经尿道输尿管下段钬激光切除术治疗肾盂输尿管癌

目的探讨上尿路尿路上皮癌(upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma,UUT-UC)根治术中经尿道膀胱镜下行袖套状膀胱、输尿管下段切除的可行性。方法回顾性分析2003年7月~2011年12月76例肾盂癌、中上段输尿管癌患者的资料。按医生建议和患者意愿分为2组。膀胱、输尿管下段切除分别采用经尿道膀胱镜下钬激光袖套状切除(膀胱镜组,36例)和开放手术(开放组,40例),肾切除均为开放手术。对2组手术时间、术后下床时间和术后住院时间进行比较。结果2组手术均顺利完成,无并发症。与开放组相比,膀胱镜组手术时间短[(177.2±36.9)min vs.(229.6±28.1)min,t=-7.004,P=0.000],下床活动早[(2.7±0.7)d vs.(4.1±1.0)d,t=-6.802,P=0.000],住院时间短[(6.9±1.0)d vs.(8.6±1.5)d,t=-5.448,P=0.000]。2组术后随访6~120个月,中位数32个月,未见转移和复发。结论经尿道术式的创伤程度、术后恢复时间等优于传统开放手术。经尿道膀胱镜钬激光袖套状切除膀胱、输尿管下段是肾盂癌和输尿管癌根治术中微创、安全的方法。     

后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附7例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技巧。方法:用后腹腔镜辅助小切口为7例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌4例,输尿管癌3例。结果:7例手术均获成功,手术时间90~120min,平均108min,术中出血50~150ml,平均80ml。术后平均住院10d,无严重并发症发生。随访4~33个月,无肿瘤复发。结论:采用后腹腔镜辅助小切口肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有患者创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、并发症少、切除更完全等优点。     

上尿路上皮癌手术中输尿管膀胱壁内段3种切除方法的疗效比较

目的比较开放式袖套状切除、经尿道电切以及经尿道铥激光切除输尿管膀胱壁内段治疗上尿路上皮癌的疗效。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学附属第一人民医院2004年5月至2009年5月利用3种不同方法切除输尿管膀胱壁内段治疗上尿路上皮癌的病例共49例。其中开放性输尿管膀胱壁内段袖套状切除术22例（A组）,经尿道电切镜切除输尿管膀胱壁内段15例（B组）,经尿道铥激光输尿管膀胱壁内段切除12例（C组）。比较3种方法的手术时间、术中失血量、导尿管留置时间、腹膜后引流管留置时间、术后住院时间以及肿瘤复发率。结果B、c两组与A组相比,手术时间明显缩短（平均分别为198、183、262rain,P〈0．05）;术中失血量明显减少（平均分别为140、135、363mL,P〈O．05）;术后住院时间明显缩短（平均10、8、12d,P〈o．05）;而B、C两组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。3组术后腹膜后引流管与导尿管平均留置时间无明显差异（P〉O．05）。中位随访时间49个月（12～72个月）,其中A组术后膀胱肿瘤复发5例（2互7％）,腹膜后肿瘤复发1例（6．7％）;B组术后膀胱肿瘤复发4例（26．7％）;C组术后膀胱肿瘤复发2例（16．7％）。对比3组术后膀胱肿瘤复发率,差异无统计学意义（P=0．91）。结论与传统开放手术行输尿管膀胱壁内段袖套状切除术相比较,经尿道输尿管膀胱壁内段电切除术或激光切除术手术时间短、术后出血少、恢复快、不增加术后肿瘤种植及复发率。其中经尿道铥激光输尿管膀胱壁内段切除术更具有切割精确、手术安全性高等特点,有较好的临床应用前景。     

不同术式对肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌的影响(附94例报告)

