内质网三磷酸肌醇受体在fractalkine诱发BV-2小胶质细胞p38MAPK信号通路激活中的作用

目的 探讨内质网三磷酸肌醇受体在fractalkine诱发BV-2小胶质细胞p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号通路激活中的作用.方法 将BV-2小胶质细胞以1×105个/ml浓度接种于3.5 cm培养皿(5 ml/皿)、50 ml培养瓶(8 ml/瓶)、24孔培养板(1 ml/孔)或6孔培养板(2 ml/孔),采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为5组(n=25)∶正常对照组(C组)、fractalkine组(F组)、CX3C趋化因子受体1抗体anti-CX3CR1+ fractalkine组(CF组)、内质网三磷酸肌醇受体拮抗剂2-APB+ fractalkine组(AF组)及p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580+ fractalkine组(SF组).除C组外,其他4组加入10 nmol/L fractalkine,CF组、AF组及SF组于加入fractalkine前1h分别加入15 μmol/L anti-CX3CR1、50 μmol/L 2-APB及10 μmol/L SB203580.测定fractalkine孵育10 min期间细胞内Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]i)的最大值作为[Ca2+]i,于fractalkine孵育即刻、30、60、120、240 min时测定p38MAPK磷酸化水平,于fractalkine孵育24h时测定细胞培养液白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度.结果 与C组比较,F组、CF组、AF组和SF组[Ca2+]i、p38MAPK磷酸化水平、IL-1β和TNF-α浓度升高(P＜0.05);与F组比较,CF组和AF组[Ca2+]i降低,CF组、AF组及SF组p38MAPK磷酸化水平、IL-1β和TNF-α浓度降低(P＜0.05).结论 内质网三磷酸肌醇受体参与了fractalkine诱发BV-2小胶质细胞p38MAPK信号通路激活.     

小胶质细胞p38 MAPK在ATP抑制海马CA1区长时程增强中的作用

目的探讨p38丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)在三磷酸腺苷(ATP)抑制海马CA1区长时程增强(LTP)中的作用。方法成年雄性SD大鼠20只,体重250～280g,随机均分为四组:生理盐水组(NS组)、ATP组、p38 MAPK抑制剂组(SB203580组)和SB203580+ATP组。前三组在高频刺激(HFS)前30min侧脑室分别注射生理盐水、ATP和p38 MAPK;SB203580+ATP组在注射ATP前30min侧脑室给予p38MAPK抑制剂。采用海马在体电生理记录和免疫组织化学方法,记录HFS 5、60min海马CA1区兴奋性突触后电位(fEPSPs)及HFS诱导时LTP,免疫组织化学观察海马CA1区p38MAPK的磷酸化水平。结果与NS组比较,ATP组HFS 5、60min fEPSPs幅度明显降低(P0.01)。与ATP组比较,SB203580+ATP组高频刺激后fEPSPs幅度明显增加(P0.01),NS组、SB203580组和SB203580+ATP组海马CA1区p38MAPK的磷酸化水平明显降低(P0.01)。p-p38仅与小胶质细胞标记物Iba-1存在共染。结论 ATP可能通过激活小胶质细胞内的p38 MAPK抑制海马CA1区LTP。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶在全脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马神经元DNA修复中的作用

目的 探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)在全脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马神经元DNA修复中的作用.方法 清洁级雄性SD大鼠108只,采用四血管阻断法建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型,随机分为3组(n=36):假手术组(S组)仅暴露双侧颈总动脉和椎动脉;缺血再灌注组(IR组)侧脑室注射1%DMSO溶液5μl,30 min后行全脑缺血再灌注;p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580干预组(SB组)侧脑室注射SB203580溶液5 μl(溶于1%DMSO溶液),30 min后行全脑缺血再灌注.分别于再灌注2、6、12、24、48和72 h时各组处死6只大鼠,提取海马组织观察神经元病理学结果,计算神经元凋亡指数(AI),测定磷酸化的p38 MAPK蛋白及Ku70蛋白表达水平.结果 与S组比较,IR组和SB组各时点AI升高,p-p38 MAPK蛋白表达上调,p-Ku70蛋白表达下调(P(0.05或0.01),病理损伤明显;与IR组比较,SB组各时点AI降低,p-p38 MAPK蛋白表达下调,p-Ku70蛋白表达上调(P<0.01),病理损伤程度减轻.结论 p38 MAPK可能通过下调DNA修复酶Ku70蛋白的表达,使海马神经元DNA修复功能受损,导致神经元凋亡,参与全脑缺血再灌注损伤.     

