Timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis： A prospective non randomized study

INTRODUCTION Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been established as the treatment of choice for the management of acute cholecystitis (AC), despite initial reservations, regarding the impact of this policy on the conversion rate and morbid- ity[1]. Sev…     

超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术联合择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性重症胆囊炎的疗效观察

目的观察超声引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGD)联合择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗急性重症胆囊炎的疗效。方法选取2015-04~2016-04期间该院收治的急性重症胆囊炎患者82例作为研究对象,按照手术方法的不同分为观察组(n=41)和对照组(n=41)。观察组先接受超声引导下PTGD治疗,3~4周后择期接受LC治疗,对照组接受急诊LC治疗,观察两组的治疗效果。结果观察组手术时间长于对照组,术中中转开腹率高于对照组(P0.05),观察组并发症总发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论对急性重症胆囊炎患者,超声引导下PTGD联合择期LC具有创伤小、并发症少等优点,安全可行,值得临床推广应用。     

An evaluation of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after selective percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and usefulness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after selective percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage in patients with severe acute cholecystitis and patients with acute cholecystitis and severe comorbid disease. METHODS: According to whether percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage was performed before surgery, 133 patients with acute cholecystitis were divided into a percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group (n=60) and non-percutaneous-transhepatic-gallbladder-drainage group (n=73). Background factors, safety, and postoperative course were retrospectively evaluated and compared between these two groups. RESULTS: Compared with the non-percutaneous-transhepatic-gallbladder-drainage group, the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group was significantly older (p=0.0009), had a higher frequency of comorbid disease (p=0.0252), and a worse American Society of Anesthesiology classification (p=0.0021). In individual statistical tests, body temperature (p=0.0288), white blood cell count (p=0.0175), and C-reactive protein value (p=0.0022) were significantly elevated in the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group; however, for frequency of comorbid disease, body temperature, and white blood cell count, significance was removed by correction for multiple testing of data. There was no significant difference in gender distribution, history of upper abdominal surgery, or body mass index between the two groups. The duration of surgery was marginally but significantly longer in the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group (p=0.0414; in a single statistical test; however, that significance was removed by correction for the multiple testing of data). Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in blood loss at surgery, frequency of postoperative complications, rate of conversion to open laparotomy, interval until oral feeding was resumed, and length of postoperative hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that satisfactory outcomes can be achieved with selective pre-operative gallbladder drainage in older and sicker patients with acute cholecystitis.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术的时机

目的 探讨急性胆炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）的可行性及手术时机。方法 回顾分析了我院１９９１年９月－１９９８年７月５８００例ＬＣ中３８６例急性胆囊炎患者（６．５％）腹痛发作时间与手术操作难易程度及中转开腹率高低关系。结果 发作４８小时以内者１９７例,１９２例完全了ＬＣ手术操作,平均手术时间３７分钟（１５￣７０分钟）,５便中转开腹（２．６％）;发作２￣６天者１８９例,１９例中转开腹（１０％）,１７０例     

Conversion factors in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy already occupies an important role in acute cholecystitis, a high rate of conversion continues to be referred to in the series published. One of the objectives of this study is to assess the preoperative factors that might lead to conversion. METHODOLOGY: 100 laparoscopic cholecystectomies for acute cholecystitis were studied of which 24 were converted. Several parameters are taken into consideration: age, sex, ASA, echographic data, bacteriological examination of the bile, time elapsing between diagnosis and surgery, morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The analysis made in relation to the preoperative, predetermining factors with regards to the converted cases provided the following elements in unvaried analysis: Preoperative existence of: "plastron" gallbladder (P < 0.002), temperature above 38 degrees C (P < 0.04), leucocytosis (P < 0.02)), time elapsing between diagnosis and surgery (P < 0.005), presence in the echography of pericholecystic liquid (P < 0.0005) and edema (P < 0.001); Klebsiella in the gallbladder bile (P < 0.005). Age (P = 0.136), sex (P = 0.992), associated diseases (P = 0.961), and gallbladder pathology (P = 0.282) did not present statistical differences that would prevent valid conclusions. In multi-varied analysis it was only possible to consider as independent factors the leucocytosis and the time between diagnosis and surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and efficient technique in the treatment of acute cholecystitis, which should constitute the first choice of treatment for this disease. However, it should be carried out within the first 4 days following surgical diagnosis.     