目的：探讨肾盂输尿管癌的最佳手术方式及预防术后再发膀胱癌的有效措施。方法;对94例采用不同术式治疗肾盂输尿管癌患者术后再发膀胱癌的临床资料进行总结。结果：单发肾盂或输尿管行肾盂输尿管切除术（未切除壁间断输尿管及管口周围部分膀胱）术后膀胱再发率为54．5％（6／11）,明显高于肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术（23．5％,12／51）和改良膀胱粘膜袖套状切除法肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术（33．3％,3／9）,差别有显著性意义（P＜0．05）;后二者比较差别无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。肾盂输尿管癌术后再发时间短,多位于病侧管口周围。肾盂输尿管多器官癌行肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术后膀胱癌再发率为72．2％（13／18）,与改良膀胱粘膜袖套状切除法肾盂输尿管膀胱部分切除术60％（3／5）比较,差别无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。结论：改良膀胱粘膜袖套状切除法可防止瘤细胞种植,是一良好的治疗方法。彻底切除病侧管口周围部分膀胱壁是预防术后再发膀胱癌的关键。     

经尿道电切联合后腹腔镜在上尿路肿瘤手术中的应用体会

目的:探讨应用经尿道等离子电切镜联合后腹腔镜行膀胱输尿管口袖套状切除加肾输尿管全长切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的可行性及安全性。方法:选取12例上尿路移行细胞癌患者,首先取截石位,应用经尿道等离子电切镜行膀胱输尿管口袖套状切除术,再改为健侧卧位采用后腹腔镜行肾输尿管切除,术中游离出输尿管中上段,最后采取麦氏点或反麦氏点切口游离输尿管下段并取出标本。术后常规行膀胱灌注化疗。结果:手术均获成功,手术时间平均(155.3±13.3)min,出血量平均(81.3±20.8)ml,术后平均(9.1±0.9)d出院,无严重并发症发生。术后随访1.5年,1例发生膀胱移行细胞癌。结论:经尿道等离子电切镜联合后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管上尿路移行细胞癌安全、可行,具有术后康复快、手术创伤小及并发症少等优点,具有良好的应用前景。     

后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的疗效.方法:对7例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行后腹腔镜下肾脏切除术,经同侧下腹斜切口切除输尿管肿瘤或下段输尿管并行膀胱袖套状切除,完整取出切除的肾输尿管标本.术后常规卡介苗膀胱灌注.结果:手术时间210～240 min;术中出血量80～200 ml;术后8 d出院,无严重并发症发生.随访0.5～1.5年,1例肿瘤局部复发伴肝脏转移,其余无复发.结论:后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌,是一种安全有效的术式,具有痛苦小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点.     

手助腹腔镜在上尿路移行细胞癌治疗中的应用

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜在肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术中的应用价值。方法：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术，加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞肿瘤7例(其中经腹腔途径5例，经腹膜后途径2例)。病理类型均为移行细胞癌(肾盂移行细胞癌5例，输尿管移行细胞癌1例，肾盂和输尿管多发性移行细胞癌1例)。结果：7例手助腹腔镜手术均获成功。手术时间50～150min，平均97．5min；术中出血50～300ml，平均111．4ml；术后住院时间7～53d。结论：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌，是一种可选择的新的手术方式，与开放手术相比，具有损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌的临床效果.方法 上尿路上皮癌患者82例(肾盂癌69例,输尿管癌13例).男39例,女43例.平均年龄65(37～82)岁.电切镜经尿道膀胱袖状分离输尿管管口及壁内段,后腹腔镜下切除肾、输尿管.观察手术时间、术中出血量、引流管留置时间、尿管留置时间、术后住院日及术后并发症等.随访肿瘤转移与复发情况.结果 82例手术顺利.手术平均时间135(95～210)min.术中平均失血110(60～260)ml.术后引流管平均留置3(2～4)d.尿管平均留置6(5～7)d.术后平均住院7(6～9)d.74例患者获随访平均31(6～76)个月.高级别浸润性癌随访16例,复发转移3例;高级别与低级别非浸润性癌分别随访29例,膀胱内复发5例(高级别3例,低级别2例);切口部位肿瘤转移复发1例.3年随访肿瘤复发率为10.6%(5/47).结果 后腹腔镜下肾输尿管切除加经尿道膀胱袖状切除治疗上尿路上皮癌,输尿管口周围组织及输尿管壁内段切除确切,创伤小、康复快,手术安全易行,疗效可靠.     