阻断p38MAPK信号通路降低脑死亡大鼠肾脏免疫原性

目的 探讨降低脑死亡大鼠肾脏免疫原性的有效途径.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠30只,体质量180～200 g,随机均分3组,脑死亡+SB203580组:诱导大鼠脑死亡时,静脉注射SB203580(1 mg/100 g·Wt);脑死亡组:诱导大鼠脑死亡.脑死亡后机械呼吸6 h,如大鼠血压>80mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),取肾脏;对照组:正常大鼠麻醉后取肾脏.逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测肾脏肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α仅和白细胞介素(IL)-1βmRNA表达,Western blot检测肾脏磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)以及TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白表达.结果 肾脏TNF-α和IL-1βmRNA和蛋白表达,以及磷酸化p38MAPK蛋白表达,脑死亡组比对照组显著增加(P<0.01);脑死亡+SB203580组比脑死亡组显著下降(P<0.05),但比对照组明显增加(P<0.01).结论 SB203580能阻断p38MAPK信号通路,减少脑死亡大鼠肾脏磷酸化p38MAPK和促炎细胞因子表达,可望成为降低其免疫原性的一条有效途径.     

鞘内注射p38 MAPK抑制剂对乳腺癌骨转移大鼠疼痛行为及前炎性细胞因子表达的影响

目的 观察鞘内注射p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对乳腺癌骨转移大鼠疼痛行为及前炎性细胞因子的影响.方法 成功制备骨转移疼痛模型SD大鼠11只,随机取6只(给药组)鞘内注射p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580,另5只设为对照.分别检测两组动物胫骨破坏程度、热刺激后爪退缩潜伏期(PWL)、脊髓白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA表达及蛋白含量.结果 11只大鼠均出现明显骨破坏伴左后肢热痛觉敏感性增加.给药组与对照组大鼠胫骨破坏程度无差异,但给药组大鼠左侧PWL值[16 d:(12.12±1.26)s;19 d:(12.99±1.65)s]显著高于对照组[16 d:(9.05±1.08)s;19 d:(8.55±1.60)s,P《0.05];左侧脊髓内IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA表达减少、蛋白含量降低(P《0.05).结论 骨转移癌痛大鼠鞘内注入SB203580不能阻止胫骨进一步破坏,但可以明显降低热痛敏感性,这可能与其抑制脊髓水平P38MAPK信号通路,降低了前炎性细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的表达有关.     

严重烧伤大鼠肝脏p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶对肿瘤坏死因子α表达的调控及其在肝损伤中的作用

目的观察大鼠严重烧伤后肝脏p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)对肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)α表达的调控及其在肝损伤中的作用。方法将健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假伤组;烧伤 SB203580组:30%TBSAⅢ度烫伤(以下称烧伤)后15min和12h静脉注射p38MAPK的特异性抑制剂SB203580(10mg/kg);烧伤对照组:同前致伤后给予等量等渗盐水,每组8只。测定3组大鼠伤后24h血清天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)活性的变化,并分别采用实时逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法和蛋白印迹(Western blot)法检测肝脏TNF-αmRNA及p38MAPK、磷酸化p38MAPK的表达水平。结果烧伤对照组大鼠血清AST和ALT活性及肝脏TNF-αmRNA的表达水平均显著高于假伤组(P<0.05或0.01);烧伤 SB203580组此3项指标均显著低于烧伤对照组(P<0.05或0.01),但与假伤组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).3组大鼠肝脏p38MAPK表达水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);其磷酸化p38MAPK表达水平之比———假伤组∶烧伤对照组∶烧伤 SB203580组为1.00∶3.90∶1.10,烧伤 SB203580组与假伤组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与烧伤对照组比较明显偏低(P<0.01).结论大鼠严重烧伤后,肝脏中活化的p38MAPK促进了TNF-αmRNA的表达,并参与了肝损伤的发生。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶在肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠炎性反应中的作用

目的探讨p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）在肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠炎性反应中的作用。方法健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为3组（n=10）：假手术组（S组）、缺血再灌注组（I/R组）和p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580组（SB组）。采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉（SMA）的方法制备肠缺血再灌注损伤模型。I/R组和SB组夹闭SMA 1 h再灌注6 h,SB组缺血前30 min经股静脉注射p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580 100μg/kg。于再灌注6 h时,处死大鼠,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）浓度、双胺氧化酶（DAO）活性及小肠组织TNF-α含量、p38MAPK、细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达水平,在光镜下观察小肠组织病理学,并进行小肠组织损伤程度评分。结果与S组比较,I/R组血浆TNF-α浓度、DAO活性及小肠组织p38MAPK、ICAM-1表达、TNF-α含量、小肠组织损伤程度评分升高,SB组血浆DAO活性、小肠组织ICAM-1表达、TNF-α含量及小肠组织损伤程度评分升高（P〈0.05）;与I/R组比较,SB组血浆TNF-α浓度、DAO活性及小肠组织p38MAPK、ICAM-1表达和TNF-α含量、小肠组织损伤程度评分降低（P〈0.05）。结论p38MAPK参与了肠缺血再灌注损伤大鼠炎性反应。     

大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注时细胞凋亡与信号转导通路磷酸化p38的表达及相互关系

