儿童劈离式肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻1例报道及文献复习

目的探讨儿童劈离式肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻(hapatic venous outflow obstruction,HVOO)的病因、临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析1例儿童劈离式肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻病例的临床资料并进行文献复习。结果患儿于术后8个月无明显诱因出现腹胀、纳差、双下肢水肿,经腹部B超、计算机断层摄影术(computed tomography,CT)增强扫描、下腔静脉及肝静脉造影确诊迟发型HVOO,遂行球囊扩张术,手术成功。球囊扩张术后10个月及15个月HVOO复发,均接受再次球囊扩张术,手术成功。随访至今患儿存活,未再发腹胀、纳差,肝功能正常。结论对于术后无明显诱因出现腹水、腹胀、纳差和双下肢水肿等表现的患儿,应重点排除HVOO,下腔静脉及肝静脉造影是诊断该病的金标准。对于迟发型的HVOO患儿,球囊扩张术和支架置入是理想的治疗方式,但支架置入的选择及时机仍存在争议。     

介入治疗在肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻中的临床应用

目的探讨介入治疗在肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析27例肝移植术后患者的临床资料。患者肝移植术后出现胸、腹水和肝功能异常时，应用CT、磁共振（MR1）或超声波检查，若提示下腔静脉狭窄或肝静脉梗阻，则行静脉造影确定狭窄部位，并对其进行球囊扩张或支架治疗。治疗后随访1个月～5年，观察临床效果。结果静脉造影发现1例为单纯肝静脉狭窄；13例为下腔静脉狭窄，其中3例合并肝静脉狭窄。4例患者接受球囊扩张，10例接受支架治疗。接受治疗后患者多在短期内临床症状消失，未见明显并发症。1例肝静脉狭窄经球囊扩张8个月后再次出现狭窄，给于支架治疗；另1例球囊扩张2年后再次发生狭窄，接受再次球囊扩张，患者的临床症状缓解。结论下腔静脉狭窄或肝静脉流出道狭窄可通过球囊扩张或支架等介入治疗获得满意的临床效果。     

活体肝移植肝静脉流出道狭窄的诊断与治疗

肝静脉流出道狭窄是肝移植术后较为罕见的并发症,在活体肝移植中发生率为2％～4％。2006年6月至2010年5月,解放军总医院2例接受右肝活体肝移植的患者术后出现肝静脉流出道狭窄,接受保守治疗或介入球囊扩张成形术治疗。术后疗效显示：保守治疗肝静脉流出道狭窄具有一定的风险性;而介入肝静脉造影、球囊扩张以及金属支架置入能有效诊断和治疗肝静脉流出道狭窄。     

原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的原因和处理

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的原因和处理方法.方法 对2000年1月至2006年12月收治的776例同种原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.总结原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的诊治经验.结果 776例肝移植患者中共发生术后静脉流出道梗阻10例,发生率为1.29%.其中肝上下腔静脉吻合口狭窄6例,肝后段下腔静脉狭窄2例,肝静脉流出道梗阻2例.10例均进行了下腔静脉造影而明确诊断,8例患者在下腔静脉造影的同时施行了气囊扩张或放置血管内支架术,2例介入治疗效果不佳而中转再次肝移植术;该组因术后静脉流出道梗阻而死亡3例,与静脉流出道梗阻相关的病死率为30%(3/10).结论 原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的发生与腔静脉的吻合技术,腔静脉吻合方式以及供肝体积与受者肝床不匹配有关;术后尽早发现流出道梗阻的存在,并及时做出正确的治疗选择如介入治疗或再次肝移植等是改善该并发症预后的关键.     

