肉膜瓣覆盖在尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术中的应用

目的:探讨肉膜覆盖在尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(TIP)中预防尿瘘的应用。方法:140例尿道下裂患者均行TIP术式修复,其中85例远端型尿道下裂采用纵行腹外侧阴茎肉膜瓣覆盖新尿道;55例近端形尿道下裂采用阴囊前动脉带蒂肉膜瓣覆盖新尿道。结果:12例患者出现尿道皮肤瘘,其中远端型尿道下裂患者7例;近端型尿道下裂5例。结论:远端型选择腹外侧阴茎肉膜瓣覆盖,近端型选择阴囊前动脉带蒂肉膜瓣覆盖,较少出现尿瘘的并发症,是TIP术中较理想的覆盖方式。     

睾丸鞘膜瓣在尿道修复中的应用

目的探讨睾丸鞘膜瓣覆盖技术在尿道畸形和尿道瘘修复中的效果。方法2002年起对38例尿道下裂手术和术后尿道瘘,采用睾丸鞘膜下组织蒂鞘膜瓣覆盖修复。结果术后随访半年至1年,除1例尿道上裂术后瘘修复后再次发生尿道瘘外,其余均获成功,未再出现尿道瘘或尿道狭窄,阴茎外观满意,勃起正常。结论采用该方法可有效防止尿瘘再发生,提高手术成功率且易于获取,对睾丸无不良影响。     

阴囊纵隔皮瓣代尿道治疗尿道下裂45例报告

目的 探讨带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂的方法及并发症的防治。方法 对45例应用带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣Ⅰ期修复尿道下裂术式治疗的患的资料进行了分析。结果 45例一次手术治愈43例，2例术后并发尿瘘，1例尿道外口狭窄，手术成功率95％。结论 带蒂阴囊纵隔皮瓣血运丰富，成形尿道愈合力强，合并症少，尿道口能达正位，能Ⅰ期完成手术。     

局部转移皮瓣联合带蒂阴囊肉膜治疗尿道下裂术后尿漏

目的探讨局部转移皮瓣联合带蒂阴囊肉膜治疗尿道下裂术后漏尿的效果。方法58例尿道下裂手术后出现阴茎或阴囊部漏尿的患者,其中简单漏尿17例,复杂漏尿41例。有一次手术史者17例,二次手术史者23例,三次及以上者18例。所有患者采用局部转移皮瓣联合带蒂阴囊肉膜修复漏口。结果58例于术后14 d拔除U形支架管,排尿通畅。所有患者均一次修复成功,无术后漏尿和其它并发症。随防12-83月,均未出现术后远期并发症。结论局部转移皮瓣联合用带蒂阴囊肉膜治疗尿道下裂术后漏尿,成功率较高,效果满意。     

舌状组织瓣修复尿道下裂术后尿瘘

舌状组织瓣修复尿道下裂术后尿瘘吴逵诸禹平赵维璋１９９０年２月至１９９５年１２月，采用带蒂舌状组织瓣修复尿道下裂术后尿瘘１６例，全部一次成功。资料与方法本组１６例，年龄３～１７岁，采用Ⅱ期皮管法尿道成形者１３例，采用阴囊中隔岛状瓣Ⅰ期成形者３例。单个瘘...     

改良Mathieu手术在尿道下裂再次修复中的应用

目的:总结改良Mathieu手术在尿道下裂再次修复中的治疗经验。方法:应用改良Mathieu手术治疗尿道下裂失败病例24例。患儿年龄3¹2岁,平均4.5岁。20例为第2次手术,4例为第3次手术。其中大型的冠状沟尿瘘13例,尿道外口退缩5例,前段尿道崩裂6例。手术改良包括尿道后壁正中纵切、阴茎背侧血管神经束下方紧缩海绵体白膜、双层带血管蒂肉膜组织覆盖等技术。结果:24例中19例手术一次成功,阴茎伸直良好,外形美观,排尿正常,成功率79.2%(19/24)。尿瘘4例,1例自愈,3例行尿瘘修补痊愈。尿道外口狭窄1例,行尿道外口扩大整形治愈。无尿道狭窄及尿道憩室病例。术后行尿道镜检2例,未发现尿道后壁正中纵切处瘢痕增生。结论:改良Mathieu手术适用3种情况的尿道下裂失败病例,即大型的冠状沟尿瘘、尿道外口退缩和前段尿道崩裂。手术改良包括尿道后壁正中纵切、阴茎背侧血管神经束下方紧缩海绵体白膜、双层带血管蒂肉膜组织覆盖等技术。     

