Measurement of gastric emptying by standardized real-time ultrasonography in healthy subjects and diabetic patients.

The aim of this study was to simplify and standardize a reproducible, well-tolerated and clinically applicable method for the assessment of gastric emptying rate by real-time ultrasonography. A total of 33 subjects were examined, including 19 healthy subjects and 14 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and clinically suspected delayed gastric emptying. Measurements of the gastric antrum were taken in the supine position and in relation to internal landmarks to obtain a standardized cross-sectional image producing the area of a selected slice of the antrum. Diabetic patients were examined on the condition that the fasting blood glucose level was 3.5 to 9.0 mmol/l. Gastric emptying rate was estimated and expressed as the percentage reduction in antral cross-sectional area from 15 to 90 min after the ingestion of a standardized semisolid breakfast meal (300 g rice pudding, 330 kcal). Interobserver and intraobserver measurement errors were assessed, as was the significance of age and sex on gastric emptying. In comparison to healthy subjects, diabetic patients showed significantly wider median values of the 90 min postprandial antral area, but only a mild tendency toward greater dilation of the gastric antrum prior to and 15 min after meal ingestion. The median value of gastric emptying rate in these diabetic patients was estimated at 29%, which was less than half of that in the healthy subjects (63%). Statistically the difference was highly significant. Interpersonal variability of gastric emptying rate and antral areas was large for both groups. Measurements of gastric emptying rate gave highly reproducible results on separate days and from different observers (interobserver systematic measurement error 0.3% and random measurement error 10.9%; intraobserver systematic measurement error 3.6% and random measurement error 9.5%). No difference in gastric emptying rate was found related to age or sex. We conclude that the use of standardized real-time ultrasonography to determine gastric antral cross-sectional area in a single section of the stomach is a valid method for estimating gastric emptying rate.     

Dyspepsia in AIDS is correlated to ultrasonographic changes of antral distension.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) frequently complain about dyspeptic symptoms. We set out to test whether changes in antral emptying or antral distension may account for these dyspeptic symptoms in AIDS. METHODS: We studied antral emptying in ten patients with HIV infection (CDC 1993 classification stage C) by means of an established real-time ultrasonographic method. Organic abdominal lesions had been excluded. Six upper gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated using a score ranging from 0 to 3. Fifteen subjects without any abdominal complaints and without any abdominal history served as controls. Antral cross sectional area was measured after an overnight fast and at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min after an semisolid test meal. Antral postprandial distension was expressed using an antral expansion ratio (postcibal antral area/fasting antral area). Gastric emptying of the test meal was derived from the measurement of the area under the postcibal antral distension curve (AUC). RESULTS: Fasting antral cross sectional area and AUC (gastric emptying) were similar in both groups. Antral postprandial expansion tended to be lower in AIDS patients compared to controls (mean+/-S.D.): 288+/-84 versus 397+/-156%; P=0.08. In AIDS patients the symptom score of dyspepsia showed a positive correlation (r=0.55; P<0.05) with fasting antral area and a negative correlation (r=-0.62; P<0.05) with postprandial expansion. No signs of autonomic neuropathy were to be found in the AIDS patients tested in this study. CONCLUSION: A wider fasting antral cross sectional area and an impaired antral postprandial expansion are related to dyspeptic symptoms in AIDS patients. This suggests the same relationship between dyspeptic symptoms and disturbed antral distension as seen in other patients with functional dyspepsia.     

三维超声对非溃疡性消化不良患者胃排空功能的初步研究

目的 探讨三维超声对服用疏肝和胃冲剂的非溃疡性消化不良(NUD)患者胃排空功能的诊断价值.方法 60例NUD患者随机分为疏肝和胃冲剂治疗组(中药组)和吗丁啉治疗组(西药组)各30例,应用三维超声技术测量胃排空时间和胃窦容积,分别给予疏肝和胃冲剂和吗丁啉治疗4周后复查胃排空功能,观察药物对患者胃排空功能的影响.结果 经药物治疗后,两组患者胃排空时间均较治疗前缩短,胃窦容积缩小.中药组胃半排空和胃全排空时间分别为(37.6±11.4)min和(78.9±14.6)min,西药组胃半排空和胃全排空时间分别为(39.2±14.0)min和(82.1±13.7)min;中药组治疗前15 min胃窦容积为(44.5±5.7)ml,治疗后15 min为(41.5±4.8)ml,治疗前105 min为(17.2±2.2)ml,治疗后105 min为(10.2±1.3)ml,西药组治疗前15 min胃窦容积为(45.1±5.8)ml,治疗后15 min为(39.4±4.5)ml,治疗前105 min为(15.3±2.3)ml,治疗后105 min为(9.3±1.0)ml,两组胃窦容积均呈逐渐减小趋势.结论 疏肝和胃冲剂对NUD患者胃排空功能有一定程度改善,为临床提供了一种疗效确切、无毒副作用的治疗NUD的新药.三维超声可有效检测NUD患者的胃排空功能,可临床应用推广.     