肝移植术后并发症的介入治疗

目的评价肝移植术后多种并发症的介入治疗。方法回顾性的分析肝移植术后出现各种并发症并进行介入治疗的82例患者,胆管病变62例;肝动脉病变8例;下腔静脉病变13例;肝静脉狭窄7例;门静脉病变9例。胆管并发症采用经T管置入引流管、经皮肝穿刺胆管行胆汁引流或球囊扩张术。球囊扩张成形术或(和)金属支架植入术处理血管狭窄的患者;局部溶栓治疗用于术后血管内血栓形成的病例。结果在胆管并发症患者中,41例经T管置入引流管,34例行经皮穿刺胆汁引流(PTBD),球囊扩张胆道成形术9例。3例肝动脉狭窄的患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架植入术,1例肝动脉形成血栓者行插管溶栓,效果良好。9例下腔静脉狭窄患者行支架植入术,1例接受了球囊扩张成形术。5例肝静脉狭窄患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架治疗。门静脉狭窄患者中6例接受支架治疗,1例门脉血栓形成行局部溶栓,治疗不满意。结论介入治疗是处理肝移植术后胆管和血管并发症不可或缺的临床治疗方法。     

肝移植术后迟发性流出道梗阻的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后迟发性流出道梗阻的诊断和治疗方法.方法 2001年6月至2004年11月,共施行肝移植821例次,其中6例患者(背驮式原位肝移植1例,经典原位肝移植4例,减体积肝移植1例)在手术6个月之后出现流出道梗阻,均经彩色超声、计算机断层扫描(CT)检查及下腔静脉造影明确诊断.6例患者均接受经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA),并放置血管内支架治疗,每天口服肠溶阿斯匹林100 mg抗凝治疗半年.治疗期间对患者进行监测和定期随访.结果 肝移植术后迟发性流出道梗阻的发生率为0.73%.6例患者均为肝后下腔静脉及肝静脉狭窄,经PTA并放置血管内支架治疗后,血流恢复通畅,下肢水肿消失,肾功能恢复良好,长期随访无复发.结论 经彩色超声检查怀疑流出道梗阻的患者应行腹部强化CT检查,可以为诊断提供有力的证据;高度怀疑流出道梗阻的患者应进行下腔静脉造影,检测狭窄部位的压力梯度变化.经皮腔内血管成形术并放置血管内支架治疗肝移植术后迟发性流出道梗阻安全可靠,长期疗效满意.     

恶性腔静脉梗阻的介入综合治疗

目的 探讨溶栓、球囊扩张和支架置入相结合治疗恶性腔静脉梗阻的临床应用价值。方法 对8例上腔静脉梗阻,21例下腔静脉梗阻分别采用球囊扩张联合支架置入（腔静脉完全梗阻和支架扩张不满意患者）、支架置入（腔静脉不完全梗阻患者）,并结合溶栓治疗（腔静脉梗阻合并血栓形成患者）。结果 共置入支架29枚,支架释放成功率100%。8例上腔静脉梗阻术后症状完全消退。21例下腔静脉梗阻分级评分由术前4～5分（平均4.2分）降为术后0～2分（平均0.3分）,术前后差异有显著性意义（Z=-55.245,P=0.000）。29例随访1～20个月,平均6.2月,腔静脉通畅。1例发生腔静脉撕裂、1例术后第3天出现支架移位至右心房,其余27例术后无严重并发症发生。结论 溶栓、球囊扩张和支架置入相结合是治疗腔静脉梗阻安全、有效的方法。     

成人活体肝移植术后肝静脉狭窄的诊断与介入治疗:2例报道并文献复习

肝静脉狭窄是肝移植术后的一种严重并发症,在活体肝移植术后发生率较高。本文通过回顾性分析2例成人活体肝移植术后肝静脉狭窄患者的相关资料,结合国内外相关文献,探讨肝移植术后肝静脉狭窄的诊断方法及介入治疗效果。经皮肝静脉造影术可确诊肝静脉流出道梗阻,经皮经肝球囊、支架成形术是治疗活体肝移植术后早期肝静脉狭窄的一种安全、简便、有效的方法。     