经腹腔完全腔镜下肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除中输尿管末段处理的经验总结

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜下肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤的手术技巧(尤其是末段输尿管的处理技术)及围手术期临床指标。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月～2017年7月在我院接受经完全腹腔下肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除术的87例上尿路尿路上皮癌(UTUC)患者的临床资料,其中男43例,女44例,平均年龄(67.25±9.90)岁;肾盂癌47例,肾盂癌合并输尿管癌10例,输尿管癌30例(输尿管上段癌12例,输尿管中段癌9例,输尿管下段癌11例);左侧49例,右侧38例;肿瘤平均直径(3.24±1.47)cm。87例患者均行全麻下经腹腔完全腹腔镜下肾、输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术,采用健侧卧位,术中无需改换体位。记录手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血情况、引流管留置时间、尿管留置时间、术后并发症。结果:87例手术顺利,无中转开放手术。平均手术时间(162.50±45.64)min,平均术中失血(113.33±59.74)ml,无围手术期输血。术后引流管平均留置(4.56±1.12)d,尿管平均留置(5.63±2.17)d。无术中并发症,术后出现并发症2例手术标本切缘均为阴性。术后病理分期T_1～T_4N_0M_0(T_1期24例,T_2期19例,T_3期37例,T_4期7例)。随访时间1～44个月,平均13个月,术后肿瘤复发8例。结论:经腹腔完全腹腔镜下肾输尿管膀胱袖状切除术对于UTUC的治疗安全有效,在处理下段输尿管时预先切断脐内侧襞可以增加操作空间,降低手术难度。     

经腹腔入路完全腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管切除及膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路尿路上皮肿瘤的临床研究

目的探讨经腹腔入路完全腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路尿路上皮肿瘤的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2014年12月本中心收治的49例行根治性肾输尿管及膀胱袖状切除术的上尿路尿路上皮肿瘤患者的临床资料。其中28例(57.14%)行经腹腔入路完全腹腔镜肾输尿管切除及膀胱袖状切除术(A组),21例(42.86%)行经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾输尿管切除联合开放输尿管远端及膀胱袖状切除术(B组)。本研究从手术时间、失血量、术后住院时间、肿瘤病理分期及分级、肿瘤复发率进行两组间比较。结果两组共49名患者,手术均顺利完成,无中转手术。A组与B组患者平均年龄、性别比、体重指数(BMI)、首诊原因、肿瘤位置比较,差异无统计学意义。A组手术时间[(112.9±33.8)分钟]较B组[(170.0±50.3)分钟]明显缩短(P0.001);A组术中出血量[(72.9±35.2)ml]明显少于B组[(120.5±71.1)ml](P=0.009)。两组均无术中并发症,A组无术后并发症,但B组术后出现1例下腹切口脂肪液化。A组患者术后住院时间[(11.0±2.8)天]明显少于B组[(16.1±6.0)天](P0.001)。手术标本切缘均为阴性。两组之间病理分级分期分布无统计学差异。A、B两组的中位随访时间分别为24个月及29.5个月。两组间尿路上皮无肿瘤复发生存率、肿瘤无转移生存率、肿瘤特异性生存率无显著差异(Log-rank检验;UTFS:P=0.47;MFS:P=0.53;CSS:P=0.90)。结论经腹腔入路完全腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管切除及膀胱袖状切除术是一种安全、有效的改良方法。术中无需变更患者体位、手术失血量少、手术时间较短及术后住院康复速度快是其主要优势。但今后还需要进行长期的随访以获得更有参考价值的肿瘤学结果。     

The Central Role of the Nose in the Face and the Psyche: Review of the Nose and the Psyche

