间充质干细胞可能通过调控免疫细胞促进再生障碍性贫血小鼠骨髓的造血功能

目的:探讨间充质干细胞(MSCs)影响再生障碍性贫血小鼠造血功能的可能免疫机制。方法:30只小鼠分3组,分别为单纯照射组、再障模型组、MSCs治疗组,建立再生障碍性贫血小鼠模型。单纯照射组仅经5Gy[60Co]γ射线照射,再障模型组经5Gy[60Co]γ射线照射后输注DBA/2小鼠胸腺淋巴结细胞1×106cell/只,MSCs治疗组经5Gy[60Co]γ射线照射后输注DBA/2小鼠胸腺淋巴结细胞1×106cell/只,3d后输注人骨髓MSCs1×106cell/只。观察各组小鼠外周血象、骨髓及外周血CD4+细胞、CD8+细胞、CD4+/CD8+、NK细胞变化及与造血的关系。结果:经5Gy[60Co]γ射线照射后,单纯照射组、MSCs治疗组外周血象第7d开始下降,21d血象恢复正常。再障模型组外周血象第7d开始持续性下降,至21d血象仍未恢复。照射后7d,各组小鼠间外周血CD4+细胞、CD8+细胞、CD4+/CD8+无明显差异,但MSCs治疗组NK细胞低于单纯照射组和再障模型组(P0.05)。照射后14d3组CD4+细胞比例均明显下降,CD8+细胞则表现不同,再障模型组与MSCs治疗组CD8+细胞比例明显高于单纯照射组,至照射后21d,MSCs治疗组CD8+、NK细胞与单纯照射组相近、而模型组则明显高于单纯照射组和MSCs治疗组;MSCs治疗组小鼠股骨病理切片中脂肪细胞比例明显低于再障模型组,与单纯照射组结果一致。结论:MSCs输注可能通过调控免疫细胞影响再生障碍性贫血小鼠骨髓造血功能。     

杜仲提取物对运动后小鼠血清尿素氮、肝糖原和血乳酸含量的影响

目的:研究杜仲醇提水溶部位(DT)对小鼠运动及运动后代谢变化的影响。方法:对小鼠负重游泳时间、运动后血清尿素氮、肝糖原、血乳酸含量进行测定。结果:杜仲醇提水溶部位不影响小鼠正常体重。延长负重游泳时间、降低运动后血清尿素氮含量,增加肝糖原含量,降低血乳酸含量。结论:杜仲醇提水溶部位具有抗疲劳作用。     

胎肝源性细胞促进人骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞的定向分化

目的:探讨人胎肝源性细胞(HFLC)对骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)体外诱导分化为肝系细胞的效应和机制.方法:药物流产的胎肝源性细胞和Hoechst33342标记的人MSCs,按培养方式不同,分为HFLC和MSCs直接接触共培养组及transwell共培养组,用倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,在不同时段用免疫细胞荧光法检测肝系细胞标志如AFP、 CK-18和CK-19并进行糖原染色.结果:在直接接触共培养组,免疫细胞荧光法显示分化细胞表达AFP、 CK-18和CK-19,并随分化时间延长表达量增加;同时,分化细胞具有贮存糖原功能,PAS染色显示分化细胞糖原染色阳性.而在transwell共培养组,分化细胞未检测到肝系细胞标志物的表达及糖原的贮存.结论:HFLC与MSCs的直接接触共培养体系的微环境,有利于MSCs定向分化为肝系细胞.     

