Laparoscopic coloanal anastomosis for low rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Low anterior resection with hand-sutured coloanal anastomosis for low rectal cancer is technically feasible, and it does not compromise oncologic results. We describe herein the effectiveness of the operation in treating low rectal cancer by a laparoscopic approach followed by intraanal canal dissection. METHODS: From February 1999 to October 1999, we used a laparoscopic procedure to divide the inferior mesenteric vessels and to dissect downward into the pelvic cavity as low as possible. A purse-string suture 1-cm distal to the lower margin of the tumor was secured and transection of the rectum was performed circumferentially via the anal canal near the dentate line. The specimen was removed by the pull-through method and coloanal anastomosis was completed with hand suture. A protective loop ileostomy was fashioned. RESULTS: We operated on 8 patients (4 males) with low tumor localization (average 4-cm above the dentate line). The age ranged from 45 to 83 years, with a median age of 64. The average operation time was 210 minutes (150 to 360 minutes), and the average blood loss was 250 cc (minimal to 750 cc). No operative mortalities occurred, but 2 patients had minor anastomotic slough complications. The average hospital stay was 13 days (7 to 26 days). The postoperative pathologic stage was T2N0M0 in 4 patients, T3N0M0 in 2 patients, T2N1M0 in 1 patient, and T3N2M0 in 1 patient. No local recurrence or distant metastasis occurred during the median 14 months (12 to 20 months) of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic coloanal anastomosis combined with intraanal canal dissection is safe and technically feasible. The oncologic results seem not to be compromised, but need further evaluation.     

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目的　探讨结肠肛管吻合术在低位直肠癌术中的保肛作用及一些相关问题。方法　回顾性分析北京协和医院外科 1991年 5月至 2004年 10月共 35例低位直肠癌行结肠肛管吻合术的临床资料。结果　全组手术进程顺利,术后发生吻合口漏和吻合口出血各 1例。按Parks制定的标准,术后肛门功能优良率为 84. 4%。肿瘤术后局部复发率为 5. 7%, 3年存活率为 87 .5%, 5年存活率为 65. 4%。结论　结肠肛管吻合术作为保肛手术的一种术式可用于普通手术时无法保留肛门的低位直肠癌病人。     

Permanent diversion rates after neoadjuvant therapy and coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the rate of permanent diversion in patients undergoing coloanal anastomosis after neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of patients with rectal cancer who underwent a total mesorectal excision of a tumor within 9 cm of the anal verge.

Results

There were 201 patients who underwent resection with coloanal anastomosis, with a mean follow-up period of 51 months. The average tumor distance from the anal verge was 7 cm (range, 4-9 cm). Neoadjuvant therapy was administrated in 145 patients, 47 had no radiation, and 9 received radiation postoperatively. Thirty-two patients (16%) had long-term complications including incontinence, fistulas, and strictures. Twenty-five patients (12%) had recurrent disease, 16 of these were local recurrence. The total rate of permanent diversion was 29 (14%). Reasons for diversion included local recurrence in 12 patients (6%), complications in 10 patients (5%), and poor function in 7 patients (3%).

Conclusions

Poor bowel function, late complications, and local recurrence all contribute to permanent diversion after a coloanal anastomosis. Neoadjuvant therapy in conjunction with a total mesorectal excision and coloanal anastomosis leads to acceptably low permanent diversion rates in the vast majority of patients.     

Total rectal resection,mesorectum excision,and coloendoanal anastomosis: A therapeutic option for the treatment of low rectal cancer

Background: There is recent and sporadic evidence indicating that patients with very low rectal cancer may be treated via a sphincter-saving procedure, obviating the need for abdominoperineal resection and definitive colostomy. This study confirms these findings. Methods: From March 1990 to October 1994, 79 patients affected with primary low rectal cancers were submitted for total rectal resection, mesorectum excision, and coloendoanal anastomosis. All lesions were located within 8 cm of the anal verge (within 6 cm in 64 cases). Results: Eight patients relapsed at the pelvic level, and one patient only at the paraanastomotic site. Postoperative morbidity attributable to the procedure was low. A perfect continence was documented in 66% of cases after colostomy closure, and many patients (63%) had one or two bowel movements a day. Sixty-two patients of this series are alive, 49 without actual evidence of disease. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 56 months (median 23). Conclusions: The clinical and pathological data derived from this study suggest that radical mesorectum excision more than a large clearance margin of resection remains the most important factor in reducing the incidence of local relapse after low rectal cancer surgery and that total rectal resection and coloendoanal anastomosis is a suitable and safe option to traditional, demolitive surgical techniques.Presented at the 48th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, March 23–26, 1995.     

