飞行员小肾癌的检查鉴定（附病例报告3例）

目的回顾性分析民航飞行员小肾癌病例及文献回顾，以期加强对该病的认识，提高诊断和鉴定水平。方法诊断明确的飞行员小肾癌病例3例。结果肿瘤大小均〈3cm，术前明确诊断1例、倾向于恶性和良性各1例，1例行腹腔镜肾脏部分切除术、2例行肾癌根治术，病理均为肾透明细胞癌（高分化），TNM分期均为T1aN0M0，随访1～6．5年，未见复发，病程长者于术后第二年特许合格至今，飞行良好。结论小肾癌诊断较困难，应综合多种影像学检查以明确诊断，但确定诊断仍需病理检查；小肾癌分期早、分化高，预后好，发生突然失能的可能性低，排除复发或转移，可评定为合格，密切随访。     

飞行员小肾癌的航空医学检查与鉴定(附病例报告3例)

目的 分析3例民航飞行员小肾癌病例并进行文献复习,以期加强对该病的认识,提高诊断和鉴定水平. 方法介绍3例民航飞行员小肾癌的临床资料,分析并探讨该病的诊断和医学鉴定方法. 结果 3例患者肿瘤大小均<3 cm,术前明确诊断1例,倾向于恶性和良性各1例,1例行腹腔镜肾脏部分切除术,两例行肾癌根治术,病理检查均诊断为肾透明细胞癌(高分化),肿瘤分期均为T1aN0M0,随访1～6.5年,未见复发.3例明确诊断后即鉴定为飞行不合格,其中1例病程长者于术后第2年特许飞行合格至今,飞行良好. 结论小肾癌诊断较困难,应综合多种影像学检查以明确,确诊仍是病理诊断.小肾癌分期早,分化高,预后好,发生突然失能的可能性低.排除复发或转移,3个月后即可评定为飞行合格,需密切随访.     

多发肾细胞癌的影像学诊断

目的探讨多发肾细胞癌的影像学表现及其诊治情况。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的多发性肾细胞癌8例。结果病理检查共发现直径1cm以上病灶20个,7例16个为透明细胞癌,1例4个为颗粒细胞癌,其中6例2个,2例4个。单侧肾发病2例,双侧同时发病4例,双侧异时发病2例(相隔6～13年)．5例7个病灶在检查过程中有误诊、漏诊,3例3个病灶术中漏诊。结论多发肾细胞癌并非罕见,在对肾癌患者的检查时应考虑到有多发病灶的可能。对多发肾细胞癌患者,为保留一定的肾功能,宜根据情况选择作肾癌根治术、患肾部分切除术或肿瘤剜除术。     

飞行人员小肾癌根治术后恢复飞行2例

1临床资料例1，男性，49岁，Y-8飞机驾驶员，飞行6500h。无自觉症状，2001年2月航空人员体检中经B超发现右肾癌。CT证实肿瘤1．8cm大小，局限于肾包膜内，肾形态无明显变化。行右肾根治性切除术，术中见肿瘤包膜完整，肾静脉及周边淋巴结未侵及，分期T1。术后病理报告为透明细胞癌。     

手术治疗肾细胞癌60例报告

1991年12月～1998年7月,我院手术治疗肾细胞癌共60例,其中男性52例,女性8例.年龄33～74岁,平均年龄54.6岁.肿瘤发生于左侧29例,右侧31例.病程3天至2年.症状有血尿9例,腰痛21例,肿块5例,发热,消瘦,贫血,高血压等全身症状6例,无症状体检发现肾癌者24例.60例肾癌术前均行静脉肾盂造影或行逆行造影,B超,CT确诊.20例术前48～72h先行肾动脉造形加栓塞术,再行肾癌根治术.本组行肾癌根治术55例.肾切除术4例,肾癌肿瘤剜除术1例,术后放疗28例,化疗4例,免疫治疗13例.术后病理透明细胞癌38例,颗粒细胞癌15例,乳头状腺癌3例,未分化癌,肾母细胞癌,移行细胞癌,棱形细胞癌各1例.49例得到随访,随访率为87.1%.按Robson分期,Ⅰ期34例,Ⅱ期20例,Ⅲ期5例,Ⅳ期1例.随访最长6年.Ⅰ期～Ⅱ期54例中,1年生存率100%,3年生存率96.8%,5年生存率82.6%,Ⅲ期5例,1年生存率60%,Ⅳ期1例,存活2年.     