表达SDF-1/HOXB4融合基因的间充质干细胞联合脐血CD34~+干细胞共移植对辐射损伤小鼠的影响

目的观察表达SDF-1/HOXB4融合基因的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)联合脐血CD34+造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs)共移植对辐射损伤小鼠的影响。方法表达SDF-1、HOXB4和SDF-1/HOXB4基因的3个腺病毒载体分别转染正常人骨髓MSCs,将其联合脐血CD34+细胞经尾静脉移植到辐射损伤的NOD/SCID小鼠体内(MSCs 8×105细胞/只,CD34+1×105细胞/只),分别为SDF-1/MSCs+CD34+组(SDF-1组)、HOXB4/MSCs+CD34+组(HOXB4组)、SDF1-HOXB4/MSCs+CD34+组(S-H组),另外3组为未转染MSCs+CD34+组(MSC-HSC组)、单纯CD34+组(HSC组)、单纯辐照组(IR组)。检测移植后各组小鼠存活率、外周血象恢复、骨髓病理变化及人源CD45+细胞植入率。结果 S-H组小鼠存活率高,且外周血WBC、HGB、PLT和骨髓造血功能恢复快。在移植后6周骨髓CD45+细胞植入率(47.43%±8.89%)较其余各组高。结论表达SDF-1/HOXB4融合基因的间充质干细胞(MSCs)联合脐血CD34+造血干细胞(HSCs)共移植能促进造血重建及植入,提高移植成功率。     

左旋肉碱抗疲劳实验研究

目的研究左旋肉碱抗疲劳的效果。方法将健康雄性昆明小鼠80只随机分入四个组：实验前肌糖原和肝糖原测定组、负重游泳组、血乳酸测定组、尿素氮测定组,每个实验各20只小鼠。每个组再随机分成对照组和实验组,每组10只。对照组每天以蒸馏水灌胃,实验组以600mg/kg左旋肉碱灌胃,连续6周后分别测定肝糖原、肌糖原、游泳时间、血乳酸、血清尿素氮含量等指标,观察左旋肉碱抗疲劳效果。结果左旋肉碱组小鼠游泳时间和运动前肌肝糖原含量较对照组明显增加（P〈0.05）,游泳30min和游泳60min的肌肝糖原消耗均较对照组明显减少（P〈0.05）,力竭游泳后肝糖原消耗较对照组显著减少（P〈0.05）,但肌糖原消耗与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;运动后左旋肉碱组乳酸增加较对照组明显降低（P〈0.05）,休息30mim后血乳酸含量较对照组降低,恢复率明显增加（P〈0.05）;运动结束休息60min后左旋肉碱组血清尿素氮增量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但休息120min后,左旋肉碱组血清尿素氮含量较对照组明显降低,恢复率显著增高（P〈0.05）。结论左旋肉碱具有抗疲劳作用,其抗疲劳作用机理主要与左旋肉碱增加肌肝糖原储备,减少运动后肌肝糖原消耗,抑制乳酸生成,加速乳酸和尿素氮清除有关。     

致敏小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外培养及多向分化功能的测定

目的：评价异基因脾细胞输注致敏的小鼠骨髓源性间充质干细胞(MSCs)的体外培养生长能力及其多向分化功能。方法：应用贴壁培养法体外培养间充质干细胞,流式检测其表面标志以及检测其成骨、成脂和成肌多向分化状况;结果：致敏小鼠骨髓源性MSCs与非致敏小鼠骨髓源性MSCs比较,形态学无差异且均表达CD29+、CD105+、CD44+和Sca-1+ ;CD34-、CD11b-;同时在相应的诱导条件下具有向成骨、成脂、成肌多向分化的能力。结论：异基因脾细胞输注致敏的小鼠,其骨髓源性MSCs的形态学和功能与正常小鼠的MSCs比较评估未见异常。     

八角茴香提取液的抗疲劳效应

背景：延缓疲劳或消除疲劳是运动医学的研究热点,利用中药来消除运动性疲劳,提高机体运动能力,具有重要应用前景。 目的：观察八角茴香提取液对小鼠的抗疲劳作用。 方法：将120只雄性昆明种小鼠按体质量随机分为4组：分别给予21,42,84 mL/(kg•d)的八角茴香提取液和蒸馏水, 35 d后,检测小鼠力竭游泳时间、爬杆时间及运动后血乳酸水平;40 d后,检测小鼠运动后肝糖原含量、血清尿素氮和乳酸脱氢酶活力。 结果与结论：八角茴香提取液可增加小鼠力竭游泳时间、爬杆时间及运动后肝糖原含量,提高运动后小鼠血乳酸脱氢酶活力,同时降低小鼠运动后血乳酸及尿素氮水平,尤以84 mL/(kg•d)八角茴香提取液的效果最明显(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。说明八角茴香提取液有明显的抗疲劳作用。     

