Gross pericardial effusion with tamponade in 2<Superscript>nd</Superscript> trimester of pregnancy

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with serious maternal and fetal risk. Rarely, it is manifested by life-threatening cardiac complications, such as gross pericardial effusion and tamponade. We present a case of successfully treated gross pericardial effusion and tamponade in a 22-week pregnant woman with hypothyroidism. The patient was treated by pericardial drainage with further treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine. During the follow-up pregnancy was uncomplicated without recurrence of pericardial effusion and successful delivery of full-term baby. We conclude that careful monitoring of thyroid functional tests and proper management should be performed in pregnant women with hypothyroidism to prevent cardiac complications of the disease, like pericardial effusion and tamponade.     

小儿心包积液病因分析

目的探讨小儿心包积液的病因。方法回顾性分析小儿心包积液患儿95例,根据心包积液量多少分为2组:中等至大量心包积液组(A组)41例,少量心包积液组(B组)54例。结果(1)2组心包填塞的发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)2组病因构成比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。病毒性感染44例占46.3%,居首位,其中急性病毒性心肌心包炎17例占17.9%。(3)2组治疗后,治愈率、好转率及病死率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论病毒感染是小儿心包积液最常见的病因;微小病毒B19是病毒性心包炎最重要的病原,且常合并心肌炎。     

心包穿刺置管治疗心包积液20例分析

目的探讨经皮心包穿刺置管持续引流心包积液的疗效及安全性。方法 20例中到大量心包积液的患者在超声引导下穿刺置管引流。结果 20例患者均穿刺置管成功,导管留置时间2～7d,均无组织脏器损伤及感染,心包积液引流彻底,心包压塞症状消失。结论经皮心包穿刺置管持续引流是一种安全有效,完全能替代以往常规心包穿刺术。     

成人心脏术后心包胸骨后固定后的出血患者70例临床分析

目的研究心脏手术关胸时渗血严重病例,用心包胸骨后固定方法,观察术后出血情况,了解此方法是否能够减少术后出血。方法选择同期心脏手术后渗血严重心包完整病例,对比心包胸骨后固定后出血量、术后感染、胸腔积液、心包填塞、呼吸机使用时间及血流动力学改变是否有明显差别。结果心包胸骨后固定在心脏手术后渗血严重心包完整病例中,能有效减少术后出血量,减少用血量,减少医疗费用,证明心包胸骨后固定不失为减少术后出血的一个办法。结论对比心脏手术心包完整创面渗血严重病例,关胸时,将心包胸骨后固定,以此将前纵隔和心包腔分隔开,心包紧贴于胸骨后,以此达到压迫止血目的。对比类似常规关胸病例,出血明显减少,证明心包胸骨后固定能够有效减少术后出血,减少术后用血量,降低医疗费用。     

中心静脉导管在心包积液穿刺引流中的临床效果

目的探讨中心静脉导管在心包积液穿刺引流中的临床效果。方法将52例已确诊大量心包积液患者随机分为两组,A组26例在超声定位下行中心静脉导管心包积液引流置管术,B组26例在超声定位下行传统心包穿刺术。结果 A、B两组均一次性穿入成功,A组患者满意率明显优于B组(P<0.01),并发症(心率失常、心肌损伤、感染等)显著低于B组(P<0.05)。结论留置中心静脉导管闭式引流在治疗心包积液是一种操作简单、安全、经济、有效的方法,在基层医院临床中可大力推广。     

心包穿刺置管注射香菇多糖治疗恶性心包积液的疗效观察13例

目的探讨和评价微创经皮心包腔内置管引流并注入香菇多糖治疗恶性心包积液的效果。方法 B超引导下,以心左浊音界及剑突下为穿刺点,将中心静脉导管置入心包腔,放液干净后注入香菇多糖。结果心包腔内置管并注入香菇多糖与单纯置管引流控制心包积液有效率分别为61.5%及28.5%,差异具有显著性。结论心包腔内置管并注入香菇多糖,疗效佳,不良反应轻,可控制心包填塞症状。     

