输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗24例肾盏憩室结石

目的 探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗肾盏憩室结石的临床治疗效果.方法 2011年3月至2013年1月收治肾盏憩室结石24例,均行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,对碎石成功率、手术时间、并发症及复发等情况进行分析.结果 一次性碎石成功19例,碎石成功率为79.1％,20例患者症状消失,平均手术时间（80±21）mm,结石直径平均为（11.5±4.1）mm.分析24例患者的结石成分,其中草酸钙＋碳酸磷灰石结石占50.0％（12例）,草酸钙结石占41.7％（10例）,六水磷酸镁铵结石占8.3％（2例）.所有患者术后均无并发症发生.随访1～6个月,未见结石复发及其他症状出现.结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石是治疗肾盏憩室结石安全、有效的方法之一.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石98例临床观察

目的 探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效、安全性.方法 回顾性分析2010年5月至2012年4月应用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石98例,结石位于肾中上盏54例,下盏31例,肾盂7例,多肾盏结石6例.结石直径8mm ～ 19mm,平均13.2mm.输尿管软镜寻及结石后,使用200μm钬激光光纤碎石.留置DJ管2周.术后4周复查KUB或双肾CT,评估结石排净率.结果 96例寻及结石(96/98,98.0％);一次碎石成功率90.8％(89/98),总的碎石成功率为95.9％ (94/98);术后4周复查总结石排净率为88.8％(87/98).平均手术时间33.7min(15min～58min).术中未出现严重并发症.结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术是处理肾盂肾盏内结石的一种安全有效的微创手段,结石寻及率高,碎石成功率高,结石排净率高,手术并发症少.     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾盏结石

目的：探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾盏结石的疗效。方法：采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾盏结石78例，结石大小0．8～1．8cm，平均1.1cm。经留置输尿管扩张鞘或沿导丝直接置入F7,9输尿管软镜抵达肾盂，寻及结石后以200μm光纤、10 W功率钬激光碎石。结果：78例共有结石81枚．其中上、中盏结石53枚，结石寻及率100％，单次碎石成功率96．2％(51/53)；下盏结石28枚，结石寻及率96．4％(27/78)，单次碎石成功率71．4％(20／28)。无严重并发症发生。结论：输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾盏结石安全、有效．尤其适用于结石体积较小、肾盏无明显积水，以及因解剖特点预期体外冲击波碎石效果不佳的患者。通过软镜能寻及绝大多数肾盏结石，中、上盏结石单次碎石成功率高于下盏结石，与置入钬激光光纤后镜体末端有效弯曲程度减小有关。     

输尿管硬镜联合软镜钬激光治疗肾盂2~3cm结石42例报告

目的探讨输尿管硬镜辅以软镜钬激光碎石治疗2~3 cm肾盂结石的疗效和安全性。方法 2010年6月~2014年6月,采用经尿道输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石或同期辅以输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗2~3 cm肾盂结石42例,对6 mm残石给予分期ESWL、再次输尿管软镜或输尿管硬镜联合微创经皮肾镜取石治疗。结果输尿管硬镜钬激光成功碎石9例,辅以输尿管软镜钬激光成功碎石19例,术后1次ESWL、2次ESWL、输尿管软镜碎石、输尿管镜联合微创经皮肾镜取石成功碎石分别为6例、2例、2例和1例,本组总碎石成功率为92.9%(39/42)。2例≤6 mm残石给予药物治疗,1例进镜失败改为开放手术治愈。术后均有不同程度肉眼血尿,体温38℃7例,无输尿管穿孔、大出血、脓肾等严重并发症发生。结论输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石或辅以输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗2~3 cm肾盂结石安全、有效。术后联合ESWL可以获得较理想的碎石效果。     

组合式输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾及输尿管上段结石97例报告

目的探讨组合式输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石及上段输尿管结石的疗效。方法我院2012年10月~2016年2月采用组合式输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾及输尿管上段结石97例,7例硬腰联合麻醉,90例采用静脉全麻,组合式输尿管软镜寻及结石后使用220μm光纤,1.2~1.6 J/10~12 Hz(12~20 W)功率钬激光碎石。术后常规留置F6~7双J管和导尿管。术后4周复查B超或KUB或CT,评估清石率。结果 2例因输尿管狭窄迂曲,发生输尿管穿孔,输尿管硬镜下留置双J管2周再次行软镜治疗;6例因输尿管狭窄,先置入输尿管支架管2周后二期行软镜碎石;其余89例进镜顺利。3例下盏结石未寻及,余94例手术时间30~190 min,平均100 min。结石寻及率96.9%(94/97),一次碎石成功率88.6%(86/97)。肾中、上盏结石碎石成功率100.0%(25/25),下盏结石碎石成功率75.0%(9/12),肾盂及多肾盏结石碎石成功率85.1%(23/27)。输尿管穿孔2例,无大出血并发症;术后高热5例,体温38.5~39.3℃,经抗感染治疗2~7 d体温恢复正常。术后住院2~7 d,平均3.3 d。术后4周复查B超或KUB或CT,5例残留结石4 mm,其中3例结石位于肾下盏,2例位于多个肾盏。结论组合式输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾及输尿管上段结石疗效满意。     

输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗23例经皮肾术后肾中上盏残余结石

目的 探讨输尿管镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石取石术治疗经皮肾术后肾中上盏残余结石的疗效.方法 用钬激光治疗仪结合Fr8.0/9.8输尿管硬镜下联合气压弹道碎石取石术治疗经皮肾术后肾中上盏残余结石23例,观察其疗效.结果 23例患者共有结石103枚,结石大小8 ～ 36mm,结石寻及率100.0％,一次结石粉碎成功率98.1％,无严重并发症发生.结论 输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗经皮肾术后肾中上盏残余结石是一种可行的疗效优良、安全、经济的微创方法.     