肾错构瘤自发性破裂出血的外科诊治（附14例报告）

目的：探讨肾错构瘤自发性破裂出血的诊断与治疗。方法分析手术治疗14例肾错构瘤自发破裂出血患者的临床资料,所有患者均有腰腹部疼痛病史就诊。术前检查均行彩超和CT检查,2例因有疑问行MRI检查。其中10例患者行患肾切除术,2例行肾部分切除术,2例行肿瘤剜除术。结果所有患者术后恢复良好,2例术后出现尿漏,延期痊愈后出院。随访8～48个月,无死亡病例,未发现肿瘤复发。结论彩超、CT及MRI是确诊肾错构瘤破裂出血简单而有效的方法。对于直径＞4 cm的肾错构瘤破裂出血患者,应积极行手术治疗,并尽可能保留有功能的肾组织。     

肾颗粒细胞癌的诊断与治疗(附20报告)

目的总结对肾颗粒细胞癌的诊治经验,提高对此类型肾癌的认识。方法对20例肾颗粒细胞癌的临床资料回顾分析。男13例,女7例,其中合并肾静脉、下腔静脉瘤栓3例,合并肺转移1例,肝、骨转移2例,年龄20～74岁,平均(53.7±5.4)岁,15例行根治性肾切除术+系统性淋巴清扫术,1例在深低温停循环技术行根治性肾癌切除+腔静脉瘤栓取除术,1例行肿瘤剜除术。3例远处转移者均为外院手术后患者,入院后给予行生物治疗。结果 20例术后病理证实为肾颗粒细胞癌。病理分期:pT1aN0M0 2例,pT1bN0M0 4例,pT2N0M0 5例,pT3aN0M0 1例,pT3aN1M0 2例,pT3bN1M0 2例,pT3cN1M0 1例,pT4NxM1 3例,Fuhrman病理分级:G17,例,G2,10例;G3～4,3例。15例获随访,随访6～40月,平均24个月,1例术后7个月死于脑血管意外,4例死于肿瘤复发或转移,10例无瘤生存超过3年。结论肾颗粒细胞癌临床表现与透明细胞相似,CT及MRI特殊表现可与透明细胞癌相鉴别;免疫组化染色Vimentin阳性,CK8及CK18同时阳性,光镜表现为癌细胞胞浆含大量嗜酸性细颗粒,电镜下为丰富的线粒体;根治性肾切除术+腹膜后系统性淋巴结清扫术是治愈和延长生命的首选方法。     

肾集合管癌的CT表现及诊断价值

目的探讨肾集合管癌的CT表现及其诊断价值,提高对本病的认识。方法结合文献回顾性总结并分析6例肾集合管癌的临床表现及影像学、病理学特征。5例行CT平扫及增强扫描,1例患者仅行CT平扫。结果6例中男3例,女3例,肿瘤位于左肾3例,右肾3例;肿瘤直径3～10 cm,平均5.8 cm;累及肾皮质和髓质者2例,同时累及肾皮质、髓质及肾盂者4例;平扫肿块呈实性成分者2例,囊实性混杂成分者4例;增强扫描肿块多呈轻中度强化;4例肾脏轮廓改变;4例肿瘤内可见钙化;肾门周围淋巴结转移者5例,肺转移1例,左侧胸壁转移者1例,腰骶椎椎体转移1例;术前诊断为肾癌者5例,肾淋巴瘤1例。结论肾集合管癌的CT表现具有一定的特征,起源于髓质、增强扫描轻中度强化并且呈浸润性生长的肿瘤应考虑到该病可能。     

The CT Diagnosis of Collecting Duct Carcinoma

目的 探讨肾集合管癌的CT表现及其诊断价值,提高对本病的认识.方法 结合文献回顾性总结并分析6例肾集合管癌的临床表现及影像学、病理学特征.5例行CT平扫及增强扫描,1例患者仅行CT平扫.结果 6例中男3例,女3例,肿瘤位于左肾3例,右肾3例;肿瘤直径3～10 cm,平均5.8 cm;累及肾皮质和髓质者2例,同时累及肾皮质、髓质及肾盂者4例;平扫肿块呈实性成分者2例,囊实性混杂成分者4例;增强扫描肿块多呈轻中度强化;4例肾脏轮廓改变;4例肿瘤内可见钙化;肾门周围淋巴结转移者5例,肺转移1例,左侧胸壁转移者1例,腰骶椎椎体转移1例;术前诊断为肾癌者5例,肾淋巴瘤1例.结论 肾集合管癌的CT表现具有一定的特征,起源于髓质、增强扫描轻中度强化并且呈浸润性生长的肿瘤应考虑到该病可能.     

