Laparoscopic colectomy is associated with decreased postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction

Background  Major abdominal surgery is associated with early postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction, which may lead to abdominal distention and vomiting, requiring nasogastric (NGT) tube insertion. This study aimed to compare the rates of early postoperative NGT insertion after open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Methods  A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who underwent colorectal surgery with removal of the NGT at completion of surgery. Patients who required reinsertion of the NGT in the early postoperative course were identified. The reinsertion rate for patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery was compared with that for the open group. Results  There were 103 patients in the open group and 227 in the laparoscopic group. In the laparoscopic group, 42 patients underwent conversion to open surgery. Reinsertion of the NGT was required for 18.4% of the patients in the open group, compared with 8.6% of the patients for whom the procedure was completed laparoscopically (p = 0.02). Conversion to open surgery resulted in a reinsertion rate of 17%. Conclusion  Laparoscopic colorectal surgery is associated with decreased postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction, resulting in a significantly lower NGT reinsertion rate. Presented as a poster at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, (SAGES), Dallas, Texas, 26–29 April 2006, and at the annual meeting of the European Society for Endoscopic Surgeons (EAES), Berlin, Germany, 13–16 September 2006.     

Cerebral oxygen desaturation is associated with early postoperative neuropsychological dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between cerebral oxygen saturation and neuropsychological dysfunction after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective and observational study. SETTING: Operating room and cardiac floor of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred one patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass INTERVENTION: Bilateral noninvasive cerebral oxygen saturations were monitored over the forehead. The anesthetic and surgical techniques were performed as usual, and no interventions were attempted based on the monitor. Neuropsychological outcome was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the antisaccadic eye movement test (ASEM). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Preoperative baseline values of cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO(2)) were 58.6% +/- 10.2%. Patients with the nadir rSO(2) <35% had significantly higher incidences of postoperative ASEM and MMSE impairments than those with rSO(2) always above 35% (44% and 33% v 12% and 9%, respectively). Patients with areas of rSO(2) <40% for more than 10 minutes . % presented with a significantly higher incidence of postoperative ASEM and MMSE impairments than those with areas of rSO(2) <40% for less than 10 minutes . % (42% and 32% v 13% and 10%, respectively). Patients with postoperative ASEM or MMSE impairment had significantly lower nadir rSO(2) and significantly larger areas of rSO(2) <40%, <45%, and <50% than those with normal postoperative neuropsychological outcome. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that areas of rSO(2) <40% were the only predictor for both postoperative ASEM and MMSE impairments. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative cerebral oxygen desaturation is associated with early postoperative neuropsychological dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. However, it remains to be determined whether interventions to maintain adequate cerebral oxygenation may improve neuropsychological outcome.     

Early postoperative cognitive dysfunction is associated with higher cortisol levels in aged patients following hip fracture surgery

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between plasma cortisol levels and the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aged patients following hip fracture surgery. A total of 175 patients, aged 65 years or older, who were scheduled for hip fracture surgery with spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Perioperative plasma levels of cortisol and neurocognitive tests were determined at 1 day preoperatively and 7 days postoperatively. Seventy-seven patients completed both blood sample collections and neurocognitive tests. POCD occurred in 29.9 % of patients at 7 days postoperatively. POCD patients presented significantly higher cortisol levels compared with non-POCD patients (P < 0.05). Furthermore, plasma cortisol levels were negatively correlated with mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores at 7 days postoperatively (P < 0.0001). A specificity of 93 % and a sensitivity of 35 % were identified for the plasma cortisol measurement to discriminate POCD patients from non-POCD patients. The results suggest higher plasma cortisol levels are associated with POCD in aged patients following hip fracture surgery with spinal anesthesia.     

