大肠癌表皮生长因子受体和p53蛋白表达与临床病理特？…

为了研究大肠癌表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和ｐ５３蛋白表达与病理特征和预后的关系，应用免疫组化检测ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３在６１例大肠癌中的表达，结果提示：正常大肠粘膜未发现ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３阳性表达，而两者在大肠癌均有较高表达（７７．０４％和５５．７５％）。ＥＧＦＲ表达与大肠癌Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。ｐ５３表达与大肠癌分化程度及Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期有关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。大肠癌生存率随ＥＧＦＲ和ｐ５３     

p53、EGFR和Ki-67抗原在子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤中的表达

目的：研究子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤ｐ５３、ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７抗原的表达及与肿瘤临床分期、组织学分级和预后的关系。方法：用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法对２１例子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤的存档资料作染色观察。结果：ｐ５３、ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７抗原的阳性表达率分别为６１．９％、６１．９％和７１．４％。临床分期Ⅱ～Ⅳ期肿瘤（１０／１２）的ｐ５３阳性表达率明显高于Ⅰ期肿瘤（３／９）（Ｐ＜０．０５）、肿瘤癌性成分Ⅱ级的ｐ５３阳性表达高于Ⅰ期（Ｐ＜０．０５）。６例在１年内死亡的病例，其中５例ｐ５３阳性染色，而５例生存２年以上的肿瘤ｐ５３免疫染色全部阴性，两组比较（Ｐ＜０．０５）。肉瘤成分Ⅲ级的ＥＧＦＲ阳性率高于Ⅱ级（Ｐ＜０．０５），除此而外，ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７的表达和肿瘤分期、预后均无相关性。结论：肿瘤的ｐ５３表达具有预后意义     

大肠腺瘤与腺癌P21,P53,P185蛋白表达及ras,p53基因突变的检测

应用免疫组化及ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ法检测３０例大肠腺瘤、７４例大肠腺癌及癌旁粘膜Ｐ２１、Ｐ５３、Ｐ１８５蛋白表达及ｒａｓ、ｐ５３基因突变。结果表明，大肠腺瘤Ｐ２１、Ｐ５３蛋白阳性率（５３．３％，２７．６％）高于癌旁粘膜（Ｐ＜０．０１），二者过度表达与腺瘤恶性倾向有关。大肠腺癌Ｐ２１、Ｐ５３及Ｐ１８５蛋白阳性率（７２．９％，３７．８％，４７．２％）皆高于腺瘤Ｉ级不典型增生（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５及Ｐ＜０．０５）。９例腺瘤，４０例腺癌存在两种以上蛋白表达，共同表达与腺瘤恶性倾向及腺癌预后有关。大肠腺瘤及腺癌ｒａｓ基因突变率分别为２６．７％及４１．９％，ｒａｓ基因突变与腺瘤恶性倾向有关。大肠腺瘤及腺癌ｐ５３基因２４８位点突变率分别为３．３％及１４．９％。６例腺癌存在两种基因突变，两种基因协同突变与大肠癌预后有关。提示ｒａｓ、ｐ５３及ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２基因改变均参与了大肠癌的发生、发展过程。     

ER阳性和ER阴性人乳腺癌细胞株p53、mdm-2及p21~(WAF1)蛋白表达的研究

目的研究ＥＲ阳性和ＥＲ阴性人乳腺癌细胞株ｐ５３、ｍｄｍ－２和ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１蛋白的表达及其与细胞生物学特性的关系。方法应用细胞培养、基因转染和免疫组化染色ＬＳＡＢ法等技术，检测ＥＲ阳性、表达野生型ｐ５３（ｗｔｐ５３）蛋白的ＭＣＦ－７细胞和ＥＲ阴性、表达突变型ｐ５３（ｍｔｐ５３）的ＭＤＡ－ＭＢ－２３１细胞以及ＥＲ转染阳性ＭＤＡ－ＭＢ－２３１细胞中ｐ５３、ｍｄｍ－２和ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１蛋白的表达水平，比较其与细胞生物学特性的关系。结果（１）ＭＣＦ－７细胞和ＭＤＡ－ＭＢ－２３１细胞ｐ５３蛋白的性质和分布明显不同，前者ｐ２１ＷＡＦ１和ｍｄｍ－２蛋白的表达水平明显高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０５），且前者的生物学特性较后者为好。（２）ＥＲ质粒转染ＭＤＡ－ＭＢ－２３１细胞后，其ｐ５３蛋白的表达水平降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ｍｄｍ－２蛋白的表达水平增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），生物学特性得以改善。结论乳腺癌细胞ＥＲ状态与ｐ５３和ｍｄｍ－２蛋白的表达水平以及生物学特性有关。     