乏脂肪肾错构瘤的螺旋CT表现

目的探讨乏脂肪肾错构瘤的螺旋CT表现。方法本组6例,男5例,女1例,均为单肾单个病灶,其中右肾2例,左肾4例。先行双肾常规CT平扫,然后行螺旋CT动态增强扫描。6例均行手术切除,并做病理检查。结果6例均表现为实性肿块,大小由2.2cm×2.5cm～8.0cm×10.0cm,CT片上瘤内均未见脂肪性低密度。平扫4例呈等密度,1例呈稍低密度,1例密度稍高。增强扫描3例肾皮质期肿瘤明显强化,2例肾皮质期肿瘤轻度强化,1例瘤内见少量强化血管。病理证实4例为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,2例为肾血管平滑肌瘤。结论当瘤内血管成分居多时,螺旋CT动态增强扫描肿瘤常表现为一过性明显强化,应与多血供肾癌鉴别;当瘤内平滑肌成分居多时,肿瘤轻度强化,需注意与少血供肾癌及其他肾脏良性肿瘤鉴别。     

小肾癌临床诊疗体会

目的探讨小肾癌的诊断和治疗方法,比较不同手术方法的优缺点。方法分析2000年8月～2007年8月收治的24例小肾癌的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后并结合有关文献进行讨论。结果24例中全部手术治疗,18例行根治性肾切除术,6例行保留肾单位肾肿瘤切除术,术后均经病理证实。20例获得随访,16例无癌存活,最长已超过7年。结论小肾癌多为B超偶然发现,术前B超、CT、肾动脉造影综合分析明确诊断;手术方式依据具体情况采取根治性切除术（RN）或保留肾单位手术（NSS）;预后主要取决于肿瘤的分期和分级。     

Pseudoaneurysm of the renal artery following partial nephrectomy: imaging findings and coil embolization

AIM: To present the imaging findings of five patients with renal artery pseudoaneurysm (RAP) after partial nephrectomy. METHODS: Five patients (four men and one woman) with RAP as a complication of partial nephrectomy were studied. The diagnosis of RAP was established using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in three patients and renal angiography in two patients. In two cases, the diagnosis was evident on ultrasound with colour Doppler. RESULTS: The indication for partial nephrectomy (open approach in four patients and laparoscopic in one patient) was a space-occupying lesion, which proved to be a renal cell carcinoma. All patients presented with macroscopic haematuria, 1-21 days (mean 12.2 days) after surgery. In three of patients the definitive diagnostic imaging method was contrast-enhanced CT. The arterial phase of CT showed a well-circumscribed dense collection of contrast material located within the renal parenchyma. In two other patients the initial and conclusive diagnostic imaging method was renal angiography. All patients underwent selective renal angiography with therapeutic coil embolization. The procedure failed in one patient, which necessitated nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoaneurysm of the renal artery should be considered in patients presenting with macrohaematuria after nephron-sparing surgery. The diagnosis can be established using contrast-enhanced CT, ultrasound with colour Doppler, or angiography. Renal angiography with selective embolization is a safe and efficacious technique for managing the condition.     

Evaluation of FDG uptake by renal malignancies (primary tumor or metastases) using a coincidence detection gamma camera.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of FDG scanning using an ordinary gamma camera equipped with coincidence detection (CDET) for 2 renal cancer indications: characterization and staging of renal masses before nephrectomy and search for recurrence after nephrectomy. METHODS: Between September 1997 and June 1998, a whole-body scan and at least 1 tomoscintigram were obtained on 23 occasions in 22 patients (fasting for at least 6 h) using a Prism XP 2000 CDET gamma camera; scanning was begun 45 min after intravenous injection of 150-250 MBq FDG. RESULTS: Postoperative histologic evidence was obtained from 13 of 16 patients who underwent FDG using a CDET gamma camera before renal surgery; 4 renal masses did not accumulate FDG (3 true-negatives, 1 false-negative), whereas 9 renal tumors accumulated FDG (8 true-positives, 1 false-positive). In the other 3 patients, only 1 extrarenal site of FDG uptake was checked and confirmed on histologic examination: a bone metastasis from renal cell carcinoma in 2 cases and lymph node metastasis from a squamous cell carcinoma (3 true-positives). The primary local and regional staging of the malignant renal tumors was accurate in the 9 patients who underwent nephrectomy (8 true-negatives, 1 true-positive). The primary distant staging was positive in 1 case (focus in the chest corresponding to a probable true-positive on follow-up). In the 7 examinations performed because of suspected recurrence of renal cell carcinoma several months after nephrectomy, metastases were visualized by FDG in 4 patients, confirmed by biopsy in 2 patients, and confirmed by conventional imaging or follow-up (or both) in 2 patients. The other 3 patients had negative FDG scans, corresponding to probable true-negative results on follow-up. CONCLUSION: FDG using a CDET gamma camera can be used effectively for the staging and restaging of renal tumors and might be useful for characterization of the primary renal tumor in doubtful cases.     