间充质干细胞移植对小鼠动脉粥样斑块形成的影响

目的:研究间充质干细胞移植对ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样斑块形成的影响。方法:分离培养ApoE-/-小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs),并进行鉴定。将30只ApoE-/-小鼠分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组、MSCs移植组,每组10只,阳性对照组和MSCs移植组从尾静脉注射MSCs。比较各组小鼠的斑块面积;分析各组小鼠不同组织中CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的数目和功能;利用ELISA法检测各组小鼠脾细胞炎性因子浓度。结果:与对照组比较,MSCs移植组小鼠斑块面积明显缩小(P<0.05),CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的数目显著增加(P<0.05),CD4+CD25+Treg细胞增殖反应下降;上清液中TGF-β和IL-10浓度显著升高,而IFN-γ浓度显著下降。结论:MSCs移植可能通过调控体内炎症反应而产生抗动脉粥样硬化作用。     

骨髓问充质干细胞联合胰岛移植对受体鼠树突状细胞成熟和功能的影响

目的:研究骨髓问充质干细胞(MSCs)对骨髓细胞(BMC)分化为成熟树突状细胞(DCs),以及MSCs联合胰岛移植对受体鼠BMC来源DCs成熟和功能的影响,以探讨MSCs如何通过DCs发挥免疫抑制作用的机制.方法:将BALB/c小鼠分离纯化骨髓MSCs按比例加入C57BL/6小鼠BMC,在含重组鼠粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rmGM-CSF)和重组鼠白介素4(rmIL-4)的培养条件下制备DCs,加脂多糖(LPS)促DCs成熟,检测各组DCs免疫表型的变化,抗原摄取及其分泌白细胞介素-12的能力.观察MSCs联合胰岛移植的同种异基因糖尿病模型小鼠的血糖和组织学变化,并取受体鼠BMC体外诱导为DCs,检测成熟DCs免疫表型、抗原摄取和分泌IL-12能力.结果:体内外实验证明MSCs可使BMC来源的DCs表型CD11c,成熟表面标志CD83、协同刺激分子CD86和I-A<'b>表达明显降低(P<0.05),抗原摄取和分泌IL-12能力显著下降(P<0.01).MSCs联合胰岛移植,可抑制同种异基因受体鼠免疫排斥反应的发生.结论:MSCs可通过抑制BMC来源的DCs的成熟和功能,降低DCs抗原摄取和分泌IL-12能力,诱导免疫耐受,减轻对移植胰岛的排斥反应的发生.     

骨髓间充质干细胞联合胰岛移植对受体鼠树突状细胞成熟和功能的影响

目的:研究骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对骨髓细胞(BMC)分化为成熟树突状细胞(DCs),以及MSCs联合胰岛移植对受体鼠BMC来源DCs成熟和功能的影响,以探讨MSCs如何通过DCs发挥免疫抑制作用的机制。方法:将BALB/c小鼠分离纯化骨髓MSCs按比例加入C57BL/6小鼠BMC,在含重组鼠粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rmGM-CSF)和重组鼠白介素4(rmIL-4)的培养条件下制备DCs,加脂多糖(LPS)促DCs成熟,检测各组DCs免疫表型的变化,抗原摄取及其分泌白细胞介素-12的能力。观察MSCs联合胰岛移植的同种异基因糖尿病模型小鼠的血糖和组织学变化,并取受体鼠BMC体外诱导为DCs,检测成熟DCs免疫表型、抗原摄取和分泌IL-12能力。结果:体内外实验证明MSCs可使BMC来源的DCs表型CD11c,成熟表面标志CD83、协同刺激分子CD86和I-Ab表达明显降低(P0.05),抗原摄取和分泌IL-12能力显著下降(P0.01)。MSCs联合胰岛移植,可抑制同种异基因受体鼠免疫排斥反应的发生。结论:MSCs可通过抑制BMC来源的DCs的成熟和功能,降低DCs抗原摄取和分泌IL-12能力,诱导免疫耐受,减轻对移植胰岛的排斥反应的发生。     