应用显微外科技术预防尿道下裂术后尿瘘

目的：提高尿道下裂一期手术疗效，减少尿瘘等并发症发生。方法：应用显微外科技术，选择不同的术式一期修复尿道下裂17例，包括加盖带蒂包皮瓣尿道成形术(onlay island flap urthroplasty)4例，横形带蒂包皮瓣尿道成形术(Duckett术)8例，膀胱黏膜一期尿道成形术5例。结果：一期手术全部成功，无尿瘘、尿道狭窄、感染等严重并发症。结论：应用显微外科技术，能提高尿道下裂一期手术的成功率，减少尿瘘的发生。     

阴茎背侧纵行带蒂包皮瓣在尿道下裂修复中的应用

目的:评价阴茎背侧纵行带蒂包皮瓣尿道成形术在尿道下裂修复中的应用及疗效;方法:采用改进的阴茎背侧纵形带蒂包皮瓣尿道下裂修复术治疗26例有阴茎弯曲,背侧包皮丰富的中、近段尿道下裂。结果:随访3个月～1年,26例患者手术后全部一次成功。术后排尿顺利,尿线正常,外形接近正常。一次手术成功率达100%。结论:阴茎背侧纵行带蒂包皮瓣尿道下裂修复术是有阴茎弯曲,背侧包皮丰富的中、近段尿道下裂理想的手术方式。     

显微外科技术修复尿道下裂术后尿瘘

目的探讨显微外科技术在修复尿道下裂术后尿瘘治疗中的作用，以提高尿瘘修复成功率。方法1999年7月至2006年5月，对33例尿道下裂术后尿瘘的44个瘘口，应用显微外科技术，分别采用Thiersch偏心圆皮肤覆盖法修复28例；对伴发尿道狭窄、阴茎弯曲者5例，行阴茎瘢痕组织及狭窄尿道切除，以阴囊皮瓣重建尿道，阴茎皮瓣覆盖尿道。结果Thiersch法修复33个瘘口有5个复发；部分尿道切除加阴囊皮瓣尿道成形术修复5例，共11个瘘口，皮瓣全部成活，尿瘘无复发。结论应用显微外科技术可提高尿瘘修复的成功率，尿瘘修复的成功率还与瘘口局部情况、术式选择等有关。     

Snodgrass术联合去表皮组织瓣覆盖技术在小儿尿道下裂手术中的应用

目的：报道联合应用Snodgrass术与去表皮组织瓣覆盖技术治疗小儿先天性尿道下裂的效果。方法：回顾性分析2003年6月～2005年3月收治的68例9个月～11岁先天性尿道下裂患儿资料，其中远端型（包括阴茎头、阴茎体型）52例，阴茎阴囊型12例，近端型（阴囊型）4例，采用Snodgrass术及去表皮组织瓣覆盖技术一期尿道成形。观察其术后效果。结果：术后随访6～15个月，4例出现尿瘘．2例出现尿道狭窄。尿瘘及尿道狭窄者再次治疗均成功。结论：Snodgrass术是尿道下裂手术治疗的一种安全、有效的术式；同时与去表皮组织瓣覆盖技术联合。降低了术后尿瘘的发生率。提高了手术成功率。     