细小病毒B19与呼吸道感染粒细胞减少症的相关性研究

目的:探讨人细小病毒B19感染与呼吸道感染患儿粒细胞减少症两者之间的相关性.方法:收集99例呼吸道感染并粒细胞减少症和61例吸道感染但粒细胞正常患儿的血清,应用酶联免疫方法检测两组患儿血清中的人细小病毒B19 IgM抗体.结果:99例呼吸道感染并粒细胞减少患儿血清中,34例(34.3%)B19 IgM抗体阳性,61例对照组患儿血清中10例(16.4%)B19 IgM抗体阳性.两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:人细小病毒B19与呼吸道感染粒细胞减少症具有一定的相关性.     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute cardiac tamponade by the subxiphoid approach

Emergency cardiac surgery has been performed on 18 cases of acute cardiac tamponade whose etiologies were as follows: 11 cases of metastatic carcinoma, four cases of idiopathic pericarditis and three with other causes. In most cases, the chief complaint was dyspnea. In many cases, the cardiac silhouette of frontal chest X-ray films showed the shape of a water-filled ice-bag placed on a table. The electrocardiogram showed a low voltage and a flat T-wave in approximately half of the patients. In cases of an echo-free space 1 cm or larger on the M-mode echocardiogram, the average amount of pericardial fluid drained was 850 ml and in those in which the space was less than 1 cm, the average drained was 557 ml. The CT values were 9-40 for patients with malignant pericardial effusion and 20-22 for cases of idiopathic pericarditis. In general, pericardiocentesis was performed in almost all the patients with acute tamponade, but if the drainage was inadequate, the subxiphoid pericardial window procedure was performed under local anesthesia. Surgical invasion in this technique was minimal and the operative results proved effective. For the operation, we resected a 2 X 2 cm pericardial segment. Since two of the patients with malignant pericardial effusion developed postoperative reaccumulation, resection of a 4 X 4 cm segment in the future has been contemplated.     

改良Seldinger技术留置治疗心包积液的临床疗效观察

目的探讨采用改良Seldinger技术中心静脉导管心包腔留置引流治疗心包积液的可行性。方法对23例心包积液患者采用改良Seldinger技术留置治疗心包积液进行疗效观察。结果23例患者有11例症状完全缓解,12例部分缓解,无心包缩窄、冠脉损伤、感染、窦道形成等并发症。结论该改良技术置管对心包积液的治疗更安全、方便、有效,抽液彻底,值得临床推广使用。     

In vitro response of immunoregulatory cytokine expression in human monocytic cells to human parvovirus B19 capsid

Human parvovirus B19 is a clinically important pathogen in both children and adults. In adults, it frequently causes acute and chronic arthritis, which may be related to persistent infection. The effect of the capsid of human parvovirus B19 on monocytes, which are thought to be responsible for the first line of defense against parvoviral infection, is not well understood. In this study, we investigated changes in mRNA expression levels of several immunoregulatory cytokines in monocytic cells after treatment with the B19 capsid. When human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells were treated with the B19 capsid, the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA was suppressed independently of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA. In contrast, the level of mRNA for interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha) remained unchanged, and that for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) was slightly increased after the capsid treatment. Flow cytometry demonstrated that THP-1 cells treated with B19 capsid showed no differences in surface expression of CD11a, CD16 and CD33, as compared with control cells. These findings that B19 capsid antigen did not promote positive responses for production of TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha may provide insight into the mechanisms of persistent infection of human parvovirus B19 and the systemic viral spread via bloodstream.     

