仿牙色四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的制备及色度学分析

目的:研制6种天然牙颜色匹配的牙科四方多晶氧化锗陶瓷.方法:以稀土氧化物(Pr6O11、CeO2、Er2O3)和过渡元素氧化物(MnO2)为着色剂,采用粉体掺杂方法,在四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷粉体中添加不同质量分数的着色剂,制备出6种有色四方氧化锆陶瓷,通过Shade-eye电脑比色仪比较6种牙色四方氧化锆陶瓷和Vita classical比色板之间的明度、色相、彩度差异,分析色度差的大小.为临床应用提供依据.结果:本实验获得的6种着色的四方氧化锆陶瓷的b*值在天然牙和Vita比色板覆盖范围内,接近天然牙的颜色;L*值范围从68.8～80.37;a*值范围从-1.0～0.9,b*值范围从12.2～17.93.结论:以Pr6O11、CeO2、Er2O3、MnO2氧化物作为着色剂,制备与天然牙颜色匹配的四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷是可行的.     

烧结次数对稀土氧化物着色齿科四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的色度学影响

目的探讨烧结次数对以稀土氧化物作为着色剂制备的与天然牙颜色匹配的齿科四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷颜色的影响。方法采用内着色法制备6种不同着色剂成分含量的与天然牙色匹配的齿科钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷（S1、S2、S3、S4、S5、S6）试件,并使用ShadeEye NCC电脑比色仪对不同烧结次数的试件的颜色进行色度测定,采用SAS 6.12统计软件对反复烧结不同次数的颜色参数变化进行单因素方差分析。结果6种试件反复烧结后的色差变化范围为0.10～1.47,其中S1、S2、S6试件的明度值降低（P<0.05）,S3、S4、S5试件的明度值无明显变化（P＞0.05）,而6种试件的色相值和彩度值均无明显变化（P＞0.05）。结论稀土氧化物着色齿科四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的颜 色稳定性高,反复烧结对其色度无明显影响。     

稀土氧化物着色钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷匹配性的研究

目的:探讨通过添加稀土氧化物着色剂而制备的钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷的匹配性。方法:以稀土氧化物(Pr6O11,CeO2,Er2O3)和过渡元素氧化物(MnO2)为着色剂,采用粉体掺杂方法,在四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷粉体中添加不同质量分数的着色剂,制备出6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷,测定其与Vita VM9饰面瓷的抗热震性能及界面结合强度。采用SAS6.12软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析。结果:6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与Vita-VM9饰面瓷烧结后,各组在60℃～240℃测试过程未发现径向或层间开裂或裂纹现象,加热温度>240℃。6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与VitaVM9饰面瓷界面的抗剪切强度值为(36.03±3.82)～(37.98±4.89)MPa,均高于纯四方氧化锆陶瓷组的剪切强度值,但各组与纯四方氧化锆陶瓷的抗剪切强度值无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:稀土氧化物着色钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷的匹配性达到临床应用水平。     

稀土氧化物着色牙色四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的机械性能研究

目的探讨添加微量稀土氧化物对牙色四方多晶氧化锆（Y-TZP）陶瓷的机械性能的影响。方法以稀土氧化物（Pr6O11、CeO2、Er2O3）和过渡元素氧化物（MnO2）为着色剂,采用粉体掺杂方法在Y-TZP粉体中添加不同质量分数的着色剂,制备出6组牙色Y-TZP,测试其机械性能（包括弯曲强度、维氏硬度、断裂韧性）,并通过扫描电子显微镜观察各组陶瓷烧结体断裂面的显微结构,分析其断裂模式。结果6组牙色Y-TZP的弯曲强度为（792±20）～（960±17）MPa,断裂韧性为（4.72±0.31）～（5.64±0.38）MPam1/2,维氏硬度为（1 332±19）～（1 380±17）MPa;显微结构显示6组陶瓷均呈致密的多晶结构,断裂模式为混合型断裂。结论以稀土氧化物作为着色剂制备的Y-TZP具有较好的断裂韧性和维氏硬度,可满足口腔临床的应用要求。     

