接尘工人经支气管肺活检的病理分析

目的 探讨经纤维支气管镜肺活检肺组织标本病理学改变在尘肺诊断中的价值.方法 2011年5月至2011年9月在我院经支气管肺活检(TBLB)取得肺组织标本的职业性粉尘接触者35例,同期经胸腔镜或开胸肺叶切除取得的肺组织标本的无粉尘接触史的患者27例,进行肺组织纤维组织增生、类结节、粉尘沉积和晶粒偏光等病理指标对比.结果 接尘组中度粉尘沉着6例(17.1％),与对照组(0)相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接尘组肺组织纤维化增生28例(80.0％),明显高于对照组(11例,40.7％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接尘组有6例发现晶粒偏光阳性,6例发现类结节,对照组病例无晶粒偏光阳性或类结节改变.结论 TBLB病理检查能取得接触粉尘引起肺内相关改变的依据,在尘肺病的诊断中有一定的应用价值.     

41例尘肺疑难案例的诊断

对2009年1月至2012年12月在上海市肺科医院就诊,其职业史和职业病危害接触史不可靠、胸片有异常阴影改变,要求明确诊断尘肺病的41例疑难病例进行尘肺病现场职业卫生学调查、影像学及经支气管镜肺活检(TBLB)等检查,并按照《尘肺病诊断标准》(GBZ70—2009)进行集体诊断。明确诊断无尘肺27例(66%),尘肺12例(29%),特发性肺间质纤维化1例(2.5%),肺结核1例(2.5%)。     

接尘作业工人504例X射线胸片分析

[目的]了解常州市天宁区粉尘作业工人的职业损伤情况,为保护尘肺高危人群身体健康,制定尘肺防治策略提供依据。[方法]对在辖区内疾病预防控制中心接受职业健康体检的504名粉尘作业劳动者的高千伏X射线胸片等资料进行统计分析。[结果]504例胸片中,双肺纹理增高61例(12.1%),双肺出现小阴影17例(3.4%);不同接尘种类X射线胸片阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=42.149,P<0.01),电焊烟尘和矽尘阳性率相对较高;不同工龄组间(1~、5~、≥ 10年) X射线胸片阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.804,P<0.01),工龄≥ 10年组阳性率较高。[结论]辖区内尘肺病防治形势严峻,电焊烟尘和矽尘对工人健康损害较大;随着接尘工龄增加,粉尘对工人危害也增大,尤其是对接尘工龄10 a及以上的工人。     

经支气管肺活检技术在尘肺病诊断中的应用

我国尘肺病诊断的主要依据是X线胸片,GBZ 70-2002和GBZ 70-2009《尘肺病诊断标准》分别规定"只有一张胸片不宜作出确诊","两张及以上动态胸片方可作出确诊".实际工作中,因为各种原因没有系列胸片难以确诊的病例不在少数.自上世纪90年代起,我们开始用纤维支气管镜进行经支气管肺活检(transbronchial lung biopsy,TBLB),用肺组织病理检查取得的证据来协助尘肺病诊断,并取得了一些经验.     

纤维支气管镜肺活检在尘肺诊断中的价值

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜肺活检在尘肺诊断中的价值。方法对2008年1月至2010年6月有粉尘接触者共171例接受纤维支气管镜肺活检(TBLB)、支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)、支气管刷检,对细菌学、细胞学及病理学检查结果,并结合职业卫生、临床、影像学检查等进行了回顾性分析。结果本组171例受检者中169例获得了合格肺组织标本,其中166例有肺间质纤维化改变(139例检查出成纤维细胞增生,99例胶原纤维形成),120例有粉尘沉着,40例偏光镜检查阳性,48例普鲁士蓝铁染色阳性。结合职业健康监护、临床、影像学等资料综合分析后,对照尘肺病诊断标准片确诊各类职业性尘肺病162例,无尘肺7例。结论经纤维支气管镜肺活检在尘肺病的诊断及鉴别诊断中有较高的应用价值。     

安康市粉尘危害与尘肺病调查研究

目的了解安康市粉尘危害情况,进一步治理粉尘污染。方法对全市接触矽尘、煤尘等无机粉尘1年以上的3859名作业工人,按照尘肺病检查内容、程序和GBZ 70-2002尘肺诊断标准进行尘肺病检查、诊断,并对生产环境进行劳动卫生学调查及粉尘浓度、分散度、二氧化硅（SiO2）含量测定。结果粉尘浓度平均86.63 mg/m^3,游离SiO2含量32.17%;尘肺患病率为11.04%;发病工龄最长35年;最短11个月,平均19.58年。结论尘肺患病率、发病工龄、尘肺病进展均与粉尘浓度及游离SiO2含量高有关。     

