精神分裂症伴发抑郁症状及其临床特征

目的 了解急性期住院精神分裂症患者伴发抑郁症状的发生率、临床特征及其相关因素。方法 对符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症患者75例，分别于入院3天内评定PA．NSS、HAMD、TESS量表。结果 急性期抑郁发生率为30．7％，抑郁组与非抑郁组性别、婚姻、文化、年龄无显著性差异，抑郁组平均住院次数、偏执型精神分裂症所占比例多于非抑郁组。治疗前汉密顿抑郁量表总分与阴性量表、思维障碍症状群、反应缺乏症状群负相关，与一般精神病理量表、抑郁症状群正相关。结论 精神分裂症抑郁症状急性期较常见、较严重，偏执型精神分裂症更易出现抑郁症状。     

氯硝西泮对偏执型精神分裂症的辅助治疗作用

目的 :评价利培酮配合氯硝西泮注射液治疗偏执型精神分裂症的疗效。　方法 :对病程 <3年的 80例首次住院 ,选用利培酮治疗的偏执型精神分裂症患者 ,随机分为合用氯硝西泮 (合用组 )和未合用氯硝西泮 (对照组 )各 4 0例 ,进行 8周治疗。采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表 (PANSS)评定疗效 ,副反应量表 (TESS)评定不良反应。　结果 :合用组治疗 2周后PANSS量表总分、阳性症状分、精神病理因子分及症状群中激活性、偏执、攻击性分值均显著下降 ;治疗 4周末时利培酮剂量合用组显著低于对照组。　结论 :利培酮配合氯硝西泮注射液治疗偏执型精神分裂症可缩短疗程 ,改善其阳性症状及攻击行为     

齐拉西酮治疗精神分裂症伴抑郁症状对照观察

目的：比较齐拉西酮与利培酮对精神分裂症伴抑郁症状的疗效。方法：58例首发精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,分别给予齐拉西酮（齐拉西酮组）和利培酮（利培酮组）治疗8周,以阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）及汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定临床疗效;以治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果：治疗后两组患者PANSS和HAMD评分均显著下降,齐拉西酮组改善抑郁疗效优于利培酮组。两组不良反应发生率差异无显著性。结论：齐拉西酮和利培酮治疗精神分裂症的精神病性症状疗效相当,齐拉西酮对精神分裂症抑郁症状疗效较好。     

归脾丸对精神分裂症后抑郁的辅助治疗作用

目的：探讨归脾丸治疗精神分裂症后抑郁的辅助治疗作用。方法：60例精神分裂症后抑郁患者随机分为归脾丸与米氮平合用组与单用米氮平组,疗程8周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）和治疗中出现症状的量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果：归脾丸与米氮平合用组有效率93%显著高于单用米氮平组73%（P〈0.05）;合用组HAMD评分降分显著较多（P〈0.01）。结论：归脾丸对精神分裂症后抑郁症状有一定的增效作用,不良反应未见增加。     

阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症后抑郁的临床疗效及患者生活质量分析

目的 分析比较阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗精神分裂症后抑郁的临床疗效和患者生活质量改善状况. 方法 选择北京市大兴区精神病医院自2011年1月至2012年6月收冶的符合精神分裂症后抑郁诊断标准、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD) 17项评分≥18分的88例患者,按随机数字表法分为阿立哌唑组和利培酮组(每组各44例),分别给予阿立哌唑10～30 mg/d或利培酮2～6 mg/d治疗,疗程共24周.于治疗前及治疗第4、12、24周末对患者采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神症状的变化,采用HAMD量表评定抑郁症状的变化,采用临床大体印象量表疾病严重程度评分(CGI-SI)评定总体疗效;于治疗前及第24周末对患者采用世界卫生组织编制的生活质量量表(QOL-100)评定生活质量变化. 结果 治疗前,阿立哌唑组与利培酮组患者PANSS量表总分、阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分、一般精神病理评分及HAMD量表总分、CGI-SI量表总分、QOL-100量表总分比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后,阿立哌唑组第4周末阳性症状评分、第12、24周末阴性症状评分、第24周末一般精神病理评分及第4、12、24周末HAMD量表总分、第4周末CGI-SI量表总分、第24周末QOL-100量表总分较利培酮组明显好,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗前后,除阿立哌唑组治疗第4周末阴性症状评分、利培酮组治疗第4周末HAMD量表总分外,其余各量表总分及分项评分与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 阿立哌唑能有效减轻精神分裂症后抑郁患者的阴性症状和抑郁症状,提高患者生活质量.     