Feasibility and safety of endoscopic evaluation of gastric emptying

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Scintigraphy is the currently accepted method for evaluation of gastric emptying. Although quantitative, this method is complicated, time-consuming, and costly. If a simple endoscopic technique was available for those instances when quantification of an emptying abnormality is not needed, the same clinical information could be obtained in less time and with resource savings. Our aims in this study were therefore to assess the technical feasibility, tolerability, and safety of unsedated transnasal esophagogastroscopy (T-EG) as a technique for qualitative assessment of gastric emptying. METHODS: The study was done in two phases. In the first phase, 18 volunteers (ten men, eight women) underwent T-EG at 4 hours, 5 hours, or 6 hours after ingestion of a standard meal used for scintigraphic evaluation of gastric emptying without radiolabeling. In the second phase, ten volunteers underwent T-EG after scintigraphic imaging had demonstrated complete gastric emptying. RESULTS: Subjects in both phases tolerated the procedure well and completed the study. In the first phase, 13 of 15 volunteers exhibited complete gastric emptying at 6 hours (87%), while two (13%) revealed some particulate matter in the stomach at that time. In the second phase, one of the ten volunteers exhibited a small amount of solid food residue in the stomach despite documentation of scintigraphic complete emptying. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of gastric emptying by unsedated T-EG is both feasible and safe. In healthy, asymptomatic individuals, complete gastric emptying of solid food may take as long as 6 hours.     

Gastric emptying and electrogastrography in patients on CAPD.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if impaired gastric emptying of digestible solids can explain the disturbed eating behavior in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, and if predialytic and dialytic (CAPD and hemodialysis) patients with impaired gastric emptying have a higher prevalence of electrogastrographic (EGG) abnormalities. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. After ingestion of a 99mTc-labeled test meal, anterior and posterior 1-minute scintigraphic acquisitions were collected every 5 minutes during the first 50 minutes and thereafter every 10 minutes until 2 hours had elapsed. Simultaneously, cutaneous EGG recorded gastric myoelectric activity. SETTING: The Division of Nephrology and the Department of Nuclear Medicine at the same academic teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty outpatients participated in both the gastric emptying and the EGG studies. Dialysis patients should have been on dialysis for more than 3 months. For comparison, 160 healthy control subjects participated in the gastric emptying study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following parameters were used to describe gastric emptying: lag phase 90%, half-emptying time (T50), gastric retention at 90 and 120 minutes (Ret 90/120) and gastric emptying rate (GER, %/min). Electrogastrographic measurements were expressed as percentages of normal slow waves [2.4-3.6 cycles/min (cpm)], bradygastria (1.5-2.4 cpm), and tachygastria (3.6-10 cpm). RESULTS: T50 was prolonged, Ret 90 and Ret 120 were higher, and GER was slower in male CAPD patients compared to male controls. No significant differences were found in postprandial EGG. CONCLUSION: Gastric emptying is impaired in male non-diabetic CAPD patients. However, abnormalities in postprandial EGG cannot explain this finding.     

Effect of sustained-release isosorbide dinitrate on post-prandial gastric emptying and gastroduodenal motility in healthy humans

Nitric oxide (NO) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released by non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic neurons that innervate the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. We examined whether NO, derived from a sustained-release preparation of isosorbide dinitrate, influenced gastric emptying and gastroduodenal motility after a meal. Eleven healthy volunteers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Each subject ingested 40 mg isosorbide dinitrate orally as a sustained-release formulation or oral placebo, in random order. Gastric emptying and gastroduodenal motility were measured using scintigraphic and manometric techniques. Isosorbide dinitrate did not change the area under the curve of gastric retention versus time, and did not influence the frequency of antral contractions as assessed at 15-min intervals or the integrated duodenal motility index, as recorded over consecutive 15-min periods. A 40 mg single dose of sustained-released isosorbide dinitrate does not seem to alter gastric emptying or gastroduodenal motility after a meal.     