Comparison of colonic J-pouch reconstruction and straight coloanal anastomosis after intersphincteric rectal resection

The tendency towards sphincter-preserving resection for distal rectal cancers has led to the technique of straight coloanal anastomosis (CAA) and colonic J-pouch anal anastomosis (CPA) after low anterior resection. The aim of the present study was to compare complication rate, anorectal physiology and functional results after both types of reconstruction after ultra-low intersphincteric resection. A total of 31 patients who had undergone CPA were followed up prospectively using anorectal manometry and a standardised questionnaire and were compared with 63 patients who had undergone CAA and were followed up in the same way. The complication rate after CPA did not differ significantly from that after CAA. One year postoperatively, the median stool frequency and urgency were reduced after CPA (1.7+/-2.2/day; 7% vs. 2.4+/-3.6/day; 14%; P<0.05). Three months after colostomy/ileostomy closure, the maximum tolerable volume, threshold volume and compliance were decreased after CAA when compared with CPA (55+/-12, 34+/-12, and 3.9+/-0.3 ml/mmHg vs. 85+/-21, 53+/-11 and 6.2 ml/mmHg, respectively; P<0.05). Anal manometry revealed no significant differences in the anal resting and squeeze pressure. One year postoperatively, continence also did not differ significantly between CPA and CAA. Colonic J-pouch reconstruction seems to be superior to the straight coloanal anastomosis, especially during the first postoperative year. In view of the often poor prognosis of the patients, it is the reconstruction of choice after ultra-low resections of the rectum.     

Functional results after “high” coloanal anastomosis and “low” coloanal anastomosis with a colonic J-pouch for rectal carcinoma

The aim of this study was to determine the postoperative function of neorectoanal components using two different types of very low coloanal reconstruction. The two groups of patients assessed were 22 who underwent abdominal rectal resection and stapled “high” coloanal anastomosis without a pouch, being the HCAA-P group; and 34 who underwent anoabdominal rectal resection and “low” coloanal anastomosis with a colonic J-pouch, being the LCAA+P group. Manometric metric examination was performed 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, and the patients were also assessed by a questionnaire. The LCAA+P group had remarkably less daily stool frequency and urgency, but there were no significant differences in the other functional parameters. Maximum resting pressure (MRP) was significantly less, while threshold volume (TV) and maximum tolerable volume (MTV) were greater in the LCAA+P group than in the HCAA-P group. The colonic J-pouch compensated for decreased MRP. Thus, when HCAA-P is performed, 3.0 cm of residual rectum with internal anal sphincter may be required, and construction of the pelvic pouch is desirable in low coloanal anastomosis.     

Intraoperative colonoscopy for stapled anastomosis in colorectal surgery

Although stapling colorectal anastomosis is widely accepted as an alternative for hand-sewn anastomosis, we continue to experience postoperative complications such as anastomotic hemorrhage and leakage, which sometimes lead to serious morbidity or even mortality. To secure stapling colorectal anastomosis, we adopted intraoperative colonoscopy (IOCS). We performed IOCS in 73 cases of colorectal resection with stapling anastomosis from November 2004 to October 2005. Intraoperative colonoscopy revealed active bleeding from stapling anastomosis in 7 patients (9.6%). Of these, additional sutures were done in 6 patients, while the anastomosis was exteriorized in the other. The air leak test performed by IOCS was positive in 4 patients (5.5%), with additional sutures being done in 2 patients and reanastomoses performed in the other 2. Incomplete cutting of the mucosa was found in one patient, but it was successfully managed. Following the introduction of IOCS, there were no cases of postoperative anastomotic hemorrhage, and only one case of anastomotic leakage (1.4%).     

直肠手术各种储袋的应用与评价

结肠储袋能改善低位直肠切除保肛术后早期控制排粪功能障碍,但其对患者术后远期（2年以上）控制排粪功能方面不具有优势。同时,随着时间的延长,排空障碍的发生率将逐渐提高,很多患者出现排粪困难,需要长期应用栓剂和灌肠。而储袋的制作延长了手术时间,增加了治疗费用。所以,低位直肠切除术后结肠储袋的价值正在遭受质疑,它的应用也变得越来越少。在溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和家族性腺瘤性息肉病（FAP）行全结肠切除术后,如果行回肠储袋肛管吻合（IPAA）,可通过增加新建直肠的容积并改变肠管的生理学动力,使排粪次数减少;且术后短期和长期控制排粪功能更好,生活质量更高。所以,IPAA是手术治疗UC和FAP的首选。     