25例心包积液置管引流的体会

目的为了探讨经皮穿刺置入导管引流心包积液的疗效与安全性。方法 25例心包积液的患者在超声引导下置管行心包闭式引流。结果 25例患者均置管成功。置管时间平均12d（3～34）d,均无脏器,组织损伤或感染等。结论经皮穿刺置入导管行心包引流是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Bacterial Pericarditis

Bacterial pericarditis occurs by direct infection during trauma, thoracic surgery, or catheter drainage, by spread from an intrathoracic, myocardial, or subdiaphragmatic focus, and by hematogenous dissemination. The frequent causes are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (rheumatic pancarditis), Haemophilus, and M. tuberculosis. In AIDS pericarditis, the incidence of bacterial infection is much higher than in the general population, with a high proportion of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. Purulent pericarditis is the most serious manifestation of bacterial pericarditis, characterized by gross pus in the pericardium or microscopically purulent effusion. It is an acute, fulminant illness with fever in virtually all patients. Chest pain is uncommon. Purulent pericarditis is always fatal if untreated. The mortality rate in treated patients is 40%, and death is mostly due to cardiac tamponade, systemic toxicity, cardiac decompensation, and constriction. Tuberculous infection may present as acute pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, silent (often large) relapsing pericardial effusion, effusive-constrictive pericarditis, toxic symptoms with persistent fever, and acute, subacute, or chronic constriction. The mortality in untreated patients approaches 85%. Urgent pericardial drainage, combined with intravenous antibacterial therapy (e.g. vancomycin 1g twice daily, ceftriaxone 1-2g twice daily, and ciprofloxacin 400 mg/day) is mandatory in purulent pericarditis. Irrigation with urokinase or streptokinase, using large catheters, may liquify the purulent exudate, but open surgical drainage is preferable. The initial treatment of tuberculous pericarditis should include isoniazid 300 mg/day, rifampin 600 mg/day, pyrazinamide 15-30 mg/kg/day, and ethambutol 15-25 mg/kg/day. Prednisone 1-2 mg/kg/day is given for 5-7 days and progressively reduced to discontinuation in 6-8 weeks. Drug sensitivity testing is essential. Pericardiectomy is reserved for recurrent effusions or continued elevation of central venous pressure after 4-6 weeks of antituberculous and corticosteroid therapy.     

ECHO and magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with high bleeding risk and ventricular perforation: a case report and literature review

Myocardial perforation is a complication following pacemaker implantation that may cause cardiac tamponade. We present an original case of myocardial lead perforation not complicated by acute cardiac tamponade. The patient with an acute myocardial infarct had a high bleeding risk both in the acute phase of lead insertion (anticoagulant and triple platelet anti-aggregation therapy) and after few days, the percutaneous extraction lead for the double platelet antiaggregant therapy. Torrent-Guasp's theory is considered for explaining the clinical course of patient. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation showed a diffuse pericardial non-hemorrhagic fibrinous effusion and guide the clinical management.     

心包积液73例病因分析

目的了解导致心包积液的病因及其年龄构成,以提高临床诊疗水平,降低误诊率。方法对73例心包积液患者按照年龄分为青少年组、中年组与老年组,分别分析其致病因素与病因的年龄构成特点。结果肿瘤、心力衰竭、结核、非特异性心包炎、非结核性细菌感染是主要致病因素,另外肾功能不全、外伤、心肌炎、急性心肌梗死、胶原组织病、甲状腺功能减退也是致病因素。三组患者致病因素构成的比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论心包积液的致病因素受多种因素的影响,且年龄构成差异大。     

急性心肌梗死并发症的超声心动图表现及临床意义

目的总结急性心肌梗死并发症的超声心动图特征,为临床采取合理治疗措施提供依据。方法随机抽取急性心肌梗死患者186例,回顾性分析和总结发生并发症的急性心肌梗死患者的超声心动图特点。结果室间隔穿孔5例,心包积液20例,心脏压塞3例,真性室壁瘤53例,附壁血栓21例,同时并发2种或2种以上的上述并发症9例。结论超声心动图可及时、准确诊断急性心肌梗死的并发症,为临床诊断及治疗提供有价值的依据。     