Background According to statistics released by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons in 2006, rhinoplasty is one of the most sought after aesthetic surgeries by ethnic patients and teenagers. It also is the most requested aesthetic operation by patients with body dysmorphic disorder. The psychosocial aspect of rhinoplasty is undeniable. Tagliacozzi in 1567 and Joseph more than a century ago were already aware of this aspect. Methods Using the terms “rhinoplasty,” “patients selection,” “psychological aspect,” and psychological outcome,” 30 studies were selected through searches of the MEDLINE, PUBMED, and EMBASE databases,. This review aimed to analyze how the most acknowledged experts of psychology, facial plastic surgery, and plastic surgery who have worked on the psychological outcome for rhinoplasty during the past century considered the nose–psyche relationship and the influence of rhinoplasty at the psychological level. Results The link between rhinoplasty, psychology, and social environment has been discussed by many important authors during the past century. All of them, independently of their field of study, have stressed that it is critical for surgeons to be aware of their responsibility regarding both the physical and emotional levels. There is evidence that an official preoperative interview is lacking. Conclusions To recognize the importance of rhinoplasty’s psychological implications, it is critical to make a good selection of patients seeking this operation and to have a good outcome. To this end, the preoperative interview is fundamental. Surgeons should be competent at both the psychological and surgical levels.     

国产与进口6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液容量治疗疗效和安全性的对比研究

目的 与进口6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液进行对比性研究,评价国产6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液的有效性及安全性.方法 患者随机分为研究组123例,对照组117例,术中输注研究药物或对照药物10 ml·kg-1·h-1,输注时间 2 h,期间观察患者生命体征,记录液体出入量与合并用药,比较术前和输注后血常规、血电解质、凝血功能、肝肾功能、尿常规指标变化;并记录术中不良事件发生与处理.结果 两组患者用药期间BP、HR、SpO2均能维持正常,BP和HR的变化率两组间差异无统计学意义.两组患者术中出入量、应用血管活性药物及应用血液制品人数与用量组间差异无统计学意义.输注后两组Hct、Hb下降幅度一致,血K+、Na+略低于应用前,血Cl-高于应用前,血糖有升高,PT、APTT时间延长,TT时间略缩短.肝功能ALT、AST超过正常值1.5倍的两组各有4例.肾功能BUN、Cr研究组有11例,对照组7例高于正常.结论 国产6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液用于全麻下非心脏外科手术患者术中容量治疗扩容效果安全可靠,与进口6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液作用相似.     

Rheoencephalography and the study of the pulsation of the cervical vascular network in the diagnosis of goiter and neck and mediastinal tumors

The authors have applied rheography of the brain and sphygmography of the vessels of the neck and mediastinum for the diagnosis of compression of the neck vessels and organs in goiter and tumors of retrosternal and deep cervical localization. The methods allow to recognize stenosing of the vessels in early stages and facilitate the diagnosis of these conditions.     

Preservation of the pylorus and resection of the head of the pancreas

The historical evolution of the pylorus-preservation resection of the head of the pancreas is traced from the first resections early in this century to relative standardization of the operation, to a lowering of the operative mortality, and to an interest in improving nutritional status after resection. There are many theoretical advantages for the function of the upper gastrointestinal tract after pylorus and gastric preservation, such as maintenance of gastric capacitance and equilibration of osmotic pressure in gastric digestants, foodstuff digestion and absorption, and bowel motility. After the pylorus-preserving resection, gastric emptying is normal, pyloric function to prevent duodenal reflux is often normal, and gastric acids and serum levels of duodenal hormones are at normal levels, whereas after standard pancreatoduodenectomy, all of these are often abnormal. No prospective blinded studies have been published comparing nutritional values after the two operative procedures, but evidence is presented of a satisfactory result with regard to gastric capacitance, body weight gain, and lack of postgastrectomy symptoms. An undoubted advantage of the pylorus-preserving feature is a simplification of the operation. These gains are achieved without increase in operative mortality, without increase in the incidence of jejunal ulcer, and without theoretical or actual decrease in value of the procedure as a cancer operation, except in patients with duodenal carcinoma proximal to the ampulla of Vater.     

Anatomy of the pancreas and the spleen

The pancreas comprises a head, uncinate process, neck, body and tail. It lies retroperitoneally, roughly at the transpyloric plane, separated from the stomach in front by the lesser sac. Its tail abuts onto the spleen. It has a rich blood supply, from the superior and inferior pancreatico-duodenal arteries and, particularly, from the tortuous splenic artery, which lies along its superior border. Its corresponding veins drain into the portal system. It has both exocrine (digestive enzymes), and endocrine secretory functions, the latter, most importantly, being the secretion of insulin from the islet cells. It also secretes glucagon, somatostatin and gastrin.