目的探讨大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注后不同时点海马CA1区信号转导通路磷酸化激酶p38与细胞凋亡的相互关系。方法健康清洁雄性SD大鼠108只随机均分为缺血-再灌注组(IR组)、SB203580干预组(SB组)和假手术组(PO组)。采用四血管阻塞法建立大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注模型。SB组于再灌注前30 min侧脑室注射p38抑制剂SB203580。IR组和PO组按照与SB组相同的侧脑室注射方法,于侧脑室注射相同体积的溶剂(即不含溶质SB203580)。三组均分别于再灌注2、6、12、24、48和72 h处死大鼠,提取海马组织,石蜡包埋切片,HE染色观察神经元细胞形态;免疫组织化学方法检测磷酸化p38表达;TUNEL检测凋亡细胞。结果PO组神经元细胞形态完整,IR组神经元细胞形态不完整,SB组介于上两组之间。PO组凋亡指数低,IR组凋亡指数高,SB组在两组之间。PO组各时点磷酸化p38表达少;IR组多;SB组介于两组之间。结论大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注早期,海马CA1区p38信号转导通路的激活可引起神经元细胞凋亡,并且这一作用可以被p38特异性抑制剂SB203580抑制。     

吡那地尔超极化停搏对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时p38MAPK表达的影响

目的 评价吡那地尔超极化停搏对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)表达的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠48只,体重250～300 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为6组(n=8):自然停搏组(A组)、St.Thomas组(B组)、吡那地尔超极化停搏组(C组)、5-羟葵酸(5-HD)组(D组)、HMR-1098组(E组)和5-HD+HMR-1098组(F组).采用Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,K-H液平衡灌注15 min后,A组阻断主动脉,不予停搏液灌注,使其自然停搏;B组灌注St.Thomas停搏液;C组灌注吡那地尔超极化停搏液;D组、E组和F组K-H液平衡灌注10 min后,分别灌注含5-HD、HMR-1098、5-HD+ HMR-1098的K-H液5min,再灌注吡那地尔超级化停搏液.心脏停跳缺血60 min后,K-H液再灌注30 min.于平衡灌注15 min和再灌注20 min时记录冠脉流量(CF)、心率(HR)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室收缩压(LVSP)和左室压力瞬时最大变化率(dp/dtmax);于再灌注30 min时取心肌组织,采用Western blot法测定心肌磷酸化p38MAPK和非磷酸化p38MAPK的表达.结果 与C组相比,A组、B组、D组、E组和F组再灌注20min时CF、HR、LVSP、LVDP及dp/dt/dymax降低,再灌注30 min时磷酸化p38MAPK表达下调,非磷酸化p38MAPK表达上调(P＜0.05);与E组相比,D组和F组再灌注20 min时CF、HR、LVSP、LVDP及dp/dtmax降低,再灌注30 min时磷酸化p38MAPK表达下调,非磷酸化p38MAPK表达上调(P＜0.05).结论 吡那地尔超极化停搏可改善大鼠离体缺血再灌注心脏功能,其机制与上调磷酸化p38MAPK表达,下调非磷酸化p38MAPK表达有关,而这种调控作用与线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道关系更密切.     

脊髓NMDA受体在大鼠糖尿病神经病理性痛中的作用

目的 评价脊髓NMDA受体在大鼠糖尿病神经病理性痛中的作用.方法 雌性Wistar大鼠,月龄3月,体重180～220 g,腹腔注射链脲菌素65 mg/kg制备糖尿病大鼠神经病理性痛模型.取模型制备成功的大鼠96只,随机分为3组(n=32):糖尿病神经病理性痛组(D组)、p38MAPK抑制剂组(I组)和NMDA受体阻断剂组(M组),另取32只正常大鼠作为对照组(C组).模型制备成功后每周一上午,I组和M组分别腹腔注射p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580 1 mg/kg、NMDA受体阻断剂MK-8011 mg/kg,1次/周,直至处死大鼠.各组分别于模型制备成功后第1、3、5、7周(T1～4)末随机取8只大鼠,采用yon Frey纤维丝测定双后足机械缩足反应阚值(MWT),采用肌电图仪测定左侧坐骨神经传导速度(NCV)后处死大鼠;取L3～6的背根神经节和脊髓,采用免疫组化法和Western blot法检测p38MAPK磷酸化水平,采用RT-PCR法检测NMDA受体1(NR1)mRNA表达.结果 与C组比较,D组、I组和M组T1～4时MWT降低,NCV减慢,p38MAPK磷酸化水平升高,NR1 mRNA表达上调(P<0.05);与D组比较,I组和M组MWT升高,NCV加快,T2～4时I组和M组p38MAPK磷酸化水平降低,M组NR1 mRNA表达下调(P<0.05).结论 脊髓NMDA受体激活可能通过p38MAPK信号通路参与大鼠糖尿病神经病理性痛的维持.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.