Evaluation of Gastric Emptying by Transabdominal Ultrasound after Oral Administration of Semisolid Cellulose-Based Gastric Ultrasound Contrast Agents

Many previous studies have found that transabdominal ultrasound may allow precise measurement of gastric emptying of liquid meals. However, the clinical use of this technique has been hampered by the limitation that transabdominal ultrasound might not accurately measure gastric emptying of solid meals. It is more important to measure gastric emptying of solids instead of liquids, as gastric emptying of solids is more often delayed than gastric emptying of liquids in gastric motility disorders. Recently, transabdominal ultrasound after oral administration of a cellulose-based gastric contrast agents (TUS-OSCA) has been suggested to be effective in initial screening of gastric lesions. The aim of this study was to explore the accuracy of TUS-OSCA in the evaluation of gastric emptying of a semisolid meal. Twenty healthy young patients (10 males and 10 females aged 25.5?±?2.5 y) were studied. Concurrent measurements of gastric emptying by scintigraphy and TUS-OSCA were performed after ingestion of 350?mL semisolid ultrasound agent labeled with 20 MBq ^99mTc-sulfur colloid. There was no significant difference in the overall curves for gastric emptying time between scintigraphy and TUS-OSCA. There was a good correlation between the gastric 50% emptying times determined by scintigraphy (89.4?±?1.8?min) and TUS-OSCA (92.5?±?1.7?min). The correlation coefficient was r?=?0.922 (p?=?0.000). Current results indicate that TUS-OSCA is accurate, and the results are similar to those obtained by scintigraphy for gastric emptying of a semisolid meal.     

Regulation of gastric emptying in humans by cholecystokinin.

In the present study we used a bioassay system for measuring plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) to evaluate whether CCK has a physiologic role in regulating gastric emptying in humans. Plasma CCK levels and gastric emptying after ingestion of a mixed liquid meal were determined in five normal male volunteers. Fasting CCK levels averaged 0.8 +/- 0.1 pM and increased to 6.5 +/- 1.0 pM within 10 min of drinking the mixed meal. CCK levels remained elevated for up to 90 min. Gastric emptying after a meal was slow; at the end of the 90 min 68% of the original volume remained in the stomach. The rate of gastric emptying of water was then measured in the same individuals with a simultaneous infusion of either saline, or one of two doses of CCK (12 pmol/kg per h and 24 pmol/kg per h). With the saline infusion, plasma CCK levels did not increase above basal and gastric contents emptied rapidly. At the end of 90 min only 7% of the original volume remained in the stomach. The lower dose of CCK resulted in a plasma level of 3.4 pM which both reproduced the average postprandial plasma level and caused a significant delay in gastric emptying. The higher dose of CCK achieved plasma levels of 8 pM and resulted in a delay in gastric emptying that was similar to that seen with the mixed meal. Since exogenous CCK at concentrations which occur postprandially delays gastric emptying, we conclude that CCK is a physiologic regulator of gastric emptying.     

Effects of cholestyramine on gallbladder and gastric emptying in obese and lean subjects

Abstract. Gallbladder stasis is frequent in obese subjects and may contribute to their increased risk for gallstone formation. The bile salt sequestrant cholestyramine acutely enhances postprandial gallbladder emptying in lean subjects, through dis-inhibition of a negative feedback between intraluminal bile salts and CCK release. In this study the effect of cholestyramine on both gallbladder and gastric antrum dynamics were studied by realtime ultrasonography in 12 obese and 15 lean subjects. For the acute study, on different days, subjects ingested a liquid meal (two egg yolks plus water 200 mL, 50 kJ) or a meal with 4g cholestyramine. Gallbladder emptying was impaired in obese patients who had significantly larger fasting gallbladder volume (39.4 ± 6.9 vs. 21.6 ± l.7mL, P <0.02), larger residual volume (12.3 ± 1.8 vs. 4.0 ± 0.5ml, P < 0.0006) and slower emptying time ( T /2: 33 ± 2 vs. 21 ± 2 min, P < 0.05) than lean subjects. Integrated antral emptying was also less in obese than lean subjects (5521 ± 578 vs. 7908 ± 491 % 120min^-1, P <0.02). Cholestyramine enhanced postprandial gallbladder emptying in both obese and lean subjects. Gastric emptying was delayed with cholestyramine in lean but not obese subjects. For the chronic study, after 1 month therapy with cholestyramine (4 g every 2 days), the motility tests were repeated in nine obese subjects. Gallbladder and gastric responses to a test meal, with or without cholestyramine, were preserved. We conclude that both gallbladder and antral emptying of a liquid test meal are impaired in obese subjects. Gallbladder emptying improves after acute administration of a low dose cholestyramine with test meal. This effect is sustained after 1 month treatment with a low dose of cholestyramine and does not interfere with gastric emptying of obese patients. Cholestyramine may improve gallbladder hypomotility in obese people.     

