经阴道耻骨上自体筋膜膀胱颈吊带术治疗女性Ⅲ型压力性尿失禁

目的 探讨经阴道耻骨上自体筋膜膀胱颈吊带术(PV sling)治疗女性Ⅲ型压力性尿失禁(SUI)的疗效.方法 女性Ⅲ型SUI患者9例,其中TVT术后无效3例,先天性尿道括约肌发育不良2例,骨盆骨折致尿道括约肌受损1例,初诊Ⅲ型SUI 3例.9例均接受PV sling手术.选用自体梭形腹直肌筋膜条,调整固定线张力,使筋膜条对膀胱颈保持恰当的悬吊挤压力.术后行1 h尿垫试验和膀胱残余尿测定,术后3个月行最大尿流率(Qmax)、最大尿道闭合压(MUCP)和腹腔漏尿点压(ALPP)测定,评估疗效.结果 9例手术时间平均75(60～90)min,术中出血量平均76(60～100)ml.术中发生膀胱穿孔2例,术后切口感染1例,经引流换药后治愈.术后5 d拔除尿管,排尿良好4例;出现尿潴留1例,经间歇导尿12 d后恢复自主排尿.8例随访3～28个月,外伤后尿失禁1例术后1个月复发,完全控尿7例.1 h尿垫实验由术前平均58(45～75)g降至1.1(0～2)g;平均残余尿<65(0～80)ml.6例术前Qmax、MUCP和ALPP分别为(10.5±2.7)ml/s,(1 5.5±3.4)cmH2O和(40.4±8.2)cm H2O,术后3个月分别为(26.5±3.9)ml/s,(49.8±6.7)cm H 2O和(98.6±12.2)cm H2O,手术前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 经阴道耻骨上自体筋膜膀胱颈吊带术治疗女性Ⅲ型压力性尿失禁安全有效.     

无张力阴道吊带术治疗压力性尿失禁(附10例报告)

目的探讨无张力阴道吊带术(TVT)的手术方法、适应证及并发症的预防. 方法女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)患者10例,平均年龄52岁.漏尿病史平均7年,其中8例为轻中度SUI,加压期尿道压力>10 cmH2O,2例为重度SUI,加压期尿道压力<10 cmH2O.经阴道前壁行无张力阴道吊带术. 结果 10例SUI均得到满意的控尿效果.1例患者术后剩余尿100 ml,但主观评价明显改善.随访13～21个月,无SUI症状复发,无排尿困难及尿路感染. 结论 TVT是一种简便、快捷的SUI治疗方法,疗效满意,可以减少患者的痛苦和缩短住院时间.     

改良自体原位阴道前壁吊带治疗女性压力性尿失禁(附10例报告)

目的:探讨改良自体阴道前壁吊带治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的可行性及近期疗效。方法:参照TVT-O设计原理,采用自体原位阴道壁吊带治疗女性压力性尿失禁患者10例。取自体阴道壁吊带,将阴道壁吊带两端缝合于盆筋膜腱弓,无需特殊手术器械经闭孔穿刺。结果:10例患者都顺利完成手术,手术平均时间65min,术中平均出血约35ml。无一例出现假性囊肿、感染等并发症。住院时间4～7d,平均5d,术后10例患者尿失禁症状消失,无需配戴尿垫,患者主诉满意。随访9个月～2年,1例术后3个月时复发;1例术后出现排尿困难,给予导尿及药物治疗后症状改善。结论:自行设计改良的自体阴道壁吊带治疗女性压力性尿失禁安全可行,效果同TVT-O手术,但手术费用低。阴道壁吊带是自身组织,避免了TVT-O手术的尿道吊带侵蚀反应的发生。本组病例较少,长期疗效需进一步随诊观察。     