带蒂阴囊中隔皮瓣加盖睾丸鞘膜尿道成形术在失败尿道下裂手术中的应用

目的:评价带蒂阴囊中隔皮瓣加盖睾丸鞘膜尿道成形术在失败尿道下裂手术中的应用,了解其适应证、手术方法、术后并发症及远期效果。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月~2013年12月采用带蒂阴囊中隔皮瓣加盖睾丸鞘膜尿道成形术治疗的43例手术失败的尿道下裂病例及随访资料,描述手术适应证、手术方法,总结术后并发症及处理方法,评价远期效果。结果:平均手术时间110min。术后并发症发生率为14%(6/43),其中尿道皮肤瘘3例,尿道憩室1例,尿道口狭窄2例。术后1年随访,阴茎外观满意率为90.7%(39/43),通过随诊观察排尿评估尿道功能正常率为95.35%(41/43)。5例尿道镜检查无明显毛石形成。结论:带蒂阴囊中隔皮瓣加盖睾丸鞘膜尿道成形术是在失败尿道下裂修复术中有效的手术方式,手术方法相对简单,容易掌握,手术并发症较少,远期效果确切。     

Split onlay skin flap for the salvage hypospadias repair

PURPOSE: Following failed hypospadias repair absence of the penile foreskin, a shortage of ventral skin and residual chordee may all contribute to poor long-term results. We describe a technique called the split onlay skin (SOS) flap that has improved our surgical outcomes in boys requiring salvage hypospadias repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SOS flap uses a transverse island of penile shaft skin that is mobilized on its vascular pedicle and rotated into position to the ventrum of the penis at the site of the urethral defect. The flap is transected transversely, and half of the flap is used as an onlay to repair the urethra and the other half is used for additional skin coverage where needed on the penile shaft. We treated 11 boys 30 to 124 months old (mean age 60.3 months) who had a mean of 2 previous failed hypospadias repairs. All 11 boys presented with complex combinations of urethrocutaneous fistulas, stricture or urethral diverticula. RESULTS: Of the 11 patients 6 (54.5%) had development of postoperative fistulas. Five of these fistulas were surgically closed with no further complications. One penoscrotal fistula closed spontaneously after 7 months. Mild chordee from contraction of the flap and a urethral diverticulum developed in 1 boy. At a mean followup of 24.5 months all patients, including those who underwent closure of the secondary fistula, were voiding well with excellent appearance. CONCLUSIONS: In cases where little local tissue is present the SOS flap procedure is an excellent way to transfer healthy dorsal tissue to the ventrum for an onlay salvage urethroplasty while providing additional coverage of the urethral defect and a tension-free skin closure. Despite the high fistula rate we encountered following the initial SOS procedure, we endorse this technique because the transferred dartos provides additional tissue, which facilitates subsequent fistula repair. These boys can achieve a successful cosmetic result without incorporation of scrotal tissue or a free graft, which we believe leads to more predictable results.     

Longitudinal dorsal dartos flap for prevention of fistula after a Snodgrass hypospadias procedure

OBJECTIVES: The Snodgrass technique presents the procedure of choice for distal hypospadias. Fistula formation is the most common complication with various rates. We evaluated the importance of a urethral covering using vascularized dorsal subcutaneous tissue for fistula prevention. METHODS: Our study included 126 patients, aged 10 months to 16 years, who underwent hypospadias repair from April 1998 through June 2005. Of the patients, 89 had distal, 30 had midshaft and 7 had penoscrotal hypospadias. All patients underwent standard tubularized incised plate urethroplasty, which was followed by reconstruction of new surrounding urethral tissue. A longitudinal dorsal dartos flap was harvested and transposed to the ventral side by the buttonhole manoeuvre. The flap was sutured to the glans and the corpora cavernosa to completely cover the neourethra with well-vascularized subcutaneous tissue. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 32 (6-87) months. A successful result without fistula was achieved in all 126 patients. In six patients, temporary stenosis of the glandular urethra occurred and was solved by dilation. CONCLUSIONS: A urethral covering should be performed as part of the Snodgrass procedure. A dorsal well-vascularized dartos flap that is buttonholed ventrally represents a good choice for fistula prevention. Redundancy of the flap and its excellent vascularization depend on the harvesting technique.     