Ultrasound of the stomach--the EUROSON lecture 2006

The stomach is a fascinating organ. It has the capacity to expand its volume substantially to receive and accommodate food after a meal, normally without any conscious notice of the expansion. The aim of this paper is to show how transabdominal ultrasonography can disclose the structural and functional abnormalities of the stomach. Ultrasound of the stomach was initially performed to detect and investigate organic diseases of the gastric wall. Subsequently, different methods were developed to study functional aspects of gastric pathology. Ultrasound can be used to evaluate antral contractility, gastric emptying, transpyloric flow, gastric configuration, intragastric distribution of meals, gastric accommodation and strain measurement of the gastric wall. Advanced methods for 3D ultrasound imaging and tissue Doppler (Strain Rate Imaging) have also been developed to study diseases of the stomach. The Ultrasound Meal Accommodation Test (U-MAT) can be applied to characterise patients with organic and non-organic dyspepsia. Ultrasonography still has a great potential as a clinical method, and some day our patients may receive both diagnosis and treatment in the same session.     

Impaired gastric emptying in diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy

The aim of our study was to measure the gastric emptying rate for a solid meal in diabetic patients who had no gastrointestinal complaints with (group 1, n = 12) or without (group 2, n = 10) cardiac autonomic neuropathy and in normal controls comparable in age and sex (group 3, n = 10). Gastric emptying rate was assessed with a sequential scintiscanning method. The percentages of the initial isotope activity remaining in the stomach at different times (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min) after the ingestion of a Tc-99m-labeled test meal and the emptying half-time were calculated. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy was determined by the beat-to-beat variations in heart rate during deep breathing. A significant reduction of the gastric emptying rate was observed in group 1. Indeed, at 80, 100, and 120 min the percentage of residual isotope activity was 73 +/- 4, 60 +/- 6, and 50 +/- 6% (mean +/- SE), respectively, in group 1 versus 61 +/- 3 (P less than .05), 45 +/- 4 (P less than .05), and 32 +/- 4% (P less than .02) in group 2. In group 3, residual isotope activity was 57 +/- 4 (P less than .05 vs. group 1), 41 +/- 4 (P less than .05), and 29 +/- 4% (P less than .02), respectively. Emptying half-time was also longer in group 1 (121 +/- 9 min) than in group 2 (95 +/- 6 min, P less than .05) or group 3 (90 +/- 4 min, P less than .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Association between gastric emptying rate and nutritional status in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate gastric emptying rate in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, with or without indwelling dialysate, and to evaluate if there is an association between gastric motility and nutritional status. DESIGN: Single-center cross-sectional study. SETTING: Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Krakow, Poland. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 20 end-stage renal disease patients [11 F, 9 M; mean age 50.1 +/- 11 years; treated with CAPD for median 13.5 (2-61) months] were studied. All patients were nondiabetic and had no comorbidity that might influence gastric motility; nor were they receiving any prokinetic drugs. Gastric emptying rate was estimated with dynamic abdominal scintigraphy, started immediately after complete ingestion of a standard 200-kcal solid meal injected with 99mTc-labeled colloid, activity 40 MBq. Scintigraphy was performed at the rate of 23 images in 4-minute intervals for 92 minutes. Two consecutive procedures--with and without PD fluid--were performed at weekly intervals. As nutritional parameters, protein catabolic rate (PCR) and lean body mass (LBM) (based on urea and creatinine kinetics, respectively), body mass Index (BMI), and serum albumin were measured. RESULTS: All analyzed gastric emptying parameters, measured with or without dialysis fluid, were markedly prolonged in patients compared to values accepted as normal in the local scintigraphy unit. Gastric emptying half-time (T(1/2)) and percent of initial activity in minute 46 and in minute 92 were 60.5 +/- 25.0 minutes, 57.19% +/- 17.5%, and 33.8% +/- 20.9% with a full peritoneal cavity, and 63.9 +/- 28.2 minutes, 59.1% +/- 23.9%, and 33.9% +/- 24.3% with an empty peritoneal cavity. The T(1/2) and percent of initial activity after 46 and 92 minutes for healthy subjects were 39 +/- 9 minutes, 45% +/- 11%, and 15% +/- 6%, respectively. T(1/2) without dialysis fluid revealed a negative correlation with LBM and BMI values (r = -0.5, p < 0.05, and r = -0.56, p < 0.01; respectively). Patients with dialysate-free T(1/2) > 40 minutes were characterized by significantly lower serum albumin level compared to subjects with T(1/2) < 40 minutes (39.2 +/- 2.9 vs 42.9 +/- 3.6 g/L, p < 0.05). The values of all gastric emptying parameters measured for an empty abdomen were prolonged in subjects with BMI < 25 kg/m2. No difference was found between patients with and without PD fluid. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric emptying is markedly impaired in CAPD patients compared to healthy subjects. However, the presence of dialysate does not influence it significantly. Gastric emptying rate was negatively associated with the nutritional status of treated subjects. This association can be demonstrated when gastric motility is measured with an empty peritoneal cavity.     

