超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗经皮肾镜取石术后严重出血

目的 评价超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗PCNL后严重出血的效果及其对肾功能的影响.方法 2008年5月至2010年2月,7例MPCNL术后严重出血患者,男5例,女2例.年龄28～68岁,中位年龄55岁.结石单发2例,多发5例,其中铸型结石2例.结石位于下组肾盏4例,中组肾盏1例,上组肾盏2例,肾盂和输尿管上段4例.患者术后平均10.7 d出血,出血持续l～14 d,总出血量600 ～1800 ml.实验室检查:SCr 77～186 μmol/L,平均94μmol/L;BUN 2.58～8.03 mmol/L,平均4.85 mmol/L.行超选择性肾动脉造影和弹簧钢圈栓塞治疗. 结果 肾动脉造影示假性动脉瘤6例,其中合并动静脉瘘1例;未显示出血灶1例.6例均成功地进行了肾动脉弹簧钢圈栓塞治疗,术后3～7d出血停止.术后2周复查SCr为59 ～ 98 μmol/L,平均78.3 μmol/L,BUN为1.86 ～ 6.92mmol/L,平均4.80 mmol/L. 结论 超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗PCNL术后严重出血效果显著,肾功能受损轻,是临床首选的治疗手段.     

恶性肿瘤压迫致急性肾后性肾功能不全的临床诊治分析

目的 探讨恶性肿瘤压迫致急性肾后性肾功能不全的诊断与治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析18例恶性肿瘤压迫致肾后性肾功能不全患者的临床资料.男11例,女7例,年龄17～ 80岁,平均56.7岁.原发病:胃癌2例,直肠癌3例,乙状结肠癌3例,肾癌1例,前列腺肉瘤1例,前列腺癌3例,宫颈癌5例.入皖时SCr 431.9～ 1078.5μmol/L,平均680±177 μumol/L;BUN11.6～44.1mmol/L,平均22.3±6.9mmol/L.15例行输尿管镜下输尿管支架置入术,其中2例置管失败改行肾造瘘术(双侧1例,单侧1例);输尿管皮肤造瘘术3例,均为双侧.结果 手术前后BUN、SCr、血清钾及24h尿量比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);随访3个月～3年,恢复到正常9例,氮质血症但肾功能明显改善2例,其中8例术后需定期更换双J管;尿毒症2例需定期血液透析;死亡5例.结论 恶性肿瘤压迫致肾后性肾功能不全患者的治疗方法主要包括输尿管镜下输尿管支架置入术、肾造瘘术、输尿管皮肤造瘘术;尽早明确梗阻原因,选择恰当的手术方式及时解除尿路梗阻是治疗关键.     

输尿管镜钬激光配合输尿管管路封堵器治疗双侧输尿管结石并急性肾功能不全29例临床分析

目的:研究输尿管镜钬激光配合输尿管管路封堵器治疗双侧输尿管结石并急性梗阻性肾功能不全的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾29例双侧输尿管结石并急性梗阻性肾功能不全患者资料,均采用输尿管管路封堵器固定结石输尿管镜钬激光碎石解除梗阻,术中留置双J管,并比较手术前、手术后血肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、24小时尿量的变化情况。结果:29例一次性手术成功,手术时间35~70min;SCr、BUN于术后2天开始下降,25例术后1周SCr、BUN正常,4例SCr维持在286~437μmol/L,BUN 13.0~19.3mmol/L,术后4周影像学随访,29例无明显结石残留。术后随访3~9个月,结石无复发,28例肾功能正常,1例SCr维持在268~275μmol/L之间,BUN 13.0~14.1mmol/L之间。结论:输尿管镜钬激光配合输尿管管路封堵器治疗双侧输尿管结石并急性梗阻性肾功能不全安全、迅速、疗效显著,患者恢复速度快,可作为此类疾病重要的治疗方法之一。     

上尿路结石致孤立肾急性肾功能衰竭的治疗

目的　探讨上尿路结石致孤立肾急性肾功能衰竭的急诊处理方法。　方法　上尿路结石致孤立肾急性肾功能衰竭患者 78例 ,病程 1～ 8d ,其中 72h以内者 6 8例。急诊行B超引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘 10例 ,开放手术 2 5例 ,输尿管逆行插管成功引流 12例 ,输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石 31例。　结果　 6 5例于 72h内急诊处理者 3～ 12d内血Cr由 2 0 2～ 885 μmol/L降至 5 8～ 130 μmol/L ,血BUN由 9.8～ 4 2 .4mmol/L降至 2 .8～ 7.0mmol/L ;尿量增加 ,肾功能恢复 ,临床症状消失。 13例血Cr 14 5～5 5 0 μmol/L ,1例死于继发出血及感染。 　结论　上尿路结石梗阻致孤立肾急性肾功能衰竭的处理原则是早期诊断 ,尽早解除梗阻 ,有效防治并发症 ,最大限度保护肾功能。KUB和B超检查是首选诊断方法 ,输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石是首选治疗方法。     

头孢曲松钠诱发泌尿系结石致急性梗阻性肾功能不全二例报告

例1,女,22岁.因双侧腰部疼痛伴无尿ld于2011年5月31日入院.入院前1周因上呼吸道感染应用头孢曲松钠3 g静滴,1次/d,共6d.查体:双肾区叩痛明显.实验室检查:BUN 14.2mmmol/L,SCr 284.0 μmmol/L.B超检查:双肾轻度积水,双输尿管上段扩张.     