无张力尿道中段吊带术联合proliftTM网片治疗女性压力性尿失禁合并膀胱脱垂的早期经验

目的探讨经阴道无张力尿道中段吊带术(TVT)联合proliftTM前盆底修复治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)合并膀胱脱垂患者的可行性、安全性及早期疗效。方法 2011年5月至2012年6月我院收治女性SUI合并膀胱脱垂患者16例,年龄50~72岁,平均58岁。病程2~5年,术前尿动力学检查提示真性SUI,均伴有明显阴道前壁膨出及膀胱脱垂。在腰硬联合麻醉下行TVT+proliftTM前盆底修复手术治疗。结果 16例手术均顺利完成,手术时间45~65min,平均50min;术中出血量15~50ml。术后3~4d拔除尿管,1例因穿刺时损伤膀胱,延迟至7d拔尿管。术后随访1~18个月,平均9个月。所有患者阴道前壁膨出及膀胱脱垂均得到完全修复,尿失禁症状均缓解,咳嗽等腹压增加时无漏尿发生。结论 TVT联合proliftTM前盆底修复治疗女性SUI合并膀胱脱垂患者安全、微创、操作简单易行,近期疗效好。     

经皮穿刺阴道壁悬吊术和无张力阴道吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁对比研究

目的 评价经皮穿刺阴道壁悬吊术(VWS-PP)及无张力阴道吊带术(TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的疗效.方法 女性SUI患者26例,其中行VWS-PP14例,TVT12例.术后6周、6个月及1年随访,以术后腹压增加有无尿溢出为疗效判断标准.结果 2组患者年龄,病程比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).VWS-PP组手术时间60～90 min,平均80 min;TVT组25～50min,平均35 min,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);2组治愈例数比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 VWS-PP和TVT2种术式均为治疗女性SUI安全有效的微创手术,2者疗效相似,VWS-PP手术时间较长,但创伤小,能准确调整吊带之松紧度.     

超声尿动力学检查对女性压力性尿失禁行TVT-O手术的指导价值

目的 探讨超声尿动力学检查对女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的诊断价值及其对经闭孔阴道无张力吊带术(TVT-O)手术的指导价值.方法 对41例SUI患者行超声尿动力学检查,重点了解膀胱尿道连接部活动度( UVJ-M)及腹压漏尿点压力(ALPP),并据此对SUI进行分型,再结合尿失禁临床分度以决定行TVT-O手术.结果 A型,UVJ-M≤l.5cm,ALPP ＞55cmH2O,7例;B型,UVJ-M＞1.5cm,ALPP＞55 cmH2O,11例;C型,UVJ-M≤1.5cm,ALPP≤55cmH2O,10例;D型,UVJ-M＞1.5cm,ALPP≤55cmH2O,13例;其中B型中的Ⅱ度、C型和D型患者共26例行TVT-O手术治疗.术后随访时间3～ 29个月,平均11个月.拔管后除2例重度咳嗽时有漏尿现象外,其余皆尿失禁消失,无一例复发.结论 超声尿动力学检查对SUI患者选择TVT-O手术有客观的针对性,具有重要的指导价值.     

T—consling吊带治疗女性压力性尿失禁13例报告

目的：探讨T—consling吊带治疗女性压力性尿失禁（SUI）的适应证和疗效。方法：回顾性分析采用T—consling吊带治疗13例FSUI患者的临床资料。年龄45～79（58．3±8．9）岁;产次1～5（2．6±1．1）次;体质指数21．0～27．3（24．64-1,8）kg／m^2;病程4～27（5．8±3．4）年。膀胱颈抬举试验、咳嗽试验均阳性,均无盆腔手术史以及抗尿失禁手术史,3例阴道前壁轻度脱垂,l例阴道前壁重度脱垂。尿动力学检查均无膀胱出口梗阻,腹乐漏尿点压（AI．PP）为34～127（65．8±22．6）cmH2O。根据对TVT—s疗效评估方法,对术后效果的评估主要依靠客观和主观评价,观察指标包括手术时间、术后并发症、随访。结果：13例手术时间15～45min,平均25rain;术中出血量10～35ml,平均20ml。术后10例症状完全消失,治愈率76．9％。2例手术完全无效,其中1例行二次手术,术后仍无效;l例术后发生排尿困难。随访6～12个月,平均7．8个月,最大尿流率（Q…）（18．7±5．2）ml／S．尿道阻力因子（URA）（9．3±4．7）cmH。O,与术前比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：T—consling吊带治疗女性SUI操作简单。易掌握,对于中轻度SUI患者近期治愈率高,且安全性好。     