Tube-onlay-tube tunica vaginalis flap for proximal primary and reoperative adult hypospadias

PURPOSE: We describe the surgical technique of and report the results in the first 20 patients who underwent combined onlay-tube construction of a tunica vaginalis flap. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We repaired 20 cases of proximal primary (8) and repeat (12), adult hypospadias using a tube-onlay in 4, an onlay-tube in 3, a tube-onlay-tube in 9 and an onlay-tube-onlay in 4. In 15 patients contralateral tunica vaginalis was used as a blanket wrap. Three to 6 months postoperatively after obtaining informed consent retrograde urethrography, cystourethroscopy, uroflowmetry and urethral biopsy were done in 20, 17, 10 and 13 patients, respectively. RESULTS: No fistula or diverticulum developed. Complications occurred in 3 patients (15%), including urethral stricture, meatal stenosis and urethral stricture, and meatal regression and urethral stricture in 1 each. All strictures occurred in the distal urethra in reoperative cases. At long-term followup there was no recurrent stricture or meatal stenosis after internal urethrotomy and dilation. Urethral biopsy in all 13 patients showed a stratified epithelium indistinguishable from native urethra. The reasons for delayed presentation include perceiving hypospadias as a normal variation (paribor or cut by angels), losing hope for a cure after multiple failed repairs, being told by urologists that repair is futile and pressure by wives for cosmetic or fertility reasons. CONCLUSIONS: The place of tunica vaginalis in hypospadias surgery is more than coverage for urethroplasty. It can be successfully used for substitution urethroplasty. As an extension to the principles of the onlay flap and the concept of urethral plate preservation, combined onlay-tube constructions of tunica vaginalis, including a tube-onlay-tube flap, are successfully applicable to proximal hypospadias, especially in reoperative cases. Urothelialization of the tunica vaginalis occurs within months of surgery.     

The Dartos Flap as an Adjunct in Preventing Urethrocutaneous Fistulas in Repeat Hypospadias Surgery

Purpose

Vascularized flaps for repeat hypospadias repair are often limited. We report our experience with the dartos flap in children undergoing secondary hypospadias and complex urethral repair.

Materials and Methods

The dartos flap is fibroadipose tissue between the scrotal skin and tunica vaginalis layers with its vascular pedicle based at the penoscrotal angle. The flap reaches the distal penile shaft without tension. Eight patients 1 to 17 years old (mean age 6) underwent urethral surgery and an interposed dartos flap procedure in 1994 to 1995.

Results

Of 6 patients cosmesis was excellent in 84 percent, erections were straight in 100 percent, and urinary streams were of good quality and without fistula in 100 percent after repeat hypospadias surgery. Following staged repair for anterior urethral valves a urethrocutaneous fistula developed in 1 patient and following urethral duplication repair results were excellent in 1. Mean followup was 1 year.

Conclusions

The dartos flap is easy to mobilize and it provides excellent coverage for repeat proximal hypospadias surgery, since the dartos remains undisturbed. We endorse its use for complex urethral surgery and believe that the extra layer of closure helps to prevent urethrocutaneous fistulas.     

Dorsal dartos flap for preventing fistula in the Snodgrass hypospadias repair

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the importance of urethral covering using vascularized dorsal subcutaneous tissue for preventing fistula in the Snodgrass hypospadias repair. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 67 children (aged 1-11 years) who had hypospadias repaired between April 1998 and May 2003, including 51 with distal and 16 with midshaft hypospadias. In all children, a standard tubularized incised-plate urethroplasty was followed by reconstruction of new surrounding urethral tissue. A longitudinal dartos flap was harvested from excessive dorsal preputial and penile hypospadiac skin, and transposed to the ventral side by a buttonhole manoeuvre; it was sutured to the glans wings around the neomeatus, and to the corpora cavernosa over the neourethra. Thus the neourethra was completely covered with well-vascularized subcutaneous tissue. RESULTS: At a mean (range) follow-up of 21 (6-65) months, the result was successful, with no fistula or urethral stenosis, in all 67 children. CONCLUSION: We suggest that urethral covering should be part of the Snodgrass procedure. A dorsal well-vascularized dartos flap, buttonholed ventrally, is a good choice for preventing fistula. Redundancy of the flap and its excellent vascularization depends on the harvesting technique.     

