妊娠妇女慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者的抗病毒治疗

HBV感染妊娠妇女的抗HBV治疗,不但涉及到孕妇本身,更涉及到胎儿和HBV母婴传播的阻断.因为妊娠妇女的特殊性,包括孕妇的免疫环境、HBV感染对孕妇和胎儿的影响、治疗病例的选择、治疗的目的 、治疗的开始时间和终止及治疗药物的选择等,其抗病毒治疗原则与慢性乙型肝炎存在很大的差异.     

乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播机制及阻断的研究进展

慢性乙型肝炎患者感染HBV的主要途径为母婴传播,母婴传播的机制不完全明确.阻断母婴传播的措施应该贯穿从孕前到婴儿出生后的全过程,HBsAg阳性孕妇娩出的新生儿应在24 h内尽早进行主-被动联合免疫,以尽可能减少围产期感染及哺乳期感染,乙型肝炎高病毒载量(≥106 IU/ml)孕期应抗病毒治疗,以降低宫内传播的发生率.     

替比夫定对妊娠后期乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的阻断作用

目的 探讨妊娠后期替比夫定对HBV宫内感染的阻断作用.方法 妊娠后期慢性乙型肝炎患者61例,31例给予替比夫定600mg,口服,1次/d;30例为对照,不给予抗病毒药物.观察两组患者母体HBV DNA水平的变化情况和新生儿HBsAg的阳性率.对HBsAg阳性率的差异分析采用x2检验,对计量资料采用t检验分析.结果 替比夫定组母体HBV DNA水平较服药前明显下降(t=19.09,P<0.01),且分娩前HBV DNA水平明显低于对照组(t=23.64,P<0.01).两组新生儿7月龄时HBV感染率分别为0和13.3%(4/30),x2=4.29,P<0.05.结论 妊娠后期应用替比夫定具有良好的安全性.替比夫定可显著抑制妊娠晚期孕妇血清HBV DNA水平,降低新生儿HBV感染率,可有效阻断HBV宫内感染.     

拉米夫定对乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播的影响及安全性

目的 评价妊娠中期应用拉米夫定对HBV传播的影响及安全性,寻求最佳预防宫内传播的方法.方法 拉米夫定组57例孕妇于孕20～26周开始服用拉米夫定100 mg/d至分娩后,乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(HBIG)组66例孕妇于孕28周开始使用HBIG 200 IU行宫内阻断治疗,2组新生儿出生均予主、被动联合免疫,观察新生儿宫内感染发生情况、抗病毒疗效及母婴异常情况,随访到婴儿1岁并分别在0、1、7、12个月龄时监测其血清HBV DNA、HBsAg和抗-HBs定量变化.数据行f检验和χ~2检验.结果 拉米夫定组孕妇于分娩前HBV DNA显著下降(t=18.72,P<0.05),转阴率为33.3%,肝功能异常者全部恢复正常.该组57例新生儿随访至1月龄时HBsAg或HBVDNA均阴性,宫内感染率为0,与HBIG组宫内感染率(15.2%)相比,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.40,P<0.05).2组婴儿1岁时的血清抗-HBS水平无差异(t=0.71,P>0.05),拉米夫定组HBV慢性感染为0,HBIG组10例宫内感染婴儿均为HBsAg、HBeAg、抗-HBc、HBV DNA阳性,2组孕妇及婴儿均未发现不良反应.结论 对于HBV水平较高孕妇,妊娠中期采用拉米夫定降低病毒含量,阻断HBV母婴垂直传播(宫内传播及产时传播)是行之有效的.     

乙型肝炎病毒感染者妊娠期随访及治疗管理

慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染已成为一个全球性的健康问题,母婴传播是HBV感染的主要原因。因此,规范管理HBV感染妊娠女性,高效阻断HBV母婴传播十分重要。HBV感染女性应计划妊娠,定期产检,严密监测,对于需要抗病毒治疗的妊娠期女性,合理规范抗病毒治疗能大大降低新生儿感染的风险。     