骨髓Sca-1+间充质干细胞移植减轻小鼠迟发型超敏反应

 目的 探讨骨髓Sca-1+间充质干细胞（BM-MSCs）在迟发型超敏反应（DTH）小鼠中的免疫调控作用。方法 小鼠随机分为对照组及MSCs注射组。注射组于0、2及6 d腹腔注射Balb/c小鼠Sca-1+ BM-MSCs,对照组注射生理盐水。所有鼠在7和14 d时分别于背部皮下与足跖注射C57BL/6小鼠脾细胞。24 h后用千分尺测量小鼠足跖的肿胀,ELISA法测外周血细胞因子及FACS法测脾脏免疫细胞比例。结果 注射组小鼠足跖的肿胀程度（0.368 ? 0.126 mm）显著轻于对照组（0.731 ? 0.111 mm,p < 0.01）。注射组外周血中IL-10和TGF-β含量显著高于对照组（p < 0.05）;而IL-12和TNF-α水平显著低于对照组（p < 0.05）。注射组小鼠脾脏调节型T细胞、树突细胞的比例明显高于对照组。结论 BM-MSC通过上调抑炎因子和调节型免疫细胞的数量而减轻DTH小鼠的免疫反应。     

Effect of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang,A Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine Formula,on Physical Fatigue in Mice

Tao-Hong-Si-Wu-Tang (THSWT) is a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula, which has traditionally been used in China for about one thousand years. The present study investigated the effect of THSWT on physical fatigue. 32 male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 in each group. All were administered orally and daily for 28 days. Group I received isotonic saline solution as control; Group II, III and IV obtained 5, 10 and 20ml/ kg body weight of THSWT solutions, respectively. After 28 days, the anti-physical fatigue effect of THSWT was evaluated by using a forced swimming test, along with the determination of blood lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents. The data showed that THSWT could extend exhaustive swimming time of mice, as well as decrease the BLA and BUN contents and increase the liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents. The results support that THSWT had anti-physical fatigue effect.     

电针预处理百会穴对大鼠中枢疲劳影响的初步研究

目的:通过电针(electroacupuncture,EA)预处理百会穴,观察大鼠中枢疲劳(central nervous system fa-tigue,CNS fatigue)后各项指标的改变,研究电针预处理对中枢疲劳的影响。方法:成年SD大鼠分6组:空白对照组(control)、电针组(EA)、1 d疲劳对照组(1 d fatigue)、2 d疲劳对照组(2 d fatigue)、1 d疲劳电针组(EA+1 dfatigue)、2 d疲劳电针组(EA+2 d fatigue)。通过负重游泳时间和旷场试验判断大鼠疲劳程度,采用高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)电化学检测法检测大鼠海马、纹状体、下丘脑和中脑内5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、多巴胺(dopamine,DA)和其代谢产物的比值,研究电针预处理对疲劳的影响。结果:建模1 d后疲劳电针组的负重游泳时间比疲劳对照组显著提高(P<0.01),旷场实验结果表明疲劳电针组的自发活动明显多于疲劳对照组。HPLC结果显示建模1 d后疲劳电针组大鼠的纹状体、中脑内5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid,5-HIAA)/5-HT比值和下丘脑、中脑内[3,4-二羟基苯乙酸(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-aceticacid,DOPAC)]+高香草酸(homovanillic acid,HVA))/DA比值低于疲劳对照组(P<0.05),建模2 d后四个脑区的5-HIAA/5-HT比值和海马、下丘脑内的(DOPAC+HVA)/DA比值与对照组相比均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:电针预刺激百会穴可以改善中枢疲劳后大鼠的体力和自主活动能力,并能够减轻中枢疲劳程度。     