孤立肾上尿路结石致梗阻性肾功能衰竭的1输尿管镜治疗

目的探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗孤立肾上尿路结石所致梗阻性急性肾功能衰竭的安全性与有效性。方法采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗孤立肾并发输尿管结石致梗阻性急性肾功能衰竭15例。男6例，女9例。年龄23～72岁，平均40岁。输尿管上段结石6例，中下段结石9例。结石大小0．5cm×1．0cm～0．8cm×1．5cm，平均0．7cm×1．3cm。梗阻时间2～5d。血尿素氮（BUN）15．3～26．5mmol／L，平均19．3mmol／L；血肌酐（SCr）450～1600μmol／L，平均780μmol／L。结果15例手术均一次成功，均留置双J管。术后1周，12例患者结石排净，8例患者BUN和SCr恢复正常或接近正常。术后1个月，14例患者结石排净，1例因部分结石移至肾盂，加行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗，2周后残石排净；10例患者BUN和SCr恢复正常或接近正常，BUN5．6～10．8mmol／L，SCr69～110μmol／L。5例病史较长者至术后6个月时肾功能仍未完全恢复正常，BUN12．6～15．8mmol／L，SCr160～290μmol／L。15例均未发生术中、术后并发症。结论输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗孤立肾上尿路结石致急性肾功能衰竭安全、有效。     

经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术联合ESWL治疗肾功能不全的孤立肾鹿角形结石

目的探讨经皮肾输尿管镜碎石取石术联合ESWL治疗肾功能不全的孤立肾鹿角形结石的疗效. 方法经皮肾穿刺微造瘘延期输尿管镜下碎石取石术(minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)联合体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)治疗肾功能不全的孤立肾鹿角形结石8例. 结果 5例取尽结石,3例残余结石.术中未输血,未出现严重手术并发症.术后肾功能有不同程度的改善,血Cr由术前(289±166)μmol/L降至(155±33)μmol/L (t=4.69,P=0.004),血BUN由术前(15.1±7.9) mmol/L降至(8.3±1.9)mmol/L(t=4.00,P=0.005) ,ECT检查GFR由术前(48.8±12.4) ml/s升高至(63.0±8.4)ml/s(t=4.68,P=0.003).术后肾后性梗阻消失.8例随访0.5～4.5 年,平均2.8年,肾功能较术后无明显变化. 结论 MPCNL结合ESWL治疗肾功能不全的孤立肾鹿角形结石安全、疗效好.     

急性梗阻性自发性尿外渗误诊二例报告

急性尿路梗阻所致自发性尿外渗临床表现不典型,早期易误诊,我院收治2例,现报告如下. 例1,男,71岁.因头晕3 d,右腰痛6 h于2007年8月25日入院.查体:Bp176/98 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133kPa),腹软无压痛,下肢无水肿,右侧肋脊角轻度压痛,右肾区叩痛.予降血压治疗,次日出现无尿.查血BUN 15.1mmol/L,SCr 351.0μmol/L,尿酸501.5μmol/L;B超检查提示双肾轻度积水,右输尿管上段轻度扩张,KUB及泌尿系CT未见结石及占位性病灶.考虑急性肾功能不全,予呋塞米治疗后恢复排尿.     

腔内技术急诊处理梗阻性急性肾衰(附23例报告)

目的 探讨输尿管镜检、气压弹道碎石 留置双J管等腔内技术在急诊处理梗阻性急性肾衰中的作用。方法 梗阻性急性肾衰患者23例,平均年龄53岁,血尿素氮（BUN）16.1-55.6mmol/L,血清肌酐（SCr)465-2099μmol/L,急诊行腔内技术治疗,术后随访1-9个月,追踪测定BUN、SCr。结果 23例疗效满意,无腔内手术失败病例,术后24h 尿量2400-5600ml,BUN、SCr明显降低。氮质血症逐渐缓解;术后2周肾功能恢复正常19例,4例SCr200μmol/L左右。结论 腔内技术创伤小、安全可靠,可同时处理双侧输尿管梗阻,患者术后恢复快,在处理梗阻性急性肾衰中有重要作用。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术在梗阻性急性肾衰中的应用

目的探讨输尿管镜腔内气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石所致梗阻性急性肾功能衰竭的可行性及疗效. 方法采用输尿管镜腔内气压弹道碎石术治疗由输尿管结石梗阻导致急性肾功能衰竭32例. 结果 32例均迅速解除梗阻,肾功能有效恢复.术后患者即进入多尿期,平均持续5(3～10)d.BUN 1周后平均达6.7(4.8～8.9)mmol/L,Cr 1月后达117(65～170)μmol/L. 结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术能迅速消除上尿路结石梗阻所致的急性肾功能衰竭,具有安全、高效、创伤小、术后恢复快的特点,同时可诊断及治疗输尿管阴性结石.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.