肝硬化和慢性肝炎病人胃排空及胃动素的变化

目的：研究肝硬化、慢性肝炎病人和正常人空腹血浆胃动素水平及胃窦液体排空功能，方法：应用放免法检测肝硬化42例，慢性乙型肝炎26例，正常人15例（对照组）空腹血浆胃动素，实时超声测量并计算空腹胃窦面积、胃半排空时间及全排空时间。结果：肝硬化组血浆胃动素水平、空腹胃窦面积、胃窦半排空时间均明显高于慢性肝炎组和对照组，而慢性肝炎和对照组之间则无差异。肝硬化病人空腹血浆胃动素及空腹胃窦面积随肝功能损害和加重而增加。结论肝硬化病人存在胃窦液体半排空时间延长、空腹胃窦面积增大，空腹血浆胃动素水平升高，后两者与肝功能损害程度有关。     

胃三维容积超声造影与上消化道碘水造影在G-POEM手术疗效评估中的价值分析

目的 探讨胃三维容积超声造影与上消化道碘水造影在G-POEM手术疗效评估中的价值,从而为临床选择更合适的影像学检查方法。 方法 经东南大学附属中大医院消化科医生确诊胃轻瘫且需要进行G-POEM手术的患者共93例,根据胃排空检查方法的不同分为A组（超声胃三维容积检查）和B组（X线碘水造影检查）,其中A组48例、B组共46例,A组口服超声造影剂后在5min、15min、30min、60min及90min时间点时进行超声测量,B组在口服碘水造影剂后在上述相同时间点进行上腹部平片,上述方法在G-POEM手术前、后各测量一次,分别得到三维超声造影方法及碘水造影方法估测的G-POEM手术前、后的胃容积,从而各自评估G-POEM手术的有效后的胃排空改善情况,并进行比较分析。 结果1、完成A组胃三维超声造影方法检查的成功率为97.9%,完成B组上消化道碘水造影检查的成功率为97.8%,两组检查成功率没有统计学差异（P＞0.05）;2、A组检查中胃排空时间明显减少的有效例数为31例,胃排空时间由术前的90（90,90）min减少至术后的30（15,60）min（P＜0.05）,B组检查中胃排空时间明显减少的有效例数为31例,胃排空时间由术前的90（90,90）min减少至术后的30（15,60）min（P＜0.05）。3、A组术前及术后排胃空时间均为90min的16例患者中,90min时间点测量时胃排空率较术前明显改善的有效例数为8例,由术前的61.6%（55.9%,73.6%）增加至术后的78.1%（74.1%,91.6%）（P＜0.05）,胃排空无明显改善的例数为8例（P＞0.05）, B组术前及术后排空时间均为90min的14例患者中,90min时间点测量时胃排空率较术前明显改善的有效例数为5例,由术前的25.0%（25.0%,50.0%）增加至术后的75.0%（70.0%,90.0%） (P＜0.05),胃排空无明显改善的例数为9例（P＞0.05）。4、A组47例超声造影患者中有39例患者的胃排空情况得到了改善（P＜0.05）,其中31例患者的胃排空情况较术前显著改善,8例患者的胃排空情况得到了改善,另8例患者的胃排空情况没有得到改善（P＞0.05）;B组45例碘水造影患者中有36例患者的胃排空情况得到了改善（P＜0.05）,其中31例患者的胃排空情况有明显的改善,5例患者的胃排空情况得到了改善,另9例患者的胃排空情况没有得到改善（P＞0.05）。A、B两组影像学检查评估结果的G-POEM手术后胃排空改善有效率分别为83.0%、80.0%,两组影像学检查结果没有明显差异(P＞0.05)。 结论 胃三维超声容积测定方法及上消化道碘水造影方法均可以对G-POEM前后的胃排空情况进行评价,两种方法的成功率及评估G-POEM手术后的胃排空改善率符合率没有明显差异性,那么由于超声的独特优势（无辐射/操作简便/患者接受度高等）,临床可首选超声胃三维容积检查方法评估G-POEM手术前后的胃排空情况,从而评价G-POEM手术后胃排空功能的改善效果,上消化道碘水造影检查方法作为补充方法,为临床提供客观的影像学数据。     