骨髓间质干细胞移植治疗假肥大型肌营养不良症模型鼠后运动功能的改善

目的:观察骨髓间质干细胞(MSC)移植治疗假肥大型肌营养不良症(DMD)动物模型dko鼠后运动功能的改善情况。方法:用体外培养传代扩增纯化的第5代(P5)MSC经鼠尾静脉移植治疗dko鼠,在细胞移植治疗后15周分别对实验组与对照组dko鼠进行牵引、转棒、转轮、倒挂、翻身、走步的一系列运动功能测试观察(录像记录),并取dko鼠后肢腓肠肌组织做荧光免疫组化检测抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin/utrophin)的表达,计算阳性肌纤维的平均吸光度值并进行统计学分析。 结果:传3代以上呈集落生长的MSC均一性好,静脉移植免疫反应低,移植后15周实验组dko鼠肌膜组织有dystrophin/utrophin免疫荧光表达,而对照组则无免疫荧光表达,两组有显著差异(P＜0.05);MSC移植后15周实验组dko鼠的系列运动功能测试均显著优于对照鼠(P＜0.05)。 结论:MSC移植对dko鼠肌萎缩组织有一定的修复与再生作用,并能改善DMD模型鼠的主动与被动运动功能。     

Polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion between primary mouse mesenchymal stem cells and mouse fibroblasts generates hybrid cells with increased proliferation and altered differentiation

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into different cell lineages with the appropriate stimulation in vitro. Transplantation of MSCs in human and other animal models was found to repair tissues through the fusion of transplanted MSCs with indigenous cells. We have generated mouseamouse hybrid cell lines in vitro by polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of primary mouse MSCs with mouse fibroblasts to investigate the characteristics of hybrid cells, including their potentials for proliferation and differentiation. Similar to the parental MSCs, hybrid cells are positive for the cell-surface markers CD29, CD44, CD49e, and Sca-1, and negative for Gr-1, CD11b, CD13, CD18, CD31, CD43, CD45, CD49d, CD90.2, CD445R/B220, and CD117 markers. The hybrid cells also produce a high level of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase compared to the parental cells. Conditioned medium of hybrid cells contain biologically active factors that are capable of stimulating proliferation of other cells. Although the parental MSCs can differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages, hybrid cells held disparate differentiation capacity. Hybrid cell lines in general have increased proliferative capacity than the primary MSCs. Our study demonstrates that proliferative hybrid cell lines can be generated in vitro by induced fusion of both immortal and primary somatic cells with primary MSCs.     

Resistance to activation-induced cell death and elevated FLIPL expression of CD4+ T cells in a polyI:C-induced primary biliary cirrhosis mouse model

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a type of organ-specific autoimmune disease in which immune tolerance is impaired by an unknown mechanism. We established a PBC animal model by injecting C57BL/6 mice with polyI:C to study activation-induced cell death (AICD) in CD4+ T lymphocytes and changes of apoptosis-associated molecules as a first step to understand the immune tolerance of PBC mice. Obvious inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the portal area of the liver tissues in model mice and antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) positive rate was 80%. The AICD level in both splenic and hepatic CD4+ T cells in the model group were all lower than those in controls, and in the model group the level for hepatic CD4+ T cells were significantly lower than that for splenic CD4+ T cells. Quantitative PCR revealed that FasL mRNA and TRAIL expression in CD4+ T cells in the model group decreased significantly compared with that in the control group. Western blots revealed that the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein FLIP_L in the model group increased significantly with the FLIP_L expression in hepatic CD4+ T cells significantly higher than that in splenic CD4+ T cells. There was a positive linear correlation between the number of infiltrated portal areas and relative expression of FLIP_L in splenic CD4+ T cells in model group. There were no obvious changes for caspase-8 in either group. These results show that the anti-apoptotic ability of CD4+ T lymphocytes play an important role in immune tolerance in the PBC mouse model, and elevated FLIP_L expression may enhance this ability. The inhibition of FasL and TRAIL expression may also help enhance this anti-apoptotic ability in CD4+ T lymphocytes and contribute to the aggravation of portal area inflammation.     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外成肌分化中基质金属蛋白酶1的作用