青年人大肠癌细胞p53蛋白表达和DNA的定量研究

目的：研究青年人大肠癌抑癌基因ｐ５３蛋白的表达和细胞ＤＮＡ含量。方法：采用流式细胞光度术（ＦＣＭ）。结果：青年组大肠癌细胞ＤＩ值（１．３０±０．１７）显著大于老年癌组（１．１０±０．０９）（Ｐ＜０．０１），且细胞增殖指数（ＰＩ）亦明显大于后者（２４．９％±６．５％ｖｓ２０．２％±４．７％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）。青年组大肠癌中ＤＮＡ异倍体癌发生率为８７．１％（２７／３１），而老年癌组仅为２８．６％（４／１４），两者之间差别有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ｐ５３蛋白表达量青年患者（ＦＩ＝１．３４±０．２６）显著大于老年患者（ＦＩ＝１．１５±０．２５）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。在青年大肠癌中，粘液癌和侵犯周围软组织者，其ｐ５３蛋白的阳性表达率（１００％，９５％）分别高于腺癌和浸润较浅者（６７％，５８％）（Ｐ＜０．０５），而且低分化癌和有局部淋巴转移者ｐ５３蛋白的表达阳性率（９３％，１００％）也较高、中分化癌和无局部淋巴结转移者（６９％，６８％）为高。结论：在ＤＮＡ水平上，青年大肠癌的恶性程度高于老年大肠癌；ｐ５３蛋白的高表达可能是造成青年大肠癌恶性度高的原因之一。     

p53,EGFR和Ki—67抗原在子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤 …

目的：研究子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤ｐ５３、ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７抗原的表达及与肿瘤临床分期、组织学分级和预后的关系。方法：用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法对２１例子宫恶性中胚叶混合瘤的存档资料作染色观察。结果：ｐ５３、ＥＧＦＲ和Ｋｉ－６７抗原的阳性表达率分别为６１．９％、６１．９％和７１．４％。临床分期Ⅱ￣Ⅳ期肿瘤（１０／１２）的ｐ５３阳性表达率明显高于Ｉ期肿瘤（３／９）（Ｐ〈０．０５）、肿瘤癌性成分Ⅱ级的ｐ５３阳性     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体在卵巢癌中表达的免疫组化检测

目的： 检测血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ） 及其受体（ＫＤＲ） 在卵巢癌中的表达, 并探讨其与卵巢癌发生的关系。方法： 采用ＳＡＢＣ免疫组化染色法, 对６６ 例卵巢肿瘤中, ＶＥＧＦ 和ＫＤＲ 的表达进行检测。结果： 恶性、交界性及良性卵巢肿瘤中, ＶＥＧＦ 和ＫＤＲ 的表达率分别为７２－９％ 、７５－００ ％ 、３８－４６ ％ 及５４－０５％ 、４３－７５％ 、７－６９ ％ ; 恶性肿瘤及交界性肿瘤ＶＥＧＦ和ＫＤＲ的表达, 明显高于良性肿瘤（Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。ＫＤＲ 不仅表达于肿瘤血管内皮细胞, 在肿瘤细胞内也有强表达。有淋巴结转移的卵巢癌ＶＥＧＦ 的表达与无淋巴结转移者相比较, 有显著差异（Ｐ＜ ０－０５）; ＫＤＲ 的表达与卵巢癌淋巴结转移无关（Ｐ＞ ０－０５）; 卵巢癌的不同临床分期、病理类型及病理分级间ＶＥＧＦ和ＫＤＲ的表达, 无显著性差异（ Ｐ＞ ０－０５） 。结论： ＶＥＧＦ和ＫＤＲ 的表达可能与卵巢癌的发生有关。     

