements, operative techniques, intra- and postoperative complications, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and mortality were recorded in a computerised database for further evaluation and analysis.

Results

The male to female ratio was 12:3 with an average age of 38.6 years (ranged, 11 to 65 years). The average packed red blood cell units used were 8 units (ranged, 4 to 21 units). All patients were initially transferred to the operating room for colostomy, radical debridement and fixation of the pelvic fracture by an external fixator. One patient had acute renal failure, which improved with medical treatment and 2 patients (13.3%) died, one with type III anteroposterior compression fracture due to hemorrhagic shock and the other due to septicemia.

Conclusions

Open pelvic fractures with extensive perineal injuries are associated with high mortality rates. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including reanimation, colostomy, cystostomy, vigorous and repeated irrigation and debridement, and fixation by an external fixator can improve the outcomes and reduce the mortality rate.     

Is fecal diversion necessary for nondestructive penetrating extraperitoneal rectal injuries?

BACKGROUND: Current management of penetrating extraperitoneal rectal injury includes diversion of the fecal stream. The purpose of this study is to assess whether nondestructive penetrating extraperitoneal rectal injuries can be managed successfully without diversion of the fecal stream. METHODS: This study was performed at an urban Level I trauma center during a 28-month period from February 2003 through June 2005. All patients who suffered nondestructive penetrating extraperitoneal rectal injuries were managed with a diagnosis and treatment protocol that excluded fecal stream diversion. Patients were placed in one of two management arms based upon clinical suspicion for intraperitoneal injury. In the first arm, patients with suspicion for rectal injury and a positive clinical examination for intraperitoneal injuries were delivered to the operating room for exploratory laparotomy. Proctoscopy was performed before exploratory laparotomy. Extraperitoneal rectal injuries were left to heal by secondary intention. Intraperitoneal rectal injuries were repaired primarily. Patients did not receive fecal diversion or perineal drainage. In the second management arm, patients with a negative clinical examination for intraperitoneal injury and wounding agent trajectory suspicious for rectal injury underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), cystography, and proctoscopy in the emergency room. Positive DPL or cystography warranted laparotomy as above. Patients with positive proctoscopy alone were admitted and placed on a clear liquid diet. Barium enema was performed 5 to 7 days postinjury for all rectal injuries with diets advanced accordingly.A matched historic control group of rectal injury patients who underwent fecal diversion was compared with the nondiversion protocol group. Patients from both groups were matched for penetrating abdominal trauma index (PATI), age and mechanism of injury. RESULTS: There were 14 consecutive patients diagnosed with penetrating rectal injury placed in the nondiversion management protocol. Of these, 9 (64%) patients in the nondiversion group required laparotomy. The average age in the diversion historical control group was 30.5 years and 29.3 years in the nondiversion group. The average PATI in the diversion group was 15.3 and 16.1 in the nondiversion protocol group. The average length of stay for the diversion and nondiversion groups was 9.8 days (range, 7-15) and 7.2 days (range, 4-10), respectively. There were no complications associated with rectal injuries in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Nondestructive penetrating rectal injuries can be managed successfully without fecal diversion. Randomized prospective study will be necessary to assess this management method.     

Preperitoneal pelvic packing is effective for hemorrhage control in open pelvic fractures

Background

Open pelvic fractures are life-threatening injuries. Preperitoneal pelvic packing (PPP) has been suggested to be ineffective for hemorrhage control in open pelvic fractures. We hypothesize that PPP is effective at hemorrhage control in patients with open pelvic fractures and reduces mortality.

Prevention of pelvic sepsis in major open pelviperineal injury

Compound pelvic fractures are deemed to be one of the most severe orthopaedic injuries with an extremely high morbidity and mortality. After the initial resuscitation phase the prevention of pelvic sepsis is one of the main treatment goals for patients with an open pelvic fracture. If there is a suspicion of a rectal injury or if the wounds are in the perineal area, The Princess Alexandra Hospital's management plan includes early faecal diversion combined with vigorous soft tissue debridement, VAC^® therapy and (if indicated) external fixation of the pelvic fracture. We present our flowchart for the treatment of trauma patients with compound pelvic fractures illustrated by a case report describing a 32 year old patient who sustained an open pelvic ring injury in a workplace accident. The aim of this paper is to underline the importance of a safe, straightforward approach to compound pelvic fractures.     

Pediatric pelvic fractures: a marker for injury severity

Pelvic fractures comprise a small number of annual Level I pediatric trauma center admissions. This is a review of the University of Chicago Level I Pediatric Trauma Center experience with pediatric pelvic fractures. This is a retrospective review of the University of Chicago Level I Pediatric Trauma Center experience with pediatric pelvic fractures during the 12-year period from 1992 to 2004. From 1992 to 2004, there were 2850 pediatric trauma admissions. Thirteen patients were identified with pelvic fractures; seven were boys and six were girls. The average age was 8 years old. The mechanism of injury in all cases was motor vehicle related; 11 patients (87%) sustained pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. According to the Torode and Zeig classification system, type III fractures occurred in eight patients (62%) and type IV fractures occurred in six patients (31%). Associated injuries occurred in eight patients (62%). Seven of these patients (88%) had associated injuries involving two or more organ systems. Of the associated injuries, additional orthopedic injuries were the most common, occurring in 62 per cent of our patients. Neurological injuries occurred in 54 per cent of patients, vascular injuries in 39 per cent, pulmonary injuries in 31 per cent, and genitourinary injuries in 15 per cent. Five patients (38%) were treated operatively; only two patients underwent operative management directly related to their pelvic fracture. The remaining three patients underwent operative management of associated injuries. The mortality rate was 0 per cent. Although pelvic fractures are an uncommon injury in pediatric trauma patients, the morbidity associated with these injuries can be profound. The majority of pelvic fractures in children are treated nonoperatively, however, more than one-half of these patients have concomitant injuries requiring operative management. When evaluating and treating pediatric pelvic fractures, a systematic multidisciplinary approach must be taken to evaluate and prioritize the pelvic fracture and the associated injuries.     

EXPERIENCE WITH LOWER URINARY TRACT DISRUPTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PELVIC FRACTURES: IMPLICATIONS FOR EMERGENCY ROOM MANAGEMENT

A retrospective review of prospectively gathered data from 249 trauma patients was undertaken to study the association of lower urinary tract disruptions with pelvic fractures and to confirm guidelines for the initial investigation and management of such patients in the emergency room. Of 249 patients with pelvic fractures, 124 (50%) had haematuria and 17 (7%) had lower urinary tract disruptions (7 urethral ruptures, 9 bladder ruptures and 1 patient with both bladder and urethral ruptures). Gross haematuria or blood at the urethral meatus was noted in 16 of 17 patients with urological injuries. Twenty-five per cent of patients with unstable pelvic fractures had lower urinary tract disruption compared to 6% of patients with stable fractures (P < 0.05). Retrograde urethrography followed by cystography is indicated in all cases of pelvic fractures with blood at the urethral meatus, macroscopic haematuria or associated signs such as inability to void and perineal haematoma. Urinary diversion alone was used in partial urethral ruptures while surgical exploration and repair were performed in complete urethral ruptures and in most cases of bladder ruptures.