急性胆囊炎腹腔镜与开腹手术的对比分析

目的对比分析急性胆囊炎腹腔镜与开腹手术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年至2008年急性胆囊炎或慢性胆囊炎急性发作行胆囊切除术病例200例,其中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）67例,开腹胆囊切除术（OC）133例。结果LC组的术中出血量、手术时间、下床活动时间、肠道功能恢复时间、住院时间明显低于OC组（P〈0.05）;两组术后并发症发生率无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论LC治疗急性胆囊炎的临床效果优于OC。     

Factors associated with time to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

AIM： To determine patient and process of care factors associated with performance of timely laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. METHODS： A retrospective medical record review of 88 consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis was conducted. Data collected included demographic data, co-morbidities, symptoms and physical findings at presentation, laboratory and radiological investigations, length of stay, complications, and admission service （medical or surgical）. Patients not undergoing cholecystectomy during this hospitalization were excluded from analysis. Hierarchical generalized linear models were constructed to assess the association of pre-operative diagnostic procedures, presenting signs, and admitting service with time to surgery.RESULTS： Seventy cases met inclusion and exclusion criteria, among which 12 were admitted to the medical service and 58 to the surgical service. Mean ± SD time to surgery was 39.3 ± 43 h, with 87% of operations performed within 72 h of hospital arrival. In the adjusted models, longer time to surgery was associated with number of diagnostic studies and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography （ERCP, P = 0.01） as well with admission to medical service without adjustment for ERCP （P 〈 0.05）. Patients undergoing both magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography （MRCP） and computed tomography （CT） scans experienced the longest waits for surgery. Patients admitted to the surgical versus medical service underwent surgery earlier （30.4 ± 34.9 vs 82.7 ± 55.1 h, P 〈 0.01）, had less post-operative complications （12% vs 58%, P 〈 0.01）, and shorter length of stay （4.3 ± 3.4 vs 8.1 ± 5.2 d, P 〈 0.01）.CONCLUSION： Admission to the medical service and performance of numerous diagnostic procedures, ERCP, or MRCP combined with CT scan were associated with longer time to surgery. Expeditious performance of ERCP and MRCP and admission of medically stable patients with suspected cholecystitis to the surgical service to speed     

Feasibility of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

AIM: To assess the safety of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy(SILC) for acute cholecystitis.METHODS: All patients who underwent SILC at Sano Hospital(Kobe, Japan) between January 2010 and December 2014 were included in this retrospective study. Clinical data related to patient characteristics and surgical outcomes were collected from medical records. The parameters for assessing the safety of the procedure included operative time, volume of blood loss, achievement of the critical view of safety, use of additional trocars, conversion to laparotomy, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and duration of postoperative hospital stay. Patient backgrounds were statistically compared between those with and without conversion to laparotomy.RESULTS: A total of 100 patients underwent SILC for acute cholecystitis during the period. Preoperative endoscopic treatment was performed for suspected choledocholithiasis in 41 patients(41%). The mean time from onset of acute cholecystitis was 7.7 d. According to the Updated Tokyo Guidelines(TG13) for the severity of cholecystitis, 86 and 14 patients had grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ acute cholecystitis, respectively. The mean operative time was 87.4 min. The mean estimated blood loss was 80.6 mL. The critical view of safety was obtained in 89 patients(89%). Conversion laparotomy was performed in 12 patients(12%). Postoperative complications of Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅲ or greater were observed in 4 patients(4%). The mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was 5.7 d. Patients converted from SILC to laparotomy tended to have higher days after onset.CONCLUSION: SILC is feasible for acute cholecystitis; in addition, early surgical intervention may reduce the risk of laparotomy conversion.     

EUS-guided gallbladder drainage versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: a propensity score analysis with 1-year follow-up data

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经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术联合延期胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎患者近期疗效研究*

目的 观察经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术（PTGBD）联合延期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗急性胆囊炎患者的近期临床效果。方法 2015年8月~2017年8月我院收治的94例急性胆囊炎患者被分为两组,47例观察组患者采取PTGBD联合延期LC治疗,另47例对照组采取急诊LC治疗。结果 观察组 手术时间为（83.2±34.1） min,显著短于对照组【（119.0±36.4） min,P<0.05】,手术失血量为（33.7±15.5） ml,显著少于对照组【（60.4±16.7） ml,P<0.05】,术后肛门排气时间为（23.5±6.6） h,显著短于对照组【（27.2±5.1） h,P<0.05】,术后腹腔引流时间为（3.4±2.0） d,显著短于对照组【（9.1±3.1）d,P<0.05】,而总住院时间为（11.2±4.7） d,显著长于对照组【（8.3±3.0）d,P<0.05】;观察组腔镜中转开腹率和直接开腹率分别为4.3%和0.0%,显著低于对照组的17.0%和12.8%（P<0.05）;术后72 h,观察组白细胞计数、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和总胆红素水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组短期并发症发生率为8.5%,显著低于对照组的29.8%（P<0.05）。结论 采取PTGBD联合延期LC治疗急性胆囊炎患者临床疗效确切,可有效降低腔镜手术中转开腹率和术后并发症发生率,临床上应尽量避免急诊行LC手术。     