腹腔镜经肛门结肠肛管吻合在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下低位直肠癌根治术中经肛门结肠肛管吻合术（腹腔镜改良Parks手术）的临床应用。方法回顾性分析2009年3月至2012年4月期间65例采用腹腔镜改良Parks手术患者的临床资料,评估其术后并发症以及肛门控粪、排尿和性功能状况。结果全组患者随访6～38月,术后出现吻合VI瘘2例,吻合口狭窄3例,发生肝转移1例,无局部复发病例。术后6月、1年和2年对排粪情况满意者分别占61．5％（40／65）、84．2％（48／57）和88．9％（40／45）。术后1月排尿功能障碍发生率为10．8％（7／65）;男性患者术后1月勃起功能障碍发生率为19．4％（7／36）,射精功能障碍发生率27．8％（10／36）。女性患者术后1月对性生活满意者占65．5％（19／29）。结论腹腔镜改良Parks手术可以提高低位直肠癌患者的的保肛率和较满意的控粪、排尿及性功能。     

Laparoscopic ultralow anterior resection versus laparoscopic pull-through with coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancers: a comparative study

Background

Ultralow anterior resection for mid and distal rectal cancers has been reported routinely performed using either a laparoscopic ultralow anterior resection (LAR) or laparoscopic pull-through with coloanal anastomosis (LPT). This study evaluated the postoperative and functional outcomes.

Methods

Between January 2007 and December 2008, 40 consecutive patients had laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancers. The data were prospectively collected.

Results

There were 21 patients (21 men; mean age 61.2 ± 3.2 years standard error of the mean [SEM]) in the LAR group and 19 (16 men; mean age 61.4 ± 2.4 years SEM) in the LPT group. Tumor characteristics, adjuvant therapy given, mean follow-up (overall 33.5 ± 1.4 months SEM), intraoperative time, blood loss, mesorectum quality, conversion rate (LAR n = 2, LPT n = 1), pain score, time for ileostomy to function, subsequent incontinence scores, and complication rates (LAR n = 7, LPT n = 9) were not different between groups, but benign anastomotic strictures were higher after LPT (n = 4, LAR n = 0, P = .042). The latter was associated with chemoradiotherapy (P = .015). There were 2 systemic cancer recurrences both in the LPT group but no local recurrences to date.

Conclusions

The LAR technique may have less risk of anastomotic strictures, particularly with adjuvant therapy. LPT may be considered selectively for a bulky distal rectal tumor in a small pelvis with comparable functional results.     

经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术作为超低位直肠癌保肛术的初步报告

目的 探讨经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术（PIDCA)联合术前后放疗和化疗对超低位直肠癌保肛手术的治疗效果。方法从2002年6月到2004年10月,对19例患者施行该手术。男性11例,女性8例,平均年龄56岁(41-74岁)。肿瘤分期T,4例、T2 10例、T14例、L1例,肿瘤距离肛缘平均4．4cm(3．5-5．0cm)。经肛门在直视下从距离肿瘤下缘2cm全层切断直肠或肛门内括约肌,通过肛门内外括约肌间隙向上方游离直肠并与经腹完成的直肠游离汇合切除直肠及其系膜,经肛门行结肠肛管吻合,全部患者均未行预防性结肠或回肠造口。结果无手术死亡,吻合口瘘2例(10．5%)。随访时间为3～29个月,平均随访16个月,1例盆腔复发,复发率5．3％。术后肛门括约肌功能比较满意。结论对经过选择的距离肛缘≤5cm的超低位直肠癌结合术前后的盆腔放疗和化疗,PIDCA术是保留肛门括约肌功能较理想、安全的术式,有较好根治性治疗效果,术后肛门括约肌功能比较满意。     

A simple biangulation stapling technique for large anastomoses in gastric surgery

We describe here a new technique for performing the large anastomosis between the jejunal pouch and the remnant stomach in patients undergoing proximal gastrectomy with jejunal pouch interposition. The biangulation method described in this report is a simpler technique than the existing triangulation anastomosis technique, requiring only two applications of a linear stapler. One row of staples forms the posterior wall of the anastomosis and the other forms the anterior wall. When used for jejunal pouch reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy in 12 cases of early gastric cancer, no evidence of anastomotic leakage or stenosis was apparent from barium meal studies or endoscopic examination. We find this biangulation technique to be a simple and safe procedure that is ideal for anastomoses of large diameter.     