腔静脉成型术在背驮式肝移植术中的应用

目的推荐和总结在实施背驮式肝移植术中采用腔静脉成型术，以期减少术后肝脏流出道梗阻并发症的发生。方法总结2002年1月至2003年4月所实施的23例背驮式肝移植病人，术中实施受体肝静脉成型后，在腔静脉前壁做等腰三角形成型，与供体肝后腔静脉后壁的等腰三角形成型后对口吻合，以减少肝脏流出道梗阻的经验。结果22例病人术中过程顺利，术后恢复良好，无一例发生肝脏流出道梗阻。1例由于术中切肝时误将受体肝后腔静脉横断而改行原位肝移植，术后恢复良好，未发生流出道梗阻。结论在背驮式肝移植术中采用腔静脉成型技术，可以明显降低肝脏流出道梗阻并发症的发生。同时具有简化切肝过程，降低吻合难度，强化移植肝的稳定性，无肝期短的优点。当供受体之间大小存在明显差异时，或实施儿童的减体积性肝移植时该技术具有明显优势。强调用此法切肝时切忌误伤受体肝后腔静脉。     

介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄38例疗效分析

目的 探讨介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年3月于本院行肝脏移植术后发生门静脉狭窄并接受介入治疗的38例患者资料.所有患者均采用介入手段治疗.介入治疗后再次造影如发现胃冠状静脉仍明显扩张且影响门静脉血流,则以弹簧圈栓塞.总结临床资料、影像随访资料、介入治疗的并发症和预后等情况.结果 38例患者介入治疗的技术成功率为100％.共置入自膨式支架7枚、球囊扩张式支架29枚,覆膜支架1枚.对2例小儿肝移植患者单纯采用球囊扩张成形术治疗.共有2例患者介入治疗后胃冠状静脉明显扩张且影响门静脉血流,予以栓塞治疗.随访3～90个月.介入治疗后发生肝内血肿1例,发生率为2.63％.1例因同时合并肝动脉闭塞、缺血性胆道损伤于术后3个月死于多脏器功能衰竭.因胆道并发症接受三次肝移植1例;因门静脉主干内癌栓形成再次置入覆膜支架1例;发生支架内再狭窄1例.其余34例患者影像随访显示门静脉通畅.结论 肝移植术后门静脉狭窄采用介入治疗安全、有效,远期疗效良好.     

Efficiency of Transluminal Angioplasty of Hepatic Venous Outflow Obstruction in Pediatric Liver Transplantation

Background

Our aim in this study was to evaluate long-term efficiency of hepatic venous balloon angioplasty (BA) and stent placement (SP) for hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) in pediatric liver transplantation (LT).

Venous outflow obstruction after orthotopic liver transplantation: use of a breast implant to maintain graft position

Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) is a rare complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) usually related to technical issues or to malposition or kinking of the hepatic graft. When HVOO is diagnosed during the early post-transplant period, surgical options are technically very demanding and outcomes discouraging. Therefore, angioplasty and stent placement have been indicated to avoid a chronic lesion of the graft. Three cases of HVOO after OLT are reported. HVOO was diagnosed during the early post-transplant period and was due to graft malposition in two patients and kinking of the vena cava anastomosis in one. All patients were successfully treated with a 300-cc gel-filled breast implant surgically placed in the right hepatic fossa with the liver graft resting on it. Massive ascites in all three patients disappeared and renal impairment resolved within two wk post-implant placement. No prosthesis-related complications have been observed after a follow-up ranging from 30 to 58 months. We describe a simple and effective method of maintaining the liver graft in an adequate position to achieve prolonged relief of the outflow obstruction for the whole graft and discuss the advantages of a breast implant over stent placement or the use of different balloon catheters.     