三种稀土氧化物着色剂对氧化钇稳定的四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷性能的影响

目的采用3种稀土氧化物对纳米3mol%氧化钇稳定的四方多晶氧化锆(3Y TZP)粉体进行着色,实验分析着色剂对烧结体色度和性能的影响。方法在3Y TZP粉体中分别掺入不同质量分数的Pr6O11、Er2O3和CeO2,200MPa冷等静压成型,常压烧结,升温速率150℃/h,保温2h。测量烧结体的色度值、三点挠曲强度、维氏硬度和断裂韧性。用Archimedes法测试烧结体密度。通过扫描电镜和X线衍射比较稀土氧化物对3Y TZP陶瓷显微结构和晶相的影响。结果CeO2和Pr6O11使3Y TZP陶瓷呈黄色,Er2O3使3Y TZP陶瓷呈红色,但3种稀土氧化物对3Y TZP陶瓷明度的影响均不大。3种稀土氧化物主要降低3Y TZP陶瓷的三点挠曲强度,从纯3Y TZP试件的(1536.37±85.49)MPa,下降到1%Er2O3添加时的(534.11±57.06)MPa。对维氏硬度和断裂韧性的影响较小。微量着色剂对3Y TZP烧结体的晶相无明显影响,但可使其孔隙增多且与剂量有关。结论稀土氧化物能够赋予3Y TZP陶瓷所需的色度值,其对3Y TZP性能的影响尚待进一步研究。     

牙科着色氧化钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的结构与性能

目的添加不同着色剂组合,配制着色的牙科氧化钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆（3Y-TZP）陶瓷,分析着色后材料的显微和晶相结构,并测定其理化、机械及抗低温时效性能。方法将TZ-3Y-S粉体与一定组分的着色剂球磨混合后,在200 MPa压力下等静压成型,先于1 050 ℃预烧结2 h,然后在1 500 ℃终烧结2 h,烧制5种具有一定颜色的氧化锆材料,测量烧结体的密度、收缩率、热膨胀系数、维氏硬度、三点弯曲强度、断裂韧性和化学稳定性;通过扫描电镜和X线衍射观察着色后材料的显微和晶相结构,并测试着色对材料抗低温时效性能的影响。结果着色后3Y-TZP陶瓷烧结密度在99.7%以上,烧结收缩率约20%,热膨胀系数为11×10-6·℃-1;晶粒大小均匀,主要断裂方式为穿晶断裂,主晶相为四方相氧化锆（t-ZrO2）;在弱酸性条件下具有较好的化学稳定性;5组着色氧化锆陶瓷的三点弯曲强度较未着色组略有降低,但均在900 MPa以上,断裂韧性略有提高,经低温时效处理后四方相到单斜相（m-ZrO2）的相变量约40%,但弯曲强度没有降低。结论3Y-TZP陶瓷经过着色后,具有优良的理化和机械性能,能够满足牙科临床应用的要求。     

牙科着色氧化钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的制备及颜色性能

目的添加不同着色剂组合配制着色的牙科氧化钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆（3Y-TZP）陶瓷，并测定其颜色性能。方法将TZ-3Y-S粉体与一定组分的着色剂球磨混合后，在200 MPa压力下等静压成型，在1 500 ℃烧结2 h，烧制5种具有一定颜色的氧化锆材料，每个颜色组分别制备10 mm×10 mm×0.5 mm和10 mm×10 mm×1 mm着色氧化锆陶瓷片，在黑色背景下用柯尼卡美能达CM-2600d分光光度计进行颜色测定，并与VITA In-Ceram YZ染色液比色板颜色作比较。结果通过对粉体进行着色，配制出具有一定颜色的本体着色氧化锆陶瓷材料，颜色明度逐级降低，饱和度逐渐增大，2种厚度3Y-TZP陶瓷的颜色片色差较小，颜色空间范围是L*：67.76～77.78；a*：-2.19～3.80；b*：12.13～25.01。与VITA In-Ceram YZ染色液比色板相比，颜色空间近似，但明度的最低值仍较高。结论着色氧化锆陶瓷材料适宜用于临床上与饰面瓷颜色匹配，有必要再进一步研究低明度的着色氧化锆色片。     