利多卡因对心脏手术后病人早期认知功能障碍发生率的影响

目的评价术中应用利多卡因能否减少冠脉分流手术后病人早期认知功能障碍的发生率。方法118例择期体外循环下行冠状动脉分流术的病人随机分为两组。利多卡因组(n=57)在切开心包后静注利多卡因1.5 mg/kg,继以4 mg/min持续输注至术毕,体外循环预充液中另加4mg/kg;对照组(n=61)给予等量生理盐水。分别在术前1 d和术后第9天对病人进行神经精神功能9项测验。各测验项目术后值与术前值相比功能降低等于或超过全部病人该项目术前值的1个标准差判断该项测验出现术后功能恶化;一个病人有2个或2个以上的测验项目术后出现功能恶化判断该病人发生了术后认知功能障碍。结果 88例病人全部完成手术前后神经精神功能测验,其中对照组45例、利多卡因组43例。术后认知功能障碍发生率对照组为42.2％(19例)、利多卡因组为20.9％(9例),利多卡因组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论术中给予利多卡因可明显降低体外循环下冠脉分流手术后病人早期认知功能障碍的发生率。     

A review of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation associated with cardiac surgery and anaesthesia

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is receiving increasing attention, particularly as it mainly affects the (growing) elderly population. Until recently, cognitive deficits after cardiac surgery were thought to be caused by physiological disturbances associated with the cardiopulmonary bypass technique. Although the technique of 'off-pump' coronary revascularisation may potentially be associated with improved outcome, long-term follow-up studies have failed to demonstrate a significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The focus of research is thus shifting from cardiopulmonary bypass to other factors common to both techniques, such as surgery, anaesthesia and patient-related predisposing factors. Priming of the immune system by ageing and atherosclerosis may result in an exaggerated systemic and cerebral inflammatory response to cardiac surgery and anaesthesia, causing neuronal loss or dysfunction resulting in cognitive dysfunction. We briefly discuss the evidence for cardiopulmonary bypass-related neuronal injuries in adult cardiac surgery patients, and review the evidence that immune priming is a key factor in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery.     

Elevated postoperative inflammatory biomarkers are associated with short- and medium-term cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery surgery

Purpose  

We tested the hypothesis that elevated postoperative interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations are associated with short- and medium-term impairment of cognitive functions in patients after coronary artery surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass.     

老年患者肠癌切除术后早期认知功能障碍的危险因素

目的 筛选老年患者肠癌切除术后早期认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 择期拟行肠癌切除术老年患者120例,年龄≥65岁,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级.根据患者术后第7天是否发生POCD,将其分为POCD组和非POCD组.记录患者年龄、体重、性别、受教育程度、肿瘤部位、TNM分期、合并疾病、术前中医证型、术前ld、术后l、3、7d的MMSE评分、麻醉时间、苏醒时间、术中出血量及出现低血压次数.采用logistic回归分析法筛选POCD的危险因素.结果 术后35例患者发生POCD,发生率为29.2％.Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄、受教育程度、肿瘤部位及术中出现低血压次数为老年患者肠癌切除术后发生POCD的危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 年龄、受教育程度、肿瘤部位和术中出现低血压次数是老年患者肠癌切除术后早期发生POCD的危险因素.     

The effect of lidocaine on early postoperative cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery

We investigated the effect of lidocaine on the incidence of cognitive dysfunction in the early postoperative period after cardiac surgery. One-hundred-eighteen patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomized to receive either lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg bolus followed by a 4 mg/min infusion during operation and 4 mg/kg in the priming solution of CPB) or placebo. A battery of nine neuropsychological tests was administered before and 9 days after surgery. A postoperative deficit in any test was defined as a decline by more than or equal to the preoperative SD of that test in all patients. Any patient showing a deficit in two or more tests was defined as having postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Eighty-eight patients completed pre- and postoperative neuropsychological tests. Plasma lidocaine concentrations (microg/mL) were 4.78 +/- 0.52 (mean +/- SD), 5.38 +/- 0.95, 4.52 +/- 0.39, 5.82 +/- 0.76, and 7.10 +/- 1.09 at 10 min before CPB; 10, 30, and 60 min of CPB; and at the end of operation, respectively. The proportion of patients showing postoperative cognitive dysfunction was significantly reduced in the lidocaine group compared with that in the placebo group (18.6% versus 40.0%; P = 0.028). We conclude that intraoperative administration of lidocaine decreased the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction in the early postoperative period. IMPLICATIONS: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a commonly recognized complication after cardiac surgery. Intraoperative cerebral microembolism and hypoperfusion have been proposed to be the major mechanisms. The results of this study show that intraoperative administration of lidocaine decreased the occurrence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction, perhaps because of its neuroprotective effects.     