Comparative study of dartos fascia and tunica vaginalis pedicle wrap for the tubularized incised plate in primary hypospadias repair

OBJECTIVES: To report a prospective comparative study on using dartos fascia, i.e. subcutaneous tissue of penile skin and tunica vaginalis pedicled wrap (TVPW) from the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis of the testis, for a one-stage tubularized incised-plate (TIP) repair for hypospadias. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-nine patients (mean age 4.6 years, range 1-22) with hypospadias of different types (varying from coronal to penoscrotal) were repaired in one of three hospitals over 3 years. All patients were repaired using the TIP technique, with dartos fascia wrap used in 20 and TVPW in 29, without using a loupe or microscope during surgery. Urinary diversion and splinting were provided by a urethral catheter. The operative duration for both groups was similar at approximately 2 h. RESULTS: In the dartos fascia group there were three (15%) fistulae, but there were none in the TVPW group. CONCLUSIONS: Although the dissection for TVPW seems to be cumbersome theoretically, it is not difficult. The combination of TIP and TVPW in primary repair may be a good alternative to other techniques.     

Outcome of hypospadias fistula repair

Objectives To examine the long-term results of hypospadias fistula repair, the factors involved in recurrence and the outcome in cases where this has occurred. Patients and methods The study comprised 113 children undergoing urethrocutaneous fistula repair between 1984 and 1996. Most of the fistulae were closed in two to three layers, with or without a transpositional skin flap. Tunica vaginalis or a scrotal dartos flap was used in patients with inadequate vascularized tissue adjacent to the fistula. Success rates were calculated for each attempt at fistula repair until the patient was cured. Results The median (range) age at primary fistula repair was 40 (18-169) months and the median follow-up after the most recent repair 7.5 (2.3-17) years. The overall success rate of primary fistula repair was 71%. Fistulae which were >2 mm (11 of 21, 52%) were more likely to recur than were those < or = 2 mm (22 of 92, 24%). Recurrence did not relate to the initial form of hypospadias repair, to the means of skin closure nor, with the exception of multiple lesions, to the location of the fistula. The success rates of subsequent repairs were 70% at the second and 50% at the third, fourth and fifth repairs. One child was cured at the sixth attempt. The use of tunica vaginalis or scrotal dartos as a 'waterproofing' layer was limited to the third or subsequent repairs and was successful in five of six cases. Conclusion A simple layered closure with or with no transpositional skin flap is effective in 71% of repairs. For recurrent fistulae, tissues from an unscarred area (tunica vaginalis or scrotal dartos layer) should be used to cover the fistula.     

De-epithelialized scrotal flap in repair of urethrocutaneous fistula and hypospadias

Eight cases of closure of urethrocutaneous fistula and 15 cases of urethroplasty for hypospadias are reviewed. Most of the fistulas were present in the penoscrotal level. Fistula and hypospadias opening were closed by re-enforcement using a de-epithelialized scrotal skin flap. Of 8 patients with fistula, there was no recurrence, and 3 procedures were performed without urinary diversion or urethral stent. Of 15 patients with hypospadias, there was no fistula formation in the original urethral opening area but a fistula distal to the original urethral opening developed in 3 patients. This technique is satisfactory in repairing complicated as well as noncomplicated urethrocutaneous fistula and can be done without urinary diversion or urethral stent. It appears to be useful in reducing fistula formation following urethroplasty in hypospadias or urethral fistula repair.