CT and ultrasound features of metanephric adenoma in adults with pathologic correlation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to correlate the CT, ultrasound, and pathologic features of metanephric adenoma, a rare benign renal tumor in adults. METHOD: Retrospective review of medical records (1990-1997) revealed three adult female patients who had both preoperative imaging and nephrectomy with pathologic diagnosis of metanephric adenoma performed at our institution. CT (n = 3) and ultrasound (n = 2) features were reviewed in consensus by two radiologists and correlated with pathologic findings. RESULTS: In all three cases, the metanephric adenoma was of increased attenuation relative to adjacent renal parenchyma on unenhanced CT scans. No septa or calcifications were seen. Ultrasound images showed both tumors to be hyperechoic with enhanced through-transmission. CONCLUSION: The CT and ultrasound findings correlate with the pathologic features of a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and psammomatous calcifications. In the adult population, it is unlikely that metanephric adenoma can be prospectively differentiated from renal cell carcinoma based on imaging features.     

飞行人员尿石症临床特点和医学鉴定

目的研究飞行人员尿石症的临床特点，提高对飞行人员尿石症的防治和医学鉴定水平。方法对48例飞行人员尿石症患者（35例恢复飞行患者）随访资料进行回顾性分析。结果飞行人员尿石症的临床特点是大多起病急、症状典型、结石小、并发症少和治疗效果佳。35例（72．9％）一次住院治愈。2例（4．2％）病情反复发作伴其他疾病，予以停飞。随访的35例资料中1例患者次年复发门诊治愈；4例准予带石飞行者，均无空中肾绞痛发作。结论飞行人员尿石症必须及时送院、积极治疗，以缩短住院和地面观察时间，恢复飞行。带石飞行的标准应严格控制，以确保飞行安全。     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术16例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的疗效及临床价值。方法对16例患者行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术,其中肾细胞癌11例,肾错构瘤5例。肿瘤直径1.0~4.5cm。结果16例患者均顺利完成手术。手术时间50~210min,平均约110min。肾动脉阻断时间15~55min,平均32min。术中出血量30~600ml,平均约150ml。1例输血约400ml。术后住院7~10d,恢复良好。随访1~48个月,无肿瘤复发。结论后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术是一种损伤小、恢复快、安全、可行的治疗方法。     

MR Imaging of papillary renal neoplasms: potential application for characterization of small renal masses

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of MRI in demonstrating the precise nature of papillary renal tumors (P RCC) and its potential application to select patients for partial surgery. Ninety-seven tumors less than or equal to 3 cm in size [55 papillary renal cell carcinoma - 42 clear cell renal carcinoma (CC RCC)] were preoperatively evaluated by MRI. Imaging findings were assessed with a special focus on the aspect of the tumoral process. Correlations were performed with pathologic staging after surgery. At pathology, 92 tumors were established to be staged p T1 and 5 were p T3 ( 3 cases of CC RCC and 2 cases of P RCC). Ninety-four percent of papillary tumors exhibited low signal intensity with homogeneous pattern on T2-weighted images. All clear cell carcinoma were hyperintense and heterogeneous on T2-weighted sequence. Enhancement was lower and delayed in the papillary type in comparison with the clear cell type. MRI is accurate enough to predict the ‘histologic‘ nature of papillary renal carcinoma. It is an additional argument to propose that the tumor can be removed by partial surgery.     

彩色多普勒超声和多层螺旋CT在肾脏良恶性肿瘤诊断中的应用比较简

目的：比较彩色多普勒超声（US）和多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在诊断肾脏良恶性肿瘤中的临床应用价值。方法对35例肾肿瘤患者分别行超声和螺旋CT检查,将两者检查结果与手术后病理结果进行对比,比较两种检查方法的诊断准确率。结果肾良性肿瘤及病变25例,超声诊断准确率为84％,CT为88％;肾癌10例,超声诊断准确率为80％,CT检查为90％。结论 US和MSCT在诊断肾脏良恶性肿瘤中,超声是筛查肾脏肿瘤首选检查方法,其价格低廉,无电离辐射,简单易行,患者容易接受。MSCT检查在特异性和准确性方面要高于超声,但在敏感性方面超声要优于CT,两者都能较准确地判断肾脏肿瘤及病变的良恶性。