心理应激与冠心病常见的危险因素(2)

越来越多的资料提示,心理应激与血脂异常和肥胖密切相关,与高血压密切相关;结合前述的高血糖,心理应激与代谢综合征密切相关;综合干预情绪障碍与各种相关的危险因素,对于预防心血管事件的发生有益。     

胰高血糖素样多肽-1及其类似物对心血管系统的作用

2型糖尿病常伴随心血管事件发生率和病死率增加,是糖尿病患者所面临的一个重大问题.因此,防治心血管事件是治疗2型糖尿病的主要目标之一.     

精神医学与糖尿病

1 心理社会因素与糖尿病 1.1 心理社会因素在糖尿病发生中的作用 流行病学和回顾性研究均发现,糖尿病的发生与生活事件应激有一定关系.     

海马组织在血压调控中作用研究

海马组织是脑内边缘系统一部分,神经发生来源地之一,高血压病人常出现海马萎缩.大量相关研究表明海马组织在应激、睡眠等方面有着重要作用,其对应激轴下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴有抑制作用,而应激也是诱发高血压的重要原因.快速动眼睡眠时期,心血管事件常高发,而动眼睡眠时期血压与海马场电有非常显著的相关性.海马组织与心血管中枢有跨突触联系,与自主神经系统等亦有非常紧密联系,对血压起着重要调控作用.     

精神医学与糖尿病

1 心理社会因素与糖尿病 1．1 心理社会因素在糖尿病发生中的作用 流行病学和回顾性研究均发现，糖尿病的发生与生活事件应激有一定关系。急性应激可使正常人在饱餐后血糖反应峰值延迟。心理应激后糖尿病病人和正常人可出现短暂性血糖增高反应。有报道在地震（Kohnert等，1999）、重大火灾（Armenian等，1998）后糖尿病的发生率较灾前明显增加。Wales等（1995）对动物的研究表明：应激可使有糖尿病倾向的动物发生糖尿病。近几年，长期的和前瞻性研究逐渐增多，     

阿司匹林帮助您保心护脑，远离血栓

糖尿病患者需要服用阿司匹林吗？（糖尿病和阿司匹林） 糖尿病患者发生或死于心血管并发症的危险性通常会比正常人高，动脉粥样硬化和血管栓塞是其重要原因，糖尿病患者还常伴有血液高凝状态，而血小板可促进血栓的形成。“无血栓，无事件”，因此抗血小板药物阿司匹林在糖尿病人群心血管事件防治中具有重要的作用。     

餐后血糖与血管并发症

越来越多的证据表明糖尿病、糖耐量异常和非糖尿病患者的餐后血糖异常与动脉硬化的发生发展关系密切,且较空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白为强,在校正了其他心血管危险因素后,这种关系仍存在。其机制可能与餐后高血糖时脂质过氧化增强、内皮功能障碍、高凝状态、黏附因子水平升高、炎症、氧化/氮化应激增强等有关。阿卡波糖及其他药物的干预治疗能明显减少糖尿病、糖耐量异常的心血管事件。     

老年门诊患者肾功能与心血管事件的相关性

目的探讨老年门诊患者肾功能与心血管事件的相关性。方法选取该院2011年10月至2013年10月老年门诊患者457例,其中高血压186例、糖尿病169例、高血压合并糖尿病102例,均行肾功能检测,比较三组患者肾功能和心血管事件发生情况。根据心血管事件发生情况分为两组,未发生心血管事件273例和发生心血管事件184例,比较两组患者肾功能。根据肾功能分为两组,肾功能正常351例和肾功能不全106例,比较两组患者心血管事件发生情况。分析老年门诊患者肾功能与心血管事件的相关性。结果高血压组患者血清肌酐、尿蛋白定量、心血管事件发生率均明显高于糖尿病组。高血压合并糖尿病组患者血清肌酐、尿蛋白定量、心血管事件发生率均明显高于糖尿病组和高血压组。心血管事件组患者血清肌酐、尿蛋白定量均明显高于未发生心血管事件组。肾功能不全组患者心血管事件发生率明显高于肾功能。血清肌酐、尿蛋白定量与心血管事件均存在明显的正相关。结论老年门诊患者血清肌酐、尿蛋白定量与心血管事件存在明显的相关性。     

031 低血糖是否将增加心血管事件风险？

低血糖较为常见，尤其是接受胰岛素治疗的老年糖尿病患者，而引发低血糖特别是伴有症状者常对心血管系统有危害。然而既往关于低血糖与远期心血管事件间确切关系尚不清楚，现就此进行大样本长程调研分析。     

阿司匹林帮助您远离血栓

哪些糖尿病患者需服用阿司匹林？ 糖尿病患者发生或死于心血管并发症的危险性比正常人高，动脉粥样硬化和血管栓塞是其重要原因，糖尿病患者还常伴有血液高凝状态，而血小板可促进血栓的形成。因此，抗血小板药物阿司匹林在糖尿病人群心血管事件防治中具有重要的作用。     

Cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes: comparison with nondiabetic individuals without and with prior cardiovascular disease. 10-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study.

AIMS: We questioned whether prior cardiovascular disease has the same impact on risk of cardiovascular events as type 2 diabetes, and whether this differed between men and women. METHODS