二次烧结温度对牙科纳米氧化锆陶瓷抗弯强度影响的实验研究

目的研究二次烧结温度对纳米氧化锆陶瓷强度的影响。方法经初步烧结的氧化锆瓷块,在不同温度下进行第二次烧结,检测三点抗弯强度,X线衍射分析晶相,扫描电镜下观察试件的微观结构。结果当第二次烧结温度为1325℃时,材料的三点抗弯强度最高,达到(932±63)MPa。陶瓷主晶相为四方相,晶体大小均匀,排列紧密。结论经二次烧结的氧化锆瓷块具有足够的抗弯强度,能够满足口腔全瓷修复材料的要求。     

修复体制作过程中影响氧化锆机械性能的因素

氧化钇稳定的四方氧化锆多晶陶瓷（Y—TZP）具有与金属强度接近的高机械强度，较好的韧性，以及生物相容性，因此，已逐渐被广泛应用于牙体缺损的修复和牙列缺损的固定义齿修复中，并成为部分口腔修复科医师和要求美学修复患者的选择。然而，在临床应用中，依然会发现氧化钇稳定的四方氧化锆多晶陶瓷（Y-TZP）制成的全冠或固定桥发生崩裂。本文主要从制作过程中晶相转变的角度，对崩裂的起因进行综述。     

5种着色剂对牙科氧化锆陶瓷色度的影响

目的:研究5种着色剂对牙科氧化锆陶瓷色度影响的规律,为量化着色剂的添加比例提供依据。方法:在纳米氧化锆粉体中掺入不同比例的5种着色剂,200MPa冷等静压成型,于高温烧结炉中烧结到1400℃并保温2h,将烧结体研磨至(1.0±0.1)mm厚。观察烧结体的色泽并用色度仪测试其色度值。结果:氧化铒(Er_2O_3)能够使氧化锆陶瓷呈红色,对烧结体的b*值和L*值无影响。氧化铈(CeO_2)和氧化镨(Pr_6O_(11))均能使氧化锆陶瓷呈黄色,而对烧结体的a*值和L*值无明显影响。氧化铁(Fe_2O_3)能使氧化锆陶瓷呈黄褐色,随着剂量的增加,a*和b*值均增大,L*值略有下降。氧化锰(MnO_2)能够有效降低氧化锆陶瓷烧结体的明度,对a*和b*值无明显影响。结论:5种梯度着色氧化锆陶瓷能够覆盖牙科陶瓷所需的色度范围,值得进一步的研究与开发。     

Phase transformation of zirconia ceramics by hydrothermal degradation

Zirconia has found wide application in dentistry because of its high mechanical strength and superior esthetic properties. However, zirconia degradation caused by phase transformation occurring in a hydrothermal environment is of concern. In the present study, phase transformation and microstructure of tetragonal zirconia polycrystal partially stabilized with yttrium oxide (Y-TZP) and alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ) sintered at different temperatures were estimated. On grazing angle X-ray diffraction analysis, ATZ showed less phase transformation to the monoclinic phase during hydrothermal treatment and this transformation appeared to occur within a few micrometers below the surface. At a higher sintering temperature the monoclinic phase content of ATZ was found to be lesser than that of Y-TZP, indicating that the alumina in ATZ was effective in suppressing hydrothermal degradation. Examination by transmission electron microscopy and studying of electron backscatter diffraction patterns indicated that grain growth in ATZ was slightly suppressed compared with that in Y-TZP at higher sintering temperatures. The present study demonstrated the effect of adding alumina to zirconia for suppressing hydrothermal degradation and studied the effect of this addition on grain growth in zirconia.     

Y-TZP口腔修复材料的低温老化及抗低温老化的相关研究

综合国内外相关研究,了解氧化钇稳定的四方氧化锆多晶陶瓷(Y-TZP)口腔修复材料的低温老化现象,探讨抗Y-TZP修复陶瓷低温老化的方法,展望抗低温老化Y-TZP陶瓷在口腔临床中的应用.抗Y-TZP低温老化的方法包括:稳定剂类型和含量的选择、加工工艺的改善、适宜的表面处理、合成复合陶瓷等,其中Y-TZP/Al2O3复合陶瓷对Y-TZP的低温老化有较大程度的缓解作用,且能明显改善Y-TZP的机械性能,是一种在口腔临床应用中具有发展前景的氧化锆基陶瓷材料.     