直肠癌低前切除结肠J型贮袋吻合与直接吻合的Meta分析

目的：评价直肠癌低前切除后采用结肠J型贮袋直肠肛管吻合与直接吻合相比对术后排便功能的影响。方法：从中下段直肠癌病例为研究对象,用rectal cancer,J pouch,randomized等作为关键词,检索出符合入选标准的随机对照临床试验,采用固定效应模型与随机效应模型对患者术后1年的排便功能及直肠生理指标进行Meta分析。结果：共筛选出符合入选标准的随机对照临床试验8项（378例）。术后1年结肠贮袋组在24h排便频次、有无急迫感和是否需要药物治疗方面均优于直接吻合组;2组在5项生理性评估指标中仅1项差异有显著性意义。结论：中下段直肠癌切除术后采用结肠J型贮袋直肠肛管吻合,术后1年内有明显改善排便功能的作用,但对直肠生理功能的影响尚等进一步研究。     

经腹结肠肛管吻合术治疗低位直肠癌

目的探讨经腹结肠肛管吻合术治疗低位直肠癌的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2001年11月至2005年12月,北京大学第一医院普外科收治的36例距肛缘4～6cm的低位直肠癌采用双吻合技术行直肠及部分外科肛管全层切除（部分内括约肌切除）,经腹结肠肛管吻合术的资料。结果吻合口距肛缘平均2.5cm。中位随访时间23个月,术后远处转移4例,无局部复发者。3年总存活率100%,无瘤存活率84.6%。术后1年,随访28例病人,根据Williams分级标准,肛门控便功能Ⅰ级（完全自制）23例,Ⅱ级（排气失禁）2例,Ⅲ级（偶尔漏稀便）3例。结论经腹结肠肛管吻合术是治疗距肛缘4～6cm低位直肠癌的较理想保肛术式;切除部分内括约肌对肛门的远期功能无明显影响。     

单吻合器结肛吻合在直肠癌腹部无切口术中的价值

目的探讨单吻合器结肛吻合在3D腹腔镜腹部无切口低位直肠前切除术的手术方法、安全性及临床运用价值。 方法回顾性分析同济大学附属东方医院胃肠肛肠外科从2015年1月至2017年1月120例行3D腹腔镜腹部无切口低位直肠前切除单吻合器结肛吻合术患者的临床资料,总结其手术技巧、效果及安全性。 结果120例患者顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。手术时间(190.50±20.71)min、术中出血量(50.69±15.21)ml、术后进半流食时间(2.18±1.03)d,术后住院时间(9.56±2.13)d、术后标本的远切缘及环周切缘为阴性。其中术后发生吻合口瘘1例、腹腔冲洗液细菌培养阳性2例。术后随访1年,吻合口狭窄1例,无严重并发症。 结论选择性施行3D腹腔镜腹部无切口低位直肠前切除单吻合器结肛吻合术安全可行,具有临床运用价值,值得推广。     

Hand-sewn coloanal anastomosis for distal rectal cancer: Long-term clinical outcomes

As the oncologic safety of coloanal anastomosis (CAA) has been proved by many other authors, the incidence of CAA following ultralow anterior resection has increased. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome and complications of patients who underwent ultralow anterior resection and CAA for distal rectal cancer. Fifty-seven patients underwent CAA following ultralow anterior resection between July 1997 and November 2003. Forty-four patients, who were followed up more than 6 months after diverting ileostomy closure, were evaluated for recurrence, complications, and functional outcomes. The mean follow-up period was 36.3 +/- 22.8 months (range, 8-83 months). The complications were multiple fistula (n = 3), fistula with anal stenosis (n=1), local recurrence with anal stenosis (n = 1), and anal stenosis (n = 7). Anal incontinence (Kirwan grade III) was noted in 14 patients, and bowel movements were observed more than six times per day in 16 patients. Overall recurrence occurred in six patients (13.6%). The 5-year survival rate was 85.3%, and the disease-free 5-year survival rate was 73.3%. Although CAA in patients with rectal cancer provides excellent long-term survival, a low risk of recurrence, and tolerable function, complications and poor functional outcomes of CAA do occur. Therefore, the choice of this method should be considered carefully.     