磁共振电影成像方法评价空腹及餐后胃动力

目的探讨采用MR电影成像方法观察空腹、餐后胃蠕动波及检测胃动力的可行性。方法 11名健康志愿者禁食6h后取偏右侧仰卧位。采用磁共振FIESTA序列电影扫描。分别采集空腹及饮水后5、15、30min图像,通过观测胃腔收缩幅度(PGC)和胃动力指数(GMI)来判断胃蠕动波和动力情况。结果 MR电影成像可以清晰捕捉到各时期的胃蠕动波。空腹状态下,4名在胃底、体部可见蠕动波,7名在胃窦部可见蠕动波。饮水后均可观察到蠕动波存在,饮水后胃底、体部和胃窦部PGC均高于空腹状态(P均=0.003),且胃窦部收缩程度更强。11名中,2名未测得明确的胃动力数据,余9名饮水后15min GMI明显高于5min(F=6.152,P=0.005),但在30min时GMI有所下降,与5min和15min时比较差异无统计学意义(5min:F=1.624,P=0.238;15min:F=0.844,P=0.198)。结论采用MR电影成像可以观察胃蠕动波活动及定量检测胃动力。     

Duodenal and ileal lipid suppresses postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses in man: possible implications for the dietary management of diabetes mellitus

Infusion of lipid into the ileum delays the transit of a meal through the stomach and small intestine and could therefore influence the rate and degree of nutrient absorption. Experiments were carried out on human volunteers to investigate the effect of infusion of lipid into either the duodenum or ileum on blood glucose, insulin and gastric emptying after ingestion of a mashed potato meal. Infusions of lipid into either the duodenum or the ileum significantly reduced or abolished the immediate postprandial rises in blood glucose and insulin and significantly delayed gastric emptying. Blood glucose and insulin rose shortly after the lipid infusion terminated. Addition of corn oil to a meal of mashed potato also reduced blood glucose and insulin and delayed gastric emptying. Intestinal lipid can thus modify the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a meal, and this modulation probably explains the reduced metabolic responses to a meal containing fat compared with a fat free meal. This principle could be of value in the dietary control of diabetes mellitus.     

Hyperglycemia attenuates the gastrokinetic effect of erythromycin and affects the perception of postprandial hunger in normal subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The major aims of this study were to determine in normal subjects whether the effects of erythromycin on gastric emptying, postprandial hunger, and fullness are modified by the blood glucose concentration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 10 normal subjects (aged 20-39 years) underwent concurrent measurements of gastric emptying, blood glucose, hunger, and fullness on four separate occasions: twice during euglycemia (approximately 4 mmol/l) and twice during hyperglycemia (approximately 15 mmol/l). Either erythromycin (3 mg/kg) or saline (0.9%) was administered intravenously immediately before ingestion of a radioisotopically labeled solid meal. RESULTS: Gastric emptying was slower (P < 0.0001) during hyperglycemia when compared with euglycemia after both erythromycin and saline administration. During hyperglycemia, erythromycin reduced the lag phase (77.8 +/- 12.6 vs. 20.3 +/- 7.3 min; P < 0.05) but had no effect on the postlag emptying rate (0.32 +/- 0.077% per min vs. 0.24% per min). Hunger decreased (P < 0.001) and fullness increased (P < 0.001) after the meal. Postprandial hunger was less during hyperglycemia after saline infusion (P < 0.05) but not after erythromycin. Hunger was greater after erythromycin during both hyperglycemia and euglycemia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: At a blood glucose concentration of approximately 15 mmol/l, 1) gastric emptying of a solid meal is slower, when compared with euglycemia, even after administration of erythromycin; 2) the effect of erythromycin on gastric emptying of a solid meal is attenuated; and 3) the perception of postprandial hunger is reduced.     