甲状腺乳头状腺癌中EGFR、nm23-H1和p53蛋白的表达

目的：探讨 Ｅ Ｇ Ｆ Ｒ、ｎｍ２３ Ｈ１ 及ｐ５３ 蛋白在甲状腺乳头状腺癌中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系。方法：应用免疫组化 Ａ Ｂ Ｃ 法检测３６ 例有颈淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状腺癌的原发灶与转移灶和４０ 例无转移的甲状腺乳头状腺癌中 Ｅ Ｇ Ｆ Ｒ、ｎｍ２３ Ｈ１ 及ｐ５３ 蛋白的表达。结果：７６ 例甲状腺乳头状腺癌的 Ｅ Ｇ Ｆ Ｒ、ｎｍ２３ Ｈ１ 及ｐ５３ 蛋白的阳性表达率分别为５５３ ％ 、６０５ ％ 和１１８ ％ ;但有转移的甲状腺乳头状腺癌的 Ｅ Ｇ Ｆ Ｒ 阳性表达率高于无转移者（ Ｐ＜ ００５） ,且转移灶的 Ｅ Ｇ Ｆ Ｒ 阳性率明显高于其原发灶（ Ｐ＜ ００５） ;有转移的甲状腺乳头状腺癌的ｎ ｍ２３ Ｈ１ 阳性率低于无转移癌者（ Ｐ＜ ００１） ;甲状腺乳头状腺癌中 Ｅ Ｇ Ｆ Ｒ 的阳性表达与ｎ ｍ２３ Ｈ１ 的表达有负相关（ Ｐ＜ ００１） 。结论：甲状腺乳头状腺癌 Ｅ Ｇ Ｆ Ｒ 的过表达,ｎｍ２３ Ｈ１ 的低表达,二者表达的失平衡是其易于淋巴结转移的原因之一, Ｅ Ｇ Ｆ Ｒ,ｎｍ２３ Ｈ１ 联用可作为甲状腺乳头状腺癌淋巴结转移的评价指标。     

DNA复制错误阳性大肠癌的临床病理特点

目的探讨ＤＮＡ复制错误（ＲＥＲ）与大肠癌发生发展的关系。方法采用银染ＰＣＲ单链构象多态性（ｓｉｎｇｌｅｓｔｒａｎｄｃｏｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ，ＳＳＣＰ）和ＰＣＲ－变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶（ＰＡＧ）技术检测６０例大肠癌及其相应正常组织的第２、５、１７号染色体的４个位点的微小卫星ＤＮＡ不稳定性（ｍｉｃｒｏｓａｔｅｌｉｔｅｉｎｓｔａｂｉｔｙ，ＭＳＩ），有至少２个位点的ＭＳＩ则诊断为ＲＥＲ阳性。结果６０例大肠癌中，１９例为ＲＥＲ阳性（３１７％）。结合家族史，根据Ａｍｓｔｅｒｄａｎ标准，６０例病例中有４例被诊断为遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌（ｈｅｒｅｄｉｔａｒｙｎｏｎｐｏｌｙｓｉｓｃｏｌｏｒｅｃｔａｌｃａｎｃｅｒ，ＨＮＰＣＣ）。ＲＥＲ阳性率在ＨＮＰＣＣ中为３／４例与散发性大肠癌的２８５％比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜００５）。ＲＥＲ阳性大肠癌与ＲＥＲ阴性大肠癌比较大多为分化不良型腺癌（Ｐ＜００１），多位于右半结肠（Ｐ＜００５），有家族史（Ｐ＜００５），ＤｕｃｋｅｓＡ、Ｂ期较ＤｕｃｋｅｓＣ、Ｄ期患者所占比例高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＲＥＲ阳性大肠癌与ＲＥＲ阴性大肠癌有不同的生物学特性。     

EGFR及p21蛋白在肺癌中的表达

目的：探讨表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）和ｐ２１蛋白表达与肺癌发生发展的关系及其两者的对应关系。方法：应用免疫组化Ｓ－Ｐ法对６３例肺癌及其癌旁组织进行了同位ＥＧＦＲ及ｐ２１蛋白的检测。结果：肺癌ＥＧＦＲ阳性率７７．７８％，其阳性率与病理类型及临床分期无关（Ｐ〉０．０５）。癌旁组织ＥＧＦＲ阳性率６７．９２％，其中增生组阳性率（７９．０６％）显著高于无增生组（３７．５０％）（Ｐ〈０．０１）。肺癌中ｐ２１     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。