J‐pouch vs side‐to‐end coloanal anastomosis after preoperative radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a multicentre randomized trial

Aim Comparison of functional and surgical outcome of the J‐pouch with the side‐to‐end coloanal anastomosis after preoperative radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer patients. Method In a multicentre study, patients with a carcinoma of the lower two‐thirds of the rectum were randomized to either a J‐pouch or a side‐to‐end reconstruction. Primary outcome was function of the neorectum 1 year after surgery. A functional outcome [COloREctal Functional Outcome (COREFO)] questionnaire, and two quality of life questionnaires (EORTC‐QLQ‐CR38 and SF‐36) were to be completed by all participants preoperatively, and 4 and 12 months postoperatively. Independent data managers recorded surgical outcome. A group size of 30 patients in each group was calculated based on a 15‐point difference of the COREFO scale. Results In total, 107 patients were randomized, 55 in the J‐pouch group and 52 in the side‐to‐end anastomosis group. The COREFO incontinence scale at 4 months and the total functional outcome at 4 and 12 months showed better results for the J‐pouch group in comparison with the side‐to‐end anastomosis group. The remaining COREFO scales (frequency, social impact, stool‐related aspects and bowel medication), surgical outcome (complications, reoperations, length of hospital stay, readmissions and mortality) and quality of life did not show significant differences between treatment groups. Conclusion The overall results of a coloanal J‐pouch and a side‐to‐end anastomosis are comparable, although functional results are slightly better with a J‐pouch. The side‐to‐end anastomosis is technically less demanding and therefore a justified alternative in sphincter‐saving surgery.     

Total Rectal Resection and Complete Mesorectum Excision Followed by Coloendoanal Anastomosis as the Optimal Treatment for Low Rectal Cancer: The Experience of the National Cancer Institute of Milano

Background: At present, abdominoperineal resection remains the most diffuse method of treatment of very low rectal cancer. Today, we can avoid this method in some patients by using a sphincter-saving procedure.Methods: From March 1990 to January 1999, 273 consecutive total rectal resections and coloendoanal anastomoses were performed at our Institute; this study concerns 141 consecutive patients treated for a primary adenocarcinoma of the distal rectum, from 3.5 to 8 cm from the anal verge. Patient stratification, based on definitive pathological report, was 31 Dukes stage A (T2N0), 44 stage B (T3N0), and 66 stage C (T2N+–T3N+).Results: Overall recurrence rate was 9.2%; postoperative morbidity attributable to the procedure was low. A perfect continence was documented in 61% of cases. The only pathological factor related to local recurrence rate is peritumoral lymphocytic reaction inside and around the tumor (P = .0005 and .031) independently from the number of metastatic lymph nodes, depth of fatty tissue infiltration, and lymphatic and venous neoplastic emboli. The minimum follow-up time is 12 months.Conclusions: Our data, in accordance with other authors, seem to highlight the relevant role that a well-practiced surgery, together with accurate information on the spreading of this disease, has in achieving an optimal local control of cancer.Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of Society of Surgical Oncology, Orlando, Florida, March 4–7, 1999.     

Transverse coloplasty pouch and colonic J-pouch for rectal cancer – a comparative study

Objectives The introduction of the colonic J‐pouch has markedly improved the functional outcome of restorative rectal cancer surgery. However colonic J‐pouch surgery can be problematic and may present some late evacuatory problems. To overcome these limitations a novel pouch has been proposed: the transverse coloplasty pouch. The purpose of our study was to compare the functional outcomes of these two different types of pouches – the transverse coloplasty pouch (TCP) and the colonic J‐pouch (CJP) – during the first 12 months postoperatively. Patients and methods A prospective randomized trial was conducted in which a total of 30 patients with mid and low rectal cancer were submitted either to a transverse coloplasty pouch or a colonic J‐pouch. Clinical defaecatory function was assessed and anorectal physiological assessment was carried out, pre‐operatively and at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively, by means of a standard clinical questionnaire and by anorectal manometry. Results No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups regarding bowel function. The postoperative frequency of daily bowel movements was lower in the TCP group in all the phases of the study (3.9 vs. 4.1 at 3 months; 3.1 vs. 3.4 at 6 months; 2.1 vs. 2.8 at 12 months), the same occurring with fragmentation (33%vs. 40% at 3 months; 26.6%vs. 33.3% at 6 months; 7.1%vs. 14.3% at 12 months). Less urgency was also seen in the TCP group during the first 6 months (20%vs. 26.7%), with identical values at 12 months (14.3%vs. 14.3%). No significant differences were also found concerning incontinence grading and scoring, with TCP patients having less nocturnal leaks. At one year two CJP patients (14.3%) needs the use of enemas to evacuate the pouch and provoke defaecation, a problem never seen in TCP patients. The anorectal manometry data was similar in both types of pouches. The local complication rates were also identical in the two groups (20%); more anastomotic leaks were seen in TCP patients (13.2%vs. 6.6%), without reaching a statistical significance. Conclusion The transverse coloplasty pouch has similar functional results but fewer evacuation problems than the J‐Pouch, making it a safe and reliable alternative to the colonic J‐pouch.