高压氧处理对患者术后认知功能障碍的影响

背景 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)指的是患者手术麻醉后出现的认知功能减退,往往产生长久的严重后果,尤其是老年患者.高压氧(hyperbaric oxygen,HBO)处理作为一项辅助治疗措施目前已广泛应用于临床,大量研究证实HBO处理对大脑、心脏及肝等多种器官具有保护作用.已有研究者将HBO处理运用到认知功能障碍的研究中. 目的 探讨HBO处理对患者POCD的影响及其作用机制,为改善老年患者手术后认知功能及长期预后提供有效措施. 内容 对HBO处理、HBO处理用于POCD的研究情况及HBO改善POCD的作用机制进行综述. 趋向 HBO处理是近年来用于多脏器保护的重要措施,其脑保护作用为临床预防及改善POCD提供了新的思路.     

不同剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚对老年患者术后早期认知功能的影响

目的观察老年患者术前应用不同剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚对术后认知功能的影响。方法择期全麻下行非心脏手术老年患者120例,年龄65～78岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,按照不同剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚均分为:低剂量组(A组)静注盐酸戊乙奎醚0.005mg/kg、中剂量组(B组)静注盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01mg/kg和高剂量组(C组)静注盐酸戊乙奎醚0.015mg/kg。均采用全麻,麻醉诱导和维持用药相同。记录注药前、注药后10、20、30min的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2,用VAS评分评定上述各时点患者口干程度,记录术中气道分泌物,术前及术后24、48、72h采用简易智力状态检查法(MMSE)评估患者认知功能。结果 C组术中气道分泌物明显少于A、B组(P<0.05);B、C组认知功能障碍(POCD)发生率明显高于A组(P<0.05)。与注药前比较,注药后20、30min三组患者口干评分明显升高(P<0.05);且C组明显高于A组(P<0.05)。术后24、48hB、C组MMSE评分明显低于术前和A组(P<0.05)。术后72h内POCD发生率A组(10%)明显低于B组(25%)和C组(30%)(P<0.05)。结论老年患者术前静注不同剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚明显抑制气道腺体分泌作用,且对心率无影响,但可导致剂量相关的POCD,采用低剂量相对安全。     

老年患者髋关节置换术后早期认知功能障碍的因素分析

目的 分析影响老年患者髋关节置换术后早期认知功能障碍(POCD)的因素.方法 择期髋关节置换术老年患者33例,随机分为2组:静吸复合全麻组(G组,n=15)和脊椎.硬膜外麻醉组(E组,n=18).术中收缩压波动幅度不超过基础值的25%,SpO2≥95%.术后48 h静脉输注0.001%芬太尼2 ml/h镇痛.于麻醉诱导前、术后3 h、6 h、1 d、3 d时记录MMSE评分;采集颈内静脉血样,测定血清S-100β蛋白及神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)浓度.计算麻醉诱导前MMSE评分的标准差,每例患者以麻醉诱导前评分为对照,术后评分与麻醉诱导前比较≥1个标准差时即判断发生POCD.根据术后3 h有无POCD分为POCD组(A组)和无POCD组(B组).结果 E组术后3 h时POCD发生率(22%)低于G组(67%)(P＜0.05).与麻醉诱导前比较,G组和A组术后3、6 h、1 d时、E组和B组术后3、6 h时S-100β蛋白和NSE浓度均升高(P＜0.05或0.01);与术后3 h比较.4组术后其余时点S-100β蛋白浓度均降低,G组和B组术后3 d时NSE浓度降低(P＜0.01);与G组比较,E组术后3 h时NSE浓度降低(P＜0.05);与A组比较,B组术后3 h时S-100β蛋白浓度降低,术后6 h时NSE浓度降低(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 髋关节置换术老年患者行全身麻醉较行脊椎.硬膜外麻醉术后早期POCD发生率高,且与S-100β蛋白和NSE浓度的升高有关.     