利培酮与无抽搐电休克治疗难治性精神分裂症近期疗效对照研究

目的评价利培酮和无抽搐电休克对难治性精神分裂症的疗效和副反应。方法将住院的难治性精神分裂症60例,随机分为两组,分别应用利培酮和无抽搐电休克治疗,观察12周。用PANSS量表评定疗效,用TESS量表评定药物副反应。结果利培酮治疗组(在2周内逐渐停用原有抗精神病药)从治疗第6周起PAN-SS量表总分、PANSS量表一般精神病理分和阳性症状分开始下降,第8周起全面下降,各治疗时段TESS评分不大于3,观察期末评定有效率为56.67%,显效率为13.33%。MECT组(将原有抗精神病药减量至2/3-1/2)自治疗第4周起PANSS量表总分、PANSS量表一般精神病理分和阳性症状分开始下降,观察期末,有效率为63.33%,显效率为20%,但TESS评分较高。结论上述两种方法对难治性精神分裂症均有较理想治疗效果。     

氯氮平撤药症状调查

目的：了解氯氮平的撤药症状。方法：对31例服用氯氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者停药1周，分别于停药前后予简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、副反应量表(TESS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效及不良反应。结果：停药后BPRS、TESS、HAMD、HAMA总分均明显高于停药前，停药后有25例(80％)精神症状恶化。结论：氯氮平的撤药症状发生频率高，症状多样。     

艾司西酞普兰治疗老年精神分裂症伴抑郁患者的疗效评价

目的探讨艾司西酞普兰治疗老年精神分裂症伴抑郁患者的疗效。方法选取我院收治的老年精神分裂症伴抑郁患者90例,采用随机数字法分为对照组和观察组各45例,对照组采用西酞普兰治疗,观察组采用艾司西酞普兰治疗,治疗时间均为12周,根据阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及不良反应量表(TESS)进行疗效评价。结果 2组治疗12周后,观察组有效率(86.7%)明显高于对照组(68.9%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.114,P=0.043)。与同组治疗前比较,治疗后4、8、12周末PANSS各因子分与总分均低于治疗前,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组阴性因子分在治疗后4、8、12周末均低于对照组,观察组总分疗后8、12周末均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗4、8、12周末2组HAMD评分均低于治疗前,且观察组均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组TESS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论艾司西酞普兰治疗老年精神分裂症状伴抑郁疗效显著,且安全性较高。     

利培酮结合针刺治疗偏执型精神分裂症的疗效与安全性研究

目的观察针刺结合利培酮对偏执型精神分裂症患者疗效和安全性。方法选择符合标准的100例偏执型精神分裂症患者,采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组50例。对照组单纯使用利培酮治疗,观察组在使用利培酮的基础上加用针刺治疗。于疗程前、中、后使用阳性和阴性症状评定量表(PANSS)和治疗时出现的症状量表(TESS)对患者进行评定。结果治疗后两组PANSS量表中阳性症状评分、阴性量表均显著降低(P0.05),观察组下降比对照组较快,(P0.05)。观察组TESS评分比对照组低(P0.05)。结论利培酮结合针刺治疗偏执型精神分裂症疗效显著,并且起效较快,副作用较低。     

帕罗西汀与阿米替林治疗精神分裂症伴发抑郁焦虑症状的对照研究

目的　探讨帕罗西汀治疗精神分裂症伴发抑郁焦虑症状的临床疗效和安全性。方法　对入组的60 例精神分裂症伴有抑郁焦虑症状的患者分别使用帕罗西汀与阿米替林进行治疗,使用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)与汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及TESS量表在治疗前,治疗后2,4,6,8周进行评定。结果　治疗后2,4,6,8 周(HAMD)评分及(HAMA)评分两组差异无显著性(P>0 05)。TESS评分帕罗西汀组显著低于阿米替林组。结论　帕罗西汀与传统的三环类抗抑郁剂比较治疗精神分裂症伴发的抑郁焦虑症状起效快,疗效可靠,副作用小。     

利培酮和氯氮平治疗伴抑郁症状的难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的：比较利培酮和氯氮平对伴抑郁症状的难治性精神分裂症疗效。方法：共70例难治性精神分裂症患者随机服用利培酮和氯氮平治疗。利培酮组34例,氯氮平组36例;伴有抑郁症状者39例,利培酮组17例,氯氮平组22例。治疗12周。分别于治疗前、治疗4、8、12周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）,汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）及功能大体评定量表（GAF）评定疗效。结果：两组PANSS、HAMD和GAF评分在治疗12周均有显著改善;两组间比较差异无显著性。有、无抑郁症状组在治疗4、8、12周末的HAMD总分与治疗前比较均显著减少。结论：抑郁症状不影响难治性精神分裂症的疗效;利培酮和氯氮平对伴抑郁症状的难治性精神分裂症均有效。     