Timing of cholecystectomy after percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis: a nationwide inpatient database study

BackgroundOptimal interval from percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) to cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis remains unclear.MethodsWe analyzed patients undergoing cholecystectomy following PTGBD for acute cholecystitis, using a national database. We performed restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses to investigate the association of interval from PTGBD to cholecystectomy with outcomes (mortality/morbidity, blood transfusion, duration of anesthesia, and postoperative hospital stay).ResultsAmong 9,256 patients, RCS analyses showed reverse J-shaped associations of the interval with mortality/morbidity and blood transfusion, and J-shaped associations of the interval with both duration of anesthesia and postoperative hospital stay. Each interval was compared with the bottom of the spline curve. Patients with intervals ≤6 days or ≥27 days had higher mortality/morbidity than those with a 10-day interval. Patients with intervals ≤8 days had higher proportions of blood transfusion than those with a 10-day interval. Patients with intervals ≥17 days had longer duration of anesthesia than those with a 5-day interval. Postoperative hospital stay was longer among those with intervals ≤10 days or ≥19 days than those with a 15-day interval.ConclusionsBased on the mortality/morbidity data, the optimum time to perform cholecystectomy is between 7 and 26 days after PTGBD.     

Endoscopic naso-gallbladder drainage versus gallbladder stenting before cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis and a high suspicion of choledocholithiasis: a prospective randomised preliminary study

Objective Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage using a nasocystic tube or plastic stent has been attempted as an alternative to percutaneous drainage for patients with acute cholecystitis who are not candidates for urgent cholecystectomy. We aimed to assess the efficacy of single-step endoscopic drainage of the common bile duct and gallbladder, and to evaluate which endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage method is ideal as a bridge before elective cholecystectomy. Materials and methods From July 2011 to December 2014, 35 patients with acute moderate-to-severe cholecystitis and a suspicion of choledocholithiasis were randomly assigned to the endoscopic naso-gallbladder drainage (ENGBD) (n?=?17) or endoscopic gallbladder stenting (EGBS) (n?=?18) group. Results Bile duct clearance was performed successfully in all cases. No significant differences were found between the ENGBD and EGBS groups in the technical success rates [82.4% (14/17) vs. 88.9% (16/18), p?=?0.658] and clinical success rates [by intention-to-treat analysis: 70.6% (12/17) vs. 83.3% (15/18), p?=?0.443; by per protocol analysis of technically feasible cases: 85.7% (12/14) vs. 93.8% (15/16), p?=?0.586]. Three ENGBD patients and two EGBS patients experienced adverse events (p?=?0.658). No significant differences were found in operation time or rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy. Conclusions Single-step endoscopic transpapillary drainage of the common bile duct and gallbladder seems to be an acceptable therapeutic modality in patients with acute cholecystitis and a suspicion of choledocholithiasis. There were no significant differences in the technical and clinical outcomes between ENGBD and EGBS as a bridge before cholecystectomy.     

Dissection of the gallbladder from the liver bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute or subacute cholecystitis

Current literature suggests that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for acute cholecystitis (AC) can be safely performed within 72 h of symptom onset. However, for various reasons, in clinical practice, fibrosed gallbladders are frequently encountered during early LC for AC. The subserosal layer of the gallbladder wall can be divided into an inner and an outer layer. The inner layer has an abundant vasculature and some fibrous tissue; it abuts the muscularis propria. The outer layer consists of abundant fat tissue; it abuts the serosa or the liver parenchyma. In both patients with AC and those without cholecystitis, dissection of the gallbladder in the outer layer facilitates removal of the gallbladder without tearing the gallbladder or injuring the liver parenchyma behind the liver bed. However, in patients with AC lasting 72 h or more, the subserosal layer becomes solid and thick due to inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrotic change. Thus, adequate dissection of the outer layer becomes difficult. However, there is a layer between the inner and outer layers that can be dissected bluntly and easily. Thus, we could dissect the gallbladder from its liver bed safely, surely, and quickly by using our original technique which was validated by histological examination.     