替比夫定对乙型肝炎病毒高载量孕妇母婴传播的阻断效果及其安全性

目的 评价妊娠中晚期应用替比夫定阻断HBeAg阳性且高病毒载量孕妇母婴传播的安全性及有效性.方法 选择孕20 ～ 32周,HBeAg阳性、HBV DNA＞ 1.0× 107拷贝/ml孕妇,按患者意愿分替比夫定组和对照组,替比夫定组予替比夫定600 mg/d口服抗病毒治疗直至产后4周或产后继续服用,对照组患者不用抗病毒药物,肝功能异常者使用复方甘草酸苷.两组婴儿产后均接受主、被动联合免疫,出生后12h内、15d注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白200 IU及0、1、6个月注射乙型肝炎疫苗20 μg.婴儿7月龄时HBsAg及HBV DNA阳性者为HBV宫内感染. 结果 共纳入220例孕妇,其中替比夫定组120例,对照组100例.替比夫定治疗者均在美国抗逆转录酶药物妊娠登记处注册.分娩前替比夫定组孕妇HBV DNA、HBeAg、ALT水平下降明显.替比夫定组HBV DNA定量于治疗2周迅速下降,之后缓慢下降直至分娩.至分娩前替比夫定抗病毒孕妇有37例HBV DNA定量转阴,转阴率达31％ (37/120),而对照组无一例转阴.随访至7月龄,替比夫定组婴儿HBV宫内感染率为0,显著低于对照组8％ (P=0.002).替比夫定组无一例母儿因不良反应或先天性畸形失访.80例替比夫定治疗者于产后4周停药,随访至产后28周无一例发生严重肝功能损害.两组孕妇产后出血、不良妊娠、剖宫产率及新生儿胎龄、身长、体质量、Apgar评分,差异无统计学意义. 结论 HBeAg阳性、HBV DNA高滴度孕妇妊娠中晚期应用替比夫定抗病毒治疗能明显降低母亲外周血HBV DNA定量,阻断HBV母婴传播,且耐受性和安全性良好.     

乙型肝炎病毒感染的育龄妇女抗病毒药物应用策略

HBV感染的育龄妇女抗病毒问题一直困扰着临床医生.现根据近年来抗病毒药物在妊娠妇女中应用安全性的研究及临床经验,提出了HBV感染的育龄妇女不同时期抗病毒药物治疗的策略,供临床参考.     

乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白阴 HBV宫内感染的疗效

已经发生宫内感染的胎儿出生后使用乙型肝炎疫苗 (或和乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白 [ＨＢＩｇ]联用 )预防感染无效 ,这些新生儿极易成为慢性ＨＢＶ携带者。乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白可以和ＨＢｓＡｇ结合形成抗原抗体复合物 ,促使免疫系统清除乙型肝炎病毒 ,我们在妊娠晚期给ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性孕妇肌注ＨＢＩｇ ,观察其阻断宫内感染的疗效 ,同时探讨其使用的指征。材料与方法一、研究对象以我院 1998年 6月～ 1999年 10月产前门诊筛选无症状ＨＢｓＡｇ携带者的孕妇 86例为研究对象 ,排除甲、丙、戊、庚型肝炎病毒感染 ,未进行过抗病毒治疗。年龄 2 2～ 33岁。…     

妊娠后期应用替诺福韦治疗血清HBV高载量孕妇阻断HBV母婴传播的疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨在妊娠后期应用替诺福韦抗病毒治疗阻断HBV高载量孕妇HBV母婴传播的效果及安全性。方法 2015年3月～2017年9月我院诊治的HBV高载量孕妇83例,其中56例在妊娠28周接受替诺福韦口服抗病毒药物至分娩结束,另27例未接受抗病毒治疗。两组新生儿在出生后立即注射乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)和乙肝疫苗,在婴儿出生12个月时检测血清HBV DNA、HBeAg和HBsAg水平,判断感染阻断情况。结果在分娩时,接受抗病毒治疗妇女血清HBV DNA水平为(3.9±0.7) lg IU/ml,显著低于未抗病毒组[(7.6±0.5)lg IU/ml,P0.05],血清HBsAg水平为(674.3±301.9) IU/ml,显著低于未抗病毒组[(1104.1±401.2) IU/ml,P0.05],血清HBeAg水平为(2059.8±996.4) s/co,显著低于对照组[(3479.4±1287.6) s/co,P0.05];抗病毒组HBV母婴传播阻断率为100.0%,显著高于未抗病毒组的81.5%(P0.05);抗病毒孕妇均未出现因药物治疗而引起的不良反应,两组新生儿出生时各项生长发育指标比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在妊娠后期应用替诺福韦抗病毒治疗HBV高载量孕妇对阻断HBV母婴传播效果好,安全性高。     

合理选择艾滋病母婴传播阻断抗病毒治疗方案的影响因素

目的 探索艾滋病母婴传播阻断中,合理选择抗病毒治疗方案的主要影响因素,为制定艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染孕妇及其所生婴儿的抗病毒治疗合理用药提供依据.方法 在云南省5个全面开展了母婴传播阻断、且妇幼保健网络相对健全的艾滋病高、中度流行县(市、区),对抗病毒治疗合理选择方案的影响因素进行病例对照研究和定性调查.结果 对158例HIV感染孕产妇进行问卷调查,并对15名管理医生、24名HIV感染孕产妇及其家属进行个人深入访谈.定量与定性研究发现,抗病毒治疗方案合理选择的主要相关因素为:产次顺序(OR=3.135)、少数民族(OR=3.393)、未知情选择(OR=5.745)、方案是医生要求的(OR=0.329)、为了孩子不被感染的愿望、医生对方案的认识等.结论 多个因素对HIV感染孕产妇合理选择抗病毒治疗方案有影响,在方案选择时要针对主要影响因素开展工作.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.