背景：小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外成肌诱导分化效率较低。 目的：观察基质金属蛋白酶1在体外对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成肌分化的作用。 方法：利用差速贴壁法体外分离培养小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞并进行鉴定后,按照不同基质金属蛋白酶1药物处理浓度将小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分成4组,即10 μg/L组、1 μg/L组、0.1 μg/L组、对照组,给予相应处理后,Real-time定量PCR检测MyoD、Desmin mRNA表达,Western Blotting检测Desmin蛋白表达。 结果与结论：利用差速贴壁法分离培养的小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞形态较一致,表面分子检测示CD29⁺、Sca-1⁺、CD45^-、CD34^-,并具有多向分化潜能;经基质金属蛋白酶1处理后,Real-time定量PCR检测示Desmin、MyoD mRNA表达上调,Western Blotting检测示Desmin蛋白表达上调,并且以上各成肌相关基因、蛋白表达增高程度与基质金属蛋白酶1具有浓度依赖性。提示基质金属蛋白酶1在体外可促进骨髓间充质干细胞向肌肉细胞分化。     

Long-term culture of postnatal mouse hepatic stem/progenitor cells and their relative developmental hierarchy

Few studies on the long-term culture of postnatal mouse hepatic stem/progenitor cells have been reported. We successfully adapted a serum-free culture system that we employed previously to expand fetal mouse hepatic stem/progenitor cells and maintained them in culture over long periods. The expanded postnatal cells contained immature alpha-fetoprotein-positive cells along with hepatocytic and cholangiocytic lineage-committed cells. These cells expressed CD49f but not CD45, CD34, Thy-1, c-kit, CD31, or flk-1, and oncostatin M induced their differentiation. This heterogeneous population contained side population (SP) cells, which express the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2, and sca-1+ cells. As mice aged, the frequency of SP and sca-1+ cells decreased along with the ability of cultured cells to expand. Approximately 20%-40% of the SP cells expressed sca-1, but only a few sca-1+ cells were also SP cells. Analysis of colonies derived from single SP or sca-1+ cells revealed that, although both cells had dual differentiation potential and self-renewal ability, SP cells formed colonies more efficiently and gave rise to SP and sca-1+ cells, whereas sca-1+ cells generated only sca-1+ progeny. Thus, SP cells are more characteristic of stem cells than are sca-1+ cells. In regenerating livers, ABCG2+ cells and sca-1+ cells were detected around or in the portal area (the putative hepatic stem cell niche). The expanded cells share many features of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells or oval cells and may be useful in determining the mechanisms whereby hepatic stem cells self-renew and differentiate.     

Resolution of skeletal muscle inflammation in mdx dystrophic mouse is accompanied by increased immunoglobulin and interferon-gamma production

Mdx mouse, the animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, develops an X-linked recessive inflammatory myopathy with an apparent sustained capacity for muscle regeneration. We analysed whether changes in the skeletal muscle during myonecrosis and regeneration would correlate with functional alterations in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Here we show that during the height of myonecrosis, mdx mice display marked atrophy of peripheral lymph nodes and extensive muscle inflammation. In contrast, enlargement of draining lymph nodes with accumulation of CD4+ CD44+, CD4+ CD25+, CD8+ CD44+ T lymphocytes and type-2 B cells was consistently observed during amelioration of the muscle lesion. In addition, regeneration of the muscular tissue was accompanied by concomitant increase of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in regional lymph nodes and bone marrow. Double immunolabelling analysis revealed intense B cell proliferation and formation of germinal centre in the follicles of dystrophic regional lymph nodes. Furthermore, lymph node cells produced large amounts of IFN-gamma but not IL-4, IL-6 or IL-10 after in vitro mitogen stimulation with Concanavalin A. As these alterations occurred mainly during the recovery period, we suggested that local activation of the immune system could be an influence which mitigates the myonecrosis of muscular tissue in the mdx dystrophic mouse.