术后认知功能障碍发病机制研究进展

背景术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是麻醉和术后出现的一种中枢神经系统并发症,其临床表现为认知能力减退、焦虑、记忆受损、语言理解能力和社会融合能力减退等。在老年手术患者中十分常见,可持续数月或数年,甚至发生永久性认知功能障碍,严重影响患者的生活质量,常...     

Preoperative orthostatic dysfunction is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) occurs frequently after gynecologic surgery. Because hemodynamic condition seems to be influential, women presenting with preoperative orthostatic dysregulation may have an increased risk for PONV. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between preoperative orthostatic dysregulation and the incidence of PONV. METHODS: In a prospective observer-blinded clinical trial, 200 women who were scheduled for elective gynecologic surgery underwent an orthostatic test on the day before surgery. Based on the orthostatic test results, women were stratified into orthostatic dysregulation (OR; systolic blood pressure decrease > 20 mmHg on standing up) and nonorthostatic dysregulation (NOR; systolic blood pressure decrease < 20 mmHg) groups. RESULTS: Forty-nine women were stratified to the OR group and 151 to the NOR group. Frequencies of PONV and vomiting during the study period were higher in the OR group compared with the NOR group (77.6% vs. 31.1% and 55.1 vs. 18.5%, respectively; all P < 0.001). Women with hypotension in their history showed a significantly higher frequency of PONV within 24 h (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Women presenting with orthostatic dysregulation and arterial hypotension in their history exhibit an increased risk of PONV.     

术后认知功能障碍研究相关的神经心理学概念

背景 随着社会老龄化,老年手术患者增多,术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)越来越受到关注.POCD的诊断是一个排除性诊断,而麻醉医师对其相关神经心理学的概念了解有限. 目的 比较全面地介绍POCD相关的神经心理学概念,加深对诊断POCD的理解,为其临床研究提供参考. 内容 根据《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)的分类,POCD是轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)的一种特殊类型.诊断POCD除了要排除阿尔茨海默病(alzheimer's disease,AD)、谵妄这类明显的神经精神疾病,还要鉴别抑郁及血管性认知功能损伤等其他轻度认知功能损害.对MCI、正常老化、谵妄、抑郁及阿尔茨海默病等神经心理学概念的研究现状及与POCD的相互关系进行综述. 趋向 POCD的研究需要神经心理学等跨专业的学科知识,寻求相关专业同仁的支持,加强学科间的交流合作,共同研究POCD十分必要.     

老年脊柱手术患者术后早期认知功能障碍的影响因素分析

目的研究老年脊柱手术患者术后早期认知功能障碍(POCD)的影响因素。方法选择2012-04-2015-10期间在我院接受脊柱手术的老年患者68例为研究对象,通过简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分来判断认知功能障碍,采集临床信息并分析认知功能障碍的影响因素。结果 68例患者中,发生POCE15例,发生率22.06%;单因素分析显示:POCD组患者的年龄、受教育年限、术后血糖水平高于非POCD组,合并糖尿病多于非POCD组(t/x~2=6.119~13.061,P0.05),性别、BMI、合并高血压、合并冠心病、麻醉时间、手术时间以及术后谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平无统计学意义(t/x~2=0.070~0.8541,P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示:高龄、术后血糖水平高、合并糖尿病是POCD发生的危险因素,受教育年限长是POCD发生的保护因素(OR=0.361~2.581,95%CI=0.185~3.295,Wals X~2=9.385~12.885,P0.05)。结论高龄、受教育年限短、糖代谢异常的老年脊柱手术患者更加容易发生术后早期认知功能障碍,应当针对高危人群进行早期预防、严格控制围手术期血糖水平。