中心静脉导管在心包积液引流中的护理

目的：探讨经皮心包穿刺留置中心静脉导管引流心包积液的护理经验。方法：对22例中等量到大量心包积液在超声引导下穿刺置管行心包积液引流患者做好术前、术中及术后护理。结果：22例患者均置管成功,其中16例完全缓解,5例部分缓解,1例无效,均无组织脏器损伤、感染、心律失常及导管堵塞等并发症发生。结论：对经皮心包穿刺置管引流的患者加强心理护理,术前指导及术后病情观察,尤其是保持引流通畅、防止导管脱落等护理措施是保证手术成功和防止并发症发生的关键。     

细小病毒B19和儿童急性白血病关系的探讨

目的：对急性白血病儿童细小病毒B19的感染及其影响进行探讨。方法回顾性分析某院2011年1月－2015年1月住院的110例急性白血病儿童的临床资料,把110例儿童分为两组：第1组：60名已接受化疗的急性白血病儿童;第2组：50例新发现的、未接受化疗急性白血病儿童;第3组：选取100例性别、年龄均匹配的儿童为健康对照组。采用聚合酶链反应（ PCR）技术检测细小病毒B19 DNA,ELISA法检测以上3组儿童的血清细小病毒B19 IgM抗体。结果①在110例患儿中,细小病毒B19 DNA和（或） IgM阳性的为61例,阳性率为55．5％;对照组均为阴性。②第1组细小病毒B19 DNA和IgM阳性率分别为28．3％和33．3％;第2组细小病毒B19 DNA和IgM阳性率分别为42．0％和52．0％。③细小病毒B19感染的急性白血病儿童贫血发生率为73．8％,无感染儿童贫血发生率为42．9％（ P＜0．05）;细小病毒B19感染的急性白血病儿童血小板减少发生率为68．9％,无感染儿童血小板减少发生率为36．7％（ P＜0．05）。结论50％左右的急性白血病儿童存在细小病毒B19感染;新发现、未接受化疗的急性白血病儿童更容易存在细小病毒B19感染;细小病毒B19感染是急性白血病儿童红细胞系和血小板减少的重要原因。     

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis to amoxicillin associated with parvovirus B19 reactivation

We report the case of a 22-year-old male patient with 2 episodes, 4 months apart, of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) associated with oral intake of amoxicillin and simultaneous reactivation of parvovirus B19 infection proven by positive polymerase chain reaction test in the skin fragment and blood sample and elevation of the IgG antibodies titer. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AGEP resulting from the interaction between drug hypersensitivity and the reactivation of parvovirus B19. A combination of an immunological reaction to the drug and virus infection could be responsible for the clinical picture.     

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis to amoxicillin associated with parvovirus B19 reactivation

We report the case of a 22-year-old male patient with 2 episodes, 4 months apart, of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) associated with oral intake of amoxicillin and simultaneous reactivation of parvovirus B19 infection proven by positive polymerase chain reaction test in the skin fragment and blood sample and elevation of the IgG antibodies titer. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AGEP resulting from the interaction between drug hypersensitivity and the reactivation of parvovirus B19. A combination of an immunological reaction to the drug and virus infection could be responsible for the clinical picture.     

Subxiphoid pericardiastomy in the management of pericardial effusions.

Subxiphoid pericardiostomy for diagnosis and treatment of pericardial effusion was used in 21 patients. Total evacuation of the pericardial contents, direct inspection to break down loculations, simultaneous biopsies of the pericardium and pericardial fluid samples for diagnostic tests were achieved while avoiding the need for repeated pericardiocentesis and more invasive and difficult open drainage methods. Complete drainage without recurrence was obtained in 19 patients with one death and recurrence of effusion in another one. Two of these 19 cases developed constrictive pericarditis on follow-up and required a pericardiectomy. No other complications were encountered. The procedure can be done safely under local anaesthesia for all types of pericardial effusions providing prompt and long term relief of the abnormal haemodynamics.