局麻下Sparc吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁(附42例报告)

目的　介绍耻骨上入路无张力尿道吊带术 (Sparc)治疗女性压力性尿失禁 (SUI)的经验。　方法　局麻下采用Sparc吊带术治疗SUI患者 4 2例。平均年龄 5 4岁 ,病史 12年 ,腹腔漏尿点压(ALPP) <6 0cmH2 O ,剩余尿量均 <2 0ml。 4例伴不稳定膀胱。手术时间平均 2 0min ,术后次日晨拔除尿管自行排尿 ,4周内避免过度活动。　结果　 4 2例患者术后拔除尿管均能自行排尿并满意控尿。 7例患者出现不同程度不稳定膀胱症状 ,经对症处理缓解。随访 3～ 12个月 ,平均 6个月 ,无SUI症状复发及排尿困难 ,无与移植物有关的并发症发生。　结论　局麻下Sparc吊带术治疗SUI简便、安全 ,疗效满意     

无张力性阴道吊带治疗女性压力性尿失禁的临床疗效

目的　探讨无张力性经阴道尿道中段吊带术(TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的临床疗效。　方法　对42例压力性或混合性尿失禁的女性患者进行了TVT手术治疗。年龄31 ~69岁,平均48岁,病程3 ~21年。行腹压漏尿点压(ALPP)测定。按照McGurire的方法分型,ALPP>9. 81kPa(Ⅰ型)8例,ALPP6. 38~9. 81kPa(Ⅱ型)12例,ALPP<6. 38kPa(Ⅲ型)22例。　结果　平均手术时间40min(30~90min),平均术后住院4. 5d(3 ~8d)。42例随访4 ~18个月,平均15个月,无SUI复发, 34例单纯性SUI患者治愈32例,治愈率94. 1%,显效2例(5. 9% ); 8例混合性尿失禁患者中治愈7例,显效1例。术后发生尿潴留4例, 1例作松解术, 3例延长导尿管留置后缓解。42例术后均无尿失禁。　结论　TVT是治疗女性SUI安全有效的方法,手术安全易行,创伤小,康复快,近期效果满意。     

InVance球部悬吊术治疗男性前列腺术后尿失禁（附5例报告）

目的探讨InVance球部悬吊术治疗男性尿失禁的安全性及有效性。方法2003年3月～2008年1月,应用InVance球部悬吊术治疗5例前列腺手术后尿失禁（经尿道前列腺电切术后4例,前列腺癌根治术后1例）。年龄62～76岁,平均67岁。尿失禁病程2～6年,平均4年。保守治疗无效。术前尿动力学检查平均漏尿点压力25.5cmH2O（20～32.5cmH2O）。截石位,会阴正中皮肤纵行切开3～5cm,显露尿道球部浅面球海绵体肌及双侧耻骨下支。采用InVance器械,电钻将带有1号不吸收合成线的钛螺钉分别在两侧的耻骨联合与耻骨下支连接部和其下约2cm处打钉6个。将聚丙烯筛网材料吊带裁剪成约3cm×4cm,将一侧耻骨下支上的三条合成线穿过吊网两角分别结扎固定,术中增加腹压后（下腹部加压等）咳嗽试验调节吊带的松紧度,或将逆行尿道漏尿点压调整为60cmH2O,留置导尿管。结果手术时间50～85min,平均60min。出血20～50ml,平均30ml。5天拔除气囊导尿管,均能自行排尿。5例随访6～24个月,平均12.6月,4例经尿道前列腺电切术后者尿失禁治愈,1例前列腺癌根治术后者尿失禁改善;尿动力学检查平均漏尿点压力65cmH2O（55～70cmHO）。结论InVance球部悬吊术是一种可治疗前列腺术后轻中度尿失禁的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.