初期或后期经皮胆囊穿刺引流术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术序贯治疗急性胆囊炎患者疗效及安全性比较研究*

目的 比较初期与后期经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流(PTGBD)与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)序贯治疗急性胆囊炎患者的疗效与安全性。方法 2019年3月～2020年6月我院收治的145例急性胆囊炎患者均接受PTGBD联合LC序贯治疗,其中70例在起病后7 d内(初期组),而另75例患者在起病7 d后(后期组)接受PTGBD,在其后择期行LC手术。采用ELISA法检测血清C反应蛋白、白介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α。结果 在围LC手术期,后期组手术失血量为(26.8±9.3)mL,显著少于初期组【(46.2±16.3)mL,P＜0.05】,手术时间为(67.3±9.2)min,显著短于初期组【(83.2±8.3)min,P＜0.05】,肛门排气时间为(22.5±5.9) h,显著短于初期组【(28.2±6.2)h,P＜0.05】,腹腔引流时间为(3.3±1.1)d,显著短于初期组【(6.3±1.3)d,P＜0.05】;后期组血清谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平显著低于初期组(P＜0.05);后期组血清C反应蛋白、白介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平显著低于初期组(P＜0.05);后期组术后胆漏、肺部感染等并发症发生率为5.3%,显著低于初期组的20.0%(P＜0.05)。结论 应用后期PTGBD联合LC序贯治疗急性胆囊炎患者疗效好,更安全,并发症更少。     

Timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis with cholecystolithiasis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now used in the treatment of acute cholecystitis. The aim of this study is to define the optimal timing for laparoscopic cholecystectomy treated with cholecystolithiasis in patients with acute cholecystitis. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective analysis of 73 patients with acute cholecystolithiasis who were treated by either early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 72 hours after initial onset or initial conservative treatment followed by delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy 4 days later. RESULTS: There were 31 patients in the early group and 42 in the delayed group. There was no significant difference in the rate of conversion from laparoscopic to open surgery (6.4% vs. 20.0%), postoperative complications. However the early group had significantly shorter operation time (103 vs. 135 min, p<0.01) and shorter postoperative hospital stay (6.2 vs. 9.6 days, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We advocate early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 72 hours of onset of symptoms to decrease conversion rates from laparoscopic to open surgery. This decreased conversion rate results in decreasing the length of operation time and postoperative and total hospital stay.     

From acute to chronic pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective follow-up analysis

OBJECTIVE: The pathogenesis and risk of chronic pain after cholecystectomy are unknown. In this prospective study of 150 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the preoperative clinical data, cold pressor test, state of neuroticism and early postoperative pain intensity were assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Follow-up questionnaires were sent to all patients 1 year after surgery. Patients with moderate/severe chronic pain were interviewed and invited to participate in a structured examination programme. RESULTS: The questionnaire response rate was 100%. Twenty patients reported moderate or severe chronic pain. The 1-year in-office interview revealed that two patients without chronic pain had misinterpreted the questionnaire. Sixteen patients were enrolled for the examination programme. Demonstrable pathology explained the aetiology of chronic pain in 8 patients (5%); another 8 patients with moderate (n=6) or severe (n=2) chronic pain were without pathological findings. In total, 132 patients had no chronic pain. Chronic pain patients suffered significantly more intense acute postoperative pain compared with those without chronic pain (p < or =0.05). The incidence of chronic pain patients was higher in the group of patients with intense acute postoperative pain than in patients with low acute postoperative pain (p = 0.030-0.063). Development of chronic pain was not statistically related to a preoperative cold pressor nociceptive stimulus, preoperative state of neuroticism or to any other variables examined. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of significant chronic pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis is low but was significantly associated with the intensity of acute postoperative pain. Patients should be carefully examined to exclude somatic causes of chronic pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective study of 250 patients

BACKGROUND: Patient selection, postoperative monitoring and discharge criteria after outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are not clearly defined. METHODS: Patients scheduled for elective LC who fulfilled socioeconomic requirements for ambulatory surgery were enrolled in an open prospective study. Choledocholithiasis, ASA IV and unstable ASA III patients were excluded. Discharge was allowed after at least 6 hours if patients were conscious, asymptomatic, ambulant, with normal vital signs, no evidence of bleeding, spontaneous micturition and tolerating soft diet. RESULTS: Of the 250 patients included, 10.4% were admitted due to intraoperative causes. Of the remaining, 92% were discharged on the same day and 8.0% were admitted for pain control or postoperative anxiety/discomfort. Neither mortality or major complications were observed. Ninety-five percent of patients declared themselves satisfied. History of jaundice, common bile duct dilation on ultrasound, microlithiasis, abnormal preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels and surgeon's experience were independent predictors of admission due to intraoperative causes. No predictor of postoperative admission was identified. Cost analysis showed a benefit for ambulatory LC compared to overnight stay. CONCLUSION: Outpatient LC is feasible and safe with high patient satisfaction even with broad selection criteria. Improvements may be achieved in postoperative pain management.