Fatigue resistance of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal clasps for removable partial dentures

With the rapid development of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD /CAM ) systems, the application of zirconia in removable partial dentures is expected to expand. Clasps composed of zirconia should improve esthetics without inducing the risk of metal allergy. The aim of this study was to examine the fatigue resistance of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y‐TZP) clasps for removable partial dentures. Yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal and cobalt‐chromium (Co‐Cr) alloy were prepared using CAD /CAM systems. Specimens were either of the semicircular type or of the flat type, with cross‐sectional areas of taper ratios of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00. All specimens were tested using the cantilever test and the constant displacement fatigue test, and data were analyzed using ANOVA . During the cantilever test, the maximum displacement prior to fracture was greater than the required undercut, and the semicircular‐type specimen exhibited a higher fracture load than the flat type. None of the specimens displayed permanent deformation and showed almost the same degree of deformation after fatigue testing. A lower taper ratio was associated with lower average load values and greater displacement. Within the limitations of this study, it was possible to conclude that Y‐TZP provides the required undercut and adequate retentive force for removable partial denture clasps. Additionally, Y‐TZP and Co‐Cr alloy had almost the same degree of deformation even after the simulated lifespan of removable partial dentures.     

Fracture strength of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns with different design: an in vitro study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types and design of zirconia frameworks as well as the effect of different veneering ceramics on the fracture strength of crowns. The importance of different abutment materials was also evaluated. Materials and methods: Eighty cores, 40 in a fully‐sintered zirconia material and 40 in a pre‐sintered zirconia material were made. Twenty cores of each material were made with a core of even thickness shape (ES) and 20 were made with a core with anatomical shape (AS). The cores were divided into subgroups and veneered with one of two different veneering ceramics: a porcelain and a glass–ceramic material. In total eight groups of 10 crowns were made. They were all cemented onto abutments made of resin. One extra group of 10 AS, pre‐sintered zirconia cores veneered with glass–ceramic were made and cemented onto titanium abutments. All crowns underwent thermocycling and mechanical pre‐load and were finally loaded until fracture. Results: AS crowns withstood significantly higher loads than ES crowns (P‐value <0.001), and crowns with titanium abutments withstood significantly higher loads than crowns supported by abutments made of inlay pattern resin (P‐value <0.001). Three types of fracture were noted: minor and major fracture of the veneering ceramic, and complete fracture through core and veneer. ES crowns showed significantly more major fractures of the veneering ceramic than AS crowns. Conclusions: This in vitro study indicates that the design of the core, as well as the abutment support, significantly influences fracture load and fracture mode of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns. To cite this article :
Larsson C, El Madhoun S, Wennerberg A, Vult von Steyern P. Fracture strength of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns with different design: an in vitro study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23 , 2012; 820–826.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02224.x     

Evaluation of zirconia surface roughness after aluminum oxide airborne-particle abrasion and the erbium-YAG,neodymium-doped YAG,or CO2 lasers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Statement of problemVeneer chipping and crown decementation are the most frequent failures in restorations using zirconia as an infrastructure. Increasing the roughness of the zirconia surface has been suggested to address this problem.PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal surface roughness, produced with aluminum oxide airborne-particle abrasion and the erbium yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), neodymium-doped YAG, or CO₂ lasers.Material and methodsThis study was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. The review identified relevant studies through December 2017 with no limit on the publication year in the search databases: Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE via PubMed. The selected studies were submitted to a risk of bias assessment. The means and standard deviations of roughness were evaluated for the meta-analysis using Review Manager software.ResultsThe 17 studies that met all inclusion criteria presented a medium risk of bias. All the treatment methods tested were able to create a roughness on the yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal surface. The I² test values presented a high heterogeneity among the studies.ConclusionsThe presintered specimens submitted to airborne-particle abrasion had higher surface roughness compared with abrasion after the sintering process. Irradiation with the neodymium-doped YAG and CO₂ lasers was destructive to the zirconia surfaces. The erbium laser used with lower energy intensity appears to be a promising method for surface treatment.