组合式输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石46例报告

目的 探讨组合式输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的安全性和疗效,初步评价组合式输尿管软镜的临床应用价值. 方法 我院2009年12月至2011年5月采用组合式输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的肾结石患者46例,男25例,女21例.年龄22 ～ 65岁,平均41岁.结石位于肾中、上盏19例,肾下盏8例,肾盂15例,多肾盏结石4例.结石直径6～31 mm,平均15 mm,其中结石直径＜ 10 mm组8例,10～20 mm组32例,＞20 mm组6例.硬膜外麻醉下,采用组合式输尿管软镜寻及结石后使用200 μm光纤,0.8～1.0 J/15～20 Hz(12～20W)功率钬激光碎石.术后常规留置5～6F双J管和导尿管.评估手术时间、出血量及并发症情况.术后4周复查B超或KUB,评估结石排净率.直径≥4 mm为有临床意义的残留结石. 结果 本组46例中,1例因输尿管狭窄,输尿管软镜无法上行至肾盂而改行PCNL;45例进镜顺利,1例下盏结石未寻及,余44例手术时间45～150 min,平均110 min.结石寻及率95.6％(44/46),一次碎石成功率86.9％ (40/46).肾中、上盏结石碎石成功率为100.0％ (19/19),下盏结石碎石成功率75.0％(6/8),肾盂及多肾盏结石碎石成功率为83.3％(15/18).结石直径＜10 mm组一次碎石成功率为100.0％ (8/8),10 ～ 20 mm组为93.7％(30/32),＞20 mm组为40.0％( 2/5).无大出血、输尿管穿孔等并发症.术后第2天拔除导尿管,术后住院2～5d,平均3d.术后4周复查B超或KUB,5例残留结石≥4 mm,其中2例结石位于肾下盏,3例位于多个肾盏或肾盂. 结论 组合式输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石安全、疗效满意.     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石(附56例报告)

目的:探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效。方法:采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石56例,结石大小0.8~1.6cm,平均1.2cm。经输尿管硬镜扩张后留置输尿管扩张鞘,寻及结石以200μm光纤、0.8~1.2J/5~10Hz功率钬激光碎石。结果:56例共有结石62枚,结石寻及率96.8%,单次碎石成功率92%(57/62)。手术时间30~60min,平均45min,术后住院1~4天,平均3天,无脓肾、输尿管穿孔等并发症。结论:输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石安全、有效,尤其适用于结石体积较小、肾盏无明显积水,以及因解剖特点预期ESWL效果不佳的患者,治疗肾结石疗效确切,并发症少。     

输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石1015例疗效分析

目的总结输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗1015例输尿管结石的临床体会。方法 2004年11月~2013年12月采用输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石1015例,680例输尿管中下段结石仅用输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石,在335例输尿管上段结石中,对前期186例碎石中漂入肾盂内结石或6 mm碎石同期用输尿管软镜碎石或分期ESWL,后期146例应用NTrap网蓝预防输尿管上段结石漂入肾盂,当有结石或6 mm碎石漂入肾盂时同期用输尿管软镜或分期ESWL碎石。结果输尿管中下段结石碎石成功率97.5%(663/680)。输尿管上段结石单纯输尿管镜钬激光碎石成功率60.2%(112/186);对漂入肾盂结石或碎石同期应用输尿管软镜碎石,碎石成功率88.2%(164/186);输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石前辅以NTrap网篮成功碎石率89.9%(134/149)。进镜失败6例,输尿管穿孔3例,假道7例,输尿管撕脱1例,尿脓毒血症2例,肾周血肿1例。756例(输尿管上段结石255例,下段结石501例)随访6~12个月,临床症状均消失,B超复查190例,肾盂、肾盏扩张消失176例,明显好转14例,无结石复发,其中24例漂入肾盂≤6 mm碎石,经药物治疗排出碎石5例,19例无变化。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管中下段结石安全、有效,对输尿管上段结石辅以NTrap网篮或输尿管软镜有助于提高成功碎石率。     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石(附65例报告)

目的探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的疗效。方法采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗ESWL失败且无明显肾积水的肾结石患者65例,其中上盏结石25枚,中盏结石21枚,下盏结石18枚,肾盂结石11枚。结石大小平均1.5(0.8～1.8)cm。门诊留置双J管2周后,术中拔除,并留置输尿管扩张鞘,寻及结石,以200μm光纤、1.0～1.5 J(5～10 Hz)功率钬激光碎石。结果本组65例共有结石75枚,结石寻及率93.3%(70/75),单次碎石成功率90.7%(68/75)。手术时间平均45(30～60)min,术后住院时间平均4(2～7)d。术后5例出现腰痛伴发热,行抗炎对症治疗后痊愈,无脓肾、输尿管穿孔等并发症。60例平均随访8(3～15)个月,无结石复发。结论输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石安全、有效,并发症少,是ESWL及PCNL处理肾结石的有效补充。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.