2006-2016年大连市尘肺病的发病情况

目的 通过对2006-2016年大连市尘肺发病情况调查,分析该地区尘肺病流行规律,为制定尘肺病防治策略提供理论依据.方法 通过中国疾病控制信息系统职业病与职业卫生检测系统获得相关资料,对大连市尘肺病种类、发病地区、接尘工龄等进行统计分析.结果 2006-2016年大连市尘肺病病例179例,主要分布于铸造行业的成型、清砂、打磨工种及机械加行业的电焊工种.以矽肺为主(82.68％),电焊工尘肺次之(9.49％),石棉尘肺第3(3.35％),平均接尘工龄20.73年,尘肺壹期平均接尘工龄为19.80年、尘肺贰期平均接尘工龄为20.83年、尘肺叁期平均接尘工龄为21.75年.尘肺病发病情况与严重程度(期别)和接尘工龄有关(x2=56.52,P=0.02 ＜0.05).结论 大连市尘肺病主要集中在铸造行业,尘肺种类以矽肺为主,应加强重点区域、行业和工种的职业病防治工作.     

经支气管肺活检在尘肺诊断中初步应用

目的：探讨经支气管肺活检在尘肺诊断中价值。方法：对128例接尘者作经支气管肺活检及病理上对纤维化、粉尘沉着作检测。结果：尘肺待诊病例与病理确诊相关达83．9％,有助于鉴别诊断,有助于鉴别诊断,并且病理特殊染色在尘肺病因学诊断中起重要作用。结论：经支气管肺活检作为辅助手段,对尘肺诊断、鉴别诊断有一定应用价值。     

自贡市极薄煤层煤矿煤工尘肺X射线影像分析

目的了解极簿煤层煤矿工作场所职业卫生状况并探讨其与煤工尘肺X射线影像特征的关系。方法对15家煤矿井下、地面作业岗位开展职业病危害因素检测,对确诊的672例煤工尘肺病例的X射线胸片进行影像表现的统计分析。结果采煤、掘进、地面卸煤(岩石)岗位游离二氧化硅含量最低5.9%,最高58.4%,平均含量大于10%。极薄煤层煤矿工人工作场所接触的粉尘应为煤矽混合尘,工作场所粉尘浓度最低1.05 mg/m3,最高16.04 mg/m3。所测定的104份煤矿井下、地面工作场所粉尘样品浓度平均值均超过了国家职业卫生标准的限值。672份煤工尘肺X射线胸片表现形态为圆形小阴影的病例占90.18%。以圆形小阴影为主的X线胸片中q型占71.12%,p型25.41%r,型3.47%。Ш期煤工尘肺均表现为大阴影。Ⅰ期煤工尘肺小阴影主要分布于中下肺区的占67.33%;Ⅱ期煤工尘肺小阴影主要分布于上中下肺区的95.80%。Ш期煤工尘肺大阴影主要分布于上肺区和上中肺区。结论自贡市煤矿工人接触的粉尘为煤矽混合尘,煤工尘肺病患者X线影像形态大小以q型为主。     

尘肺高千伏X射线与直接数字X射线摄影胸片比较

目的 探讨直接数字X射线摄影(DR)胸片在尘肺病诊断中的可行性.方法 根据接尘工人健康档案的高千伏X射线胸片,选择尘肺及非尘肺接尘工人共92例,同时进行高千伏胸片与DR胸片摄影,对2种胸片的总体密集度、各个肺区密集度、诊断分期进行一致性及相关分析;并比较各肺区密集度平均分值、总体密集度平均分值及诊断分期平均分值.结果 92例高千伏X射线胸片和DR胸片总体密集度、各肺区密集度和诊断分期kappa值分别为0.480、0.443、0.651,诊断一致性好,相关系数分别为0.756、0.893、0.713,有正相关关系.DR胸片总体密集度平均分值、肺区密集度平均分值、诊断分期平均分值均高于高千伏X射线胸片,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 DR胸片在诊断尘肺病上与高千伏X射线胸片的一致性较好,是可行的,但依据GBZ 70-2009<尘肺病诊断标准>,目前尚未合适作为尘肺病诊断,应尽早研制数字化摄影胸片的尘肺病诊断标准及标准片.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.