Gastric acid secretory differences in patients with Heineke-Mikulicz and Finney pyloroplasties.

To study gastric emptying and secretion, liquid meals of 10% glucose lasting 15 and 30 min, and physiological saline meals lasting 30 min, all containing phenol red as a gastric nonabsorbable marker, were given to postvagotomy patients with Finney or Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasties. No differences in emptying were found. A small but statistically greater amount of acid was found in the stomach with the 15-min glucose meal after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. This represented greater acid secretion into glucose meals generally after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasties, because of the larger volume contained in the stomach at 15 min. 15-min glucose meal acid secretion correlated with basal acid concentration but not with insulin-stimulated gastric acid output. The small excess of acid in the Heineke-Mikulicz group's 15-min glucose meals may represent a small, maintained excess of gastric acid in this group detected only in the brief glucose meals due to rapid and erratic gastric emptying of liquids after vagotomy.     

Prolonged gastric emptying half-time and gastric hypomotility after drug overdose

A prospective study was undertaken to determine if gastric motility and emptying are altered by the ingestion of overdoses of tricyclic antidepressants, acetaminophen, opioid-acetaminophen mixtures, carbamazepine or phenytoin. Gastric scintigraphy was used to measure gastric emptying half-time and assess gastric motility in 104 patients at initial presentation and again at follow-up (n = 85). Patients were imaged for 5 hours after being given 20 MBq of 99mTc tin colloid to drink. Drug serum levels were measured on all patients at initial presentation and at follow-up. We observed markedly prolonged gastric emptying half-times and severe hypomotility at initial presentation compared with follow-up in the vast majority of patients, except for a small group of patients with phenytoin poisoning. Twelve patients had gastric emptying half-times of over 300 minutes, a further 14 had half-times of over 200 minutes and 21 others had half-times of over 120 minutes. Poisoning is associated with hypomotility and a marked delay in gastric emptying that could influence the clinical course and patient management. These abnormalities may not be due to a direct effect of the ingested drug and factors such as stress may play a role.     

胃三维容积超声造影与上消化道碘水造影评价经口内镜下幽门肌切开术疗效的价值

目的探讨胃三维容积超声造影与上消化道碘水造影在经口内镜下幽门肌切开术(G-POEM)疗效评估中的价值。方法选取确诊为胃轻瘫且需行G-POEM的患者94例,随机分为胃三维容积超声检查组48例(A组)和X线碘水造影检查组46例(B组),A组口服超声造影剂后5 min、15 min、30 min、60 min及90 min分别行超声检查,B组口服碘水造影剂后于上述相同时间点行上腹部平片检查,于G-POEM前后各测量一次,获得三维容积超声造影和X线碘水造影估测的胃容积,分析手术前后胃排空时间和胃排空率的差异,评估G-POEM后的胃排空改善情况。结果①A组胃三维容积超声造影检查的成功率97.9%(47/48),B组上消化道碘水造影检查的成功率97.8%(45/46),两组比较差异无统计学意义;②A、B组分别有31例患者的术后胃排空时间较术前明显减少(均P<0.05);③A组16例患者术前及术后胃排空时间均为90 min,90 min时间点测得胃排空率较术前明显改善者8例,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),胃排空率无明显改善者8例,与术前比较差异均无统计学意义。B组14例患者术前及术后胃排空时间均为90 min,90 min时间点测得胃排空率较术前明显改善者5例,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),胃排空率无明显改善者9例,与术前比较差异均无统计学意义;④A组47例超声造影患者中,31例胃排空情况较术前显著改善,8例有一定改善,余8例患者无明显改善;B组45例碘水造影患者中,31例胃排空情况较术前显著改善,5例有一定改善,余9例无明显改善。两组胃排空改善率比较差异无统计学意义(83%vs.80%)。结论胃三维容积超声造影和上消化道碘水造影均可有效评估G-POEM前后的胃排空情况,临床可首选胃三维容积超声造影评估G-POEM前后的胃排空情况和术后胃排空功能的改善效果,上消化道碘水造影可作为补充方法,为临床提供客观的影像学信息。