Long‐term follow‐up after endovascular treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction following liver transplantation

Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) is a rare complication after liver transplantation (LT) associated with significant morbidity and reduced graft survival. Endovascular intervention has become the first‐line treatment for HVOO, but data on long‐term outcomes are lacking. We have analysed outcomes after endovascular intervention for HVOO in 905 consecutive patients who received 965 full‐size LT at our unit from January 2007 to June 2014. There were 27 (3%) patients who underwent hepatic venogram for suspected HVOO, with persistent ascites being the most common symptom triggering the investigation (n = 19, 70%). Of those, only 10 patients demonstrated either stricture or pressure gradient over 10 mmHg on venogram, which represents a 1% incidence of HVOO. The endovascular interventions were balloon dilatation (n = 3), hepatic vein stenting (n = 4) and stenting with dilatation (n = 3). Two patients required restenting due to stent migration. The symptoms of HVOO completely resolved in all but one patient, with a median follow‐up period of 74 (interquartile range 39–89) months. There were no procedure‐related complications or mortality. In conclusion, the incidence of HVOO in patients receiving full‐size LT is currently very low. Endovascular intervention is an effective and safe procedure providing symptom relief with long‐lasting primary patency.     

Angioplasty treatment of hepatic vein stenosis in pediatric liver transplants: long-term results

We reviewed long-term results of percutaneous venoplasty in children with hepatic vein stenosis after partial liver transplants, of which excellent early results were shown. Percutaneous transjugular hepatic venoplasty using balloon dilatation or stent implantation was performed in six cases with hepatic vein stenosis identified on routine post-transplant Doppler sonography and confirmed by transjugular hepatic venography from 1994 to 2003. Repeated procedure was carried out if necessary. Six of 105 patients with partial liver graft developed hepatic stenosis characterized by low hepatic venous velocity with monophasic waveform with significant pressure gradient (>5 mmHg). The incidence was 4.46% for all 112 pediatric liver transplants. Successful balloon venoplasty was achieved in four cases. Self-expanding stent was used in two cases with absent waisting or angulated balloon catheter during dilatation and persisted pressure gradient (>5 mmHg). Repeated procedure was required in two initially successful cases with additional stent used in one case. Three cases had transient hyperdynamic hepatic venous flow with markedly increased central venous pressure after stent implantation. Nonprocedural-related mortality rate was 16.7%. Patent hepatic vein was maintained in five patients after a mean follow-up of 3.67 years (0.75-9.5). Higher incidence of hepatic vein stenosis was noted in pediatric partial liver transplant. However, encouraging long-term results showed that hepatic venoplasty or stent implantation could be a preferable alterative to surgical revision or retransplantation, which has been the procedure of choice in our hospital.     

儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的诊断与治疗

目的分析儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄(PVS)的可能危险因素,并探讨不同治疗方式的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2017年12月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肝移植中心396例儿童肝移植受者临床资料(年龄≤14周岁)。随访至2018年6月,有26例发生PVS(6.6%)。对于超声怀疑PVS的儿童受者,本中心多选用门静脉血管造影确诊。术后采用超声监测门静脉直径及流速,观察血管通畅情况。采用随访观察并口服药物抗凝治疗、球囊扩张、门静脉支架置入或Meso-Rex分流术治疗PVS。监测肝功能变化,评估有无门静脉相关的移植物损伤,并观察有无门静脉高压相关的症状或体征。 结果26例儿童受者术后发生PVS中位时间为9.5个月(1.3～50.0个月),其中3个月以内发生者占26.9%(7/26),3个月以后占73.1%(19/26)。行介入球囊扩张和支架置入或Meso-Rex分流术共47例次,均未因PVS死亡。2例儿童受者动态随访,期间口服抗凝药物;23例行门静脉球囊扩张术,1例因门静脉冗长行1次门静脉球囊扩张＋支架置入术,10例经1次门静脉球囊扩张术后无效后行二次球囊扩张,7例经二次门静脉球囊扩张术后无效行门静脉支架置入术,2例经门静脉支架置入术后再次狭窄,行Meso-Rex手术。1例口服药物抗凝治疗的儿童受者,随访期间超声提示门静脉流速偏快,其余随访至今未见PVS复发。 结论超声是监测儿童肝移植术后门静脉情况、早期发现PVS的有效办法。发生PVS时,轻症儿童受者可动态随访,期间口服抗凝药物;中重度儿童受者首选门静脉球囊扩张、门静脉支架置入术。Meso-Rex分流术是对门脉支架置入术后PVS复发或发生门静脉闭塞的一种可选择的手术方式。     

儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管腔内介入治疗

目的探讨经皮肝血管成形术在儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄(PVS)治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析儿童肝移植术后PVS 8例患儿资料,均经门静脉造影证实,并行经皮血管成形术和(或)经皮血管内支架成形术治疗。分析8例患儿血管腔内介入治疗的效果。结果对8例患儿共进行12例次血管内腔内介入治疗,技术成功率66.67%(8/12),首次治疗临床成功率62.50%(5/8)。3例分别于首次球囊扩张后再次行球囊扩张,2例术后PVS无复发,1例患儿再次球囊扩张治疗后,行血管腔内支架成形术,支架植入后未狭窄。8例患儿均未出现治疗相关并发症。结论儿童肝移植术后PVS的血管腔内介入治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Hepatic venous outflow obstruction in living donor liver transplantation: balloon angioplasty or stent placement?

Background

The incidence of hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) has been reported to be 5%-13% when a partial graft is used for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). HVOO leads to graft congestion, portal hypertension, and finally cirrhosis, which jeopardizes both graft and recipient survivals. In this study, we sought to identify perioperative factors influencing HVOO and to investigate conditions that require stent placement.

Patients and Methods

From February 1994 to December 2010, we performed 40 living donor liver transplantations (LDLT). HVOO occurred in 5 cases (12.5%), all of which were left lobe grafts. Because HVOO was not observed in patients with body weight (BW) <30 kg, we investigated the other 28 cases with BW >30 kg.

Results

There was no difference from unaffected subjects except for cold ischemic time (CIT), which was significantly longer: 86.2 ± 10.4 minutes vs 46.0 ± 4.8 minutes (P = .001). Balloon angioplasty, which was selected as the initial treatment for all stricture patients, improved 2 patients after 1 and 5 treatments, respectively, but 3 subjects underwent repeated HVOO, finally being treated with self-expandable metallic stents at 9, 6, and 10 years after LDLT, respectively. All patients finally resolved their strictures.

Conclusion

HVOO reflects intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis at the anastomotic sites or compression and twisting of the anastomosis caused by graft regeneration. In addition, progression of chronic rejection and fibrosis are possibly responsible for late-onset HVOO. Longer CIT possibly reflects difficulties in the venoplasty before anastomosis. No bleeding or thrombosis complications were observed during dilatation among our cases. The selection of the stent size for each case and careful stent deployment are important to prevent complications. Stent placement should be considered in patients with chronic rejection who are refractory to several balloon angioplasties with early-onset or late-onset HVOO.     

Vascular complications after liver transplantation in pediatric patients

Vascular complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation, particularly in pediatric patients, owing to their smaller vascular diameters. Between September 2001 and June 2004, among 21 (16 boys and 5 girls) pediatric liver transplantations of mean age 8.3 +/- 5.1 years, hepatic arterial thrombosis (HAT) was diagnosed in 2 (9.5%) patients, and hepatic arterial stenosis (HAS) in 4 (19.4%). Vascular patency was evaluated with Doppler ultrasonography every 12 hours in the first postoperative week and daily in the second postoperative week. When occlusion was suspected, conventional angiography was performed. Thrombectomy was performed in one patient, and thrombectomy and reanastomosis were performed in another patient with HAT. Two patients with HAS were treated with balloon angioplasty. A third patient was treated with balloon angioplasty and endoluminal stent placement at the same time. The last patient with HAS had an intimate dissection, which occurred 24 hours after balloon angioplasty, that was treated with subsequent endoluminal stent placement. Mean follow-up for the patients with vascular complications was 9.5 +/- 5.7 months (range, 4 to 18 months). The overall mortality rate was 14.1% (3/21); however, no deaths were caused by vascular complication. Routine Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation is an effective choice for diagnosing vascular complications seen after liver transplantation. Immediate surgical intervention is required for acute vascular complications, whereas late complications may be treated with balloon angioplasty and/or endoluminal stent placement.