Depression during an acute episode of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder and its impact on treatment response

The aim of the present study was to examine the relevance of depressive symptoms during an acute schizophrenic episode for the prediction of treatment response. Two hundred inpatients who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorders were assessed at hospital admission and after 6 weeks of inpatient treatment using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Depressive symptoms showed positive correlations with both positive and negative symptoms at admission and after 6 weeks, and decreased during 6 weeks of treatment. Pronounced depressive symptoms (HAM-D score> or =16) were found in 28% of the sample at admission and in 9% after 6 weeks of treatment. Depressive symptoms at admission predicted a greater improvement of positive and negative symptoms over 6 weeks of treatment, but also more, rather than fewer remaining symptoms after 6 weeks. Both results, however, lost statistical significance when analyses were controlled for the influence of positive and negative symptoms at admission. Therefore, the hypothesis that depressive symptoms are predictive of a favorable treatment response was not supported by the present study.     

首发精神分裂症病人的抑郁症状

目的探讨首发精神分裂症病人抑郁症状的发生率、特征及相关因素。方法于入院、治疗3、6、9、12月时用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、阴性症状量表中文版(SANS-CV)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)及功能总体评定量表(GAF)对164例首发精神分裂症患者进行评定。结果急性期首发精神分裂症病人轻度或以上程度抑郁症状的发生率为71%,但在缓解期降至12%。急性期突出的抑郁表现为认知障碍与迟缓(因子分各占HAMD总分的35%和29%)。抑郁症状随着精神病性症状的缓解而减轻,与性别、发病年龄、受教育时间、病程及前驱期长短无关。HAMD总分在急性期仅与BPRS的焦虑抑郁因子分有关,但在缓解期与阴阳性症状、临床总体印象以及总体功能均有密切的相关性;急性期以及治疗3个月时的抑郁症状与随后的阴阳性症状、总体功能的变化无关。结论首发精神分裂症急性期的抑郁症状可能是一个独立的症状群,抑郁程度不能作为预测首发精神分裂症病人预后的指标。     

The course of depressive symptoms in predicting relapse in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized comparison of olanzapine and risperidone.

BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms are common during the course of schizophrenia and may carry prognostic relevance. METHODS: From a 28-week prospective, double-blind, randomized study of olanzapine and risperidone, a post hoc evaluation of changes on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) depression cluster (PDC) and the subsequent risk of relapse were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Olanzapine was associated with a significantly higher categorical rate of improvement on the PANSS depression cluster (> or = 7 points) (p < .05). Although the baseline severity of depressive symptoms was not a significant predictor of relapse, the degree of acute (8-week) mood improvement on the PANSS depression cluster (but neither negative or positive symptom changes) was related to the probability of a subsequent psychotic relapse. Acute mood improvement with olanzapine was inversely related to a nonsignificantly lower risk of relapse. However, an opposite and significant relationship was observed among risperidone-treated subjects. Risperidone-treated subjects with a greater degree of acute mood change were both 3.58 times more likely to relapse than their risperidone counterparts who had experienced less mood improvement (p = .008) and 8.55 times more likely than olanzapine-treated subjects who had had similar mood improvements (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest the underlying pharmacologic differences between the two drugs may bestow different rates of longer-term mood stabilization and relapse prevention. In a second series of analyses, worsening on the PANSS depression cluster in the 4 weeks or less preceding a clinical relapse was a significant prodromal predictor of relapse among all subjects. As a whole, subjects with a worsening on the PDC demonstrated a 1.77 times higher risk of a relapse during the subsequent 4 weeks (p = .001). Among this mood-worsening stratum, risperidone-treated patients were 3.51 times more likely to relapse in those next 4 weeks (p = .005) than their olanzapine counterparts. Future comparative drug studies in this area will further contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of mood change and its relationship to psychosis, including clinical relapse and how newer agents may differ in their respective delivery of long-term treatment outcomes.     

Specific body image pathology in acute schizophrenia

Despite a wide phenomenological interest in body image pathology in schizophrenia, there has been little systematic empirical research. This study aimed at establishing the specificity of body image pathology in patients with schizophrenia, its changes during acute treatment, and its association with other symptom factors. Cognitive (thoughts/beliefs regarding the body--body concept), affective (body satisfaction--body cathexis) and perceptual (body size estimation--body schema) facets of body image and psychopathology were assessed in in-patients with paranoid schizophrenia (N = 60), schizoaffective disorder (N = 19), depressive disorder (N = 40) and anxiety disorder (N = 28) at admission, and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Body size perception was also assessed in a sample of healthy subjects (N = 44). Patients with paranoid schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder showed under-estimation of lower extremities at each time point. They expressed a higher degree of body concept disturbances at admission, but not at later stages. In a factor analysis, body perception and body concept loaded on distinct factors, which were separate from positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and anxiety. Patients with acute paranoid schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder seem to have a specific and consistent disturbance of body size perception, which might indicate a dysfunction of sensory information processing.     

Depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder

BACKGROUND: Symptoms of depression and anxiety are frequently encountered in the course of schizophrenia and are of considerable clinical importance. They may compromise social and vocational functioning, and they are associated with an increased risk of relapse and suicide. Various treatment approaches have been reported to be successful. METHOD: The sample comprised 177 patients with DSM-III-R or DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder who were participants in multinational clinical drug trials at our academic psychiatric unit over a 7-year period and who were assessed by means of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Analysis was performed on baseline PANSS scores. The depression/anxiety score was compared in the men and women, first-episode and multiple-episode patients, and those with predominantly positive and negative syndromes. Correlations were sought between depression/anxiety scores and age, total PANSS score, positive score, negative score, general psychopathology score, and treatment outcome. Multivariate analysis was applied to determine contributions of individual variables toward depression/anxiety and outcome scores. RESULTS: Depression and anxiety symptoms were more severe in women (p = .007), first-episode patients (p = .02), and those with predominantly positive symptoms (p < .0001). Depression/anxiety scores were significantly correlated to age (r = -0.31, p < .0001), PANSS positive scores (r = 0.39, p < .0001), and treatment outcome (r = 0.25, p = .006). Multivariate analysis bore out these results, with the exception that first episode was not a significant predictor of depression and anxiety scores. CONCLUSION: PANSS depressive/anxiety scores were generally low in our sample, perhaps because patients with schizoaffective disorder were excluded. The finding that these symptoms were more prominent in women and first-episode patients is in keeping with previous literature. The higher scores in first-episode patients are likely due to the higher positive symptom scores in these patients. The association between depressive/anxiety scores and positive symptoms but not with negative symptoms points to a specific relationship between affective symptoms and the positive symptom domain of schizophrenia. The presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms may predict a more favorable outcome to treatment, although this may only apply to the acute exacerbations of the illness.     

SARS流行期收治的精神分裂症患者的焦虑、抑郁症状特征对照分析

目的　为了解SARS流行期收治的精神分裂症患者的焦虑、抑郁症状的特征。方法　对 2 0 0 3年 5月～ 6月SARS流行期收住我院精神科隔离观察病房的 5 9例精神分裂症患者 (研究组 )进行PANSS、HAMD及HAMA等量表的评定 ,同时对其与SARS有关的躯体状况进行监测 ;再随机抽取非SARS流行期收治的精神分裂症患者 6 0例(对照组 )进行对照分析。结果　两组PANSS评分比较差异无显著性。研究组的焦虑、抑郁症状检出率以及HAMD、HAMA评分均明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　SARS流行期收治的精神分裂症患者的焦虑、抑郁症状发生率较高、症状较重、且消失迅速 ,其产生与心理应激源有关。     

具有分离症状的抑郁症临床特征分析

目的：探讨伴有分离症状的抑郁症患者临床特征。方法：采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）对44例伴或不伴有分离症状抑郁症（分别为研究组及对照组各22例）在治疗前、后各评定1次。结果：两组在治疗2周HAMD总分与治疗前相比均有显著减少（P〈0．05）,说明均有显著疗效。研究组除焦虑／抑郁因子分无显著差异外,其他因子分在治疗第2周末均有显著减少。结论：研究组患者的临床特点与所处亚文化背景密切相关。应密切注意这类患者的诊断与治疗。     

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and positive, negative, and depressive symptoms in patients with recent-onset schizophrenic disorders.

OBJECTIVES: To study the relation between obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and positive, negative, and depressive symptoms in patients with recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. METHODS: We undertook a prospective study of 113 consecutively hospitalized patients with recent-onset schizophrenia or related disorders diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. We compared 3 subgroups: one without comorbid OCS, one with OCS not fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and one with comorbid OCD diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. We assessed OCS severity at admission and 6 weeks thereafter with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were independently administered. RESULTS: At admission, patients with schizophrenic disorders and OCD had higher mean MADRS scores than both other groups; patients with OCS not fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for OCD had lower mean PANSS negative subscale scores than both other groups. After 6 weeks, there were no significant between-group differences, and OCS severity remained constant. CONCLUSIONS: Acute patients with recent-onset schizophrenia and OCD have more severe depressive symptoms but do differ in negative symptoms, compared with patients without comorbid OCD. Mild OCS may be related to less severe negative symptoms. During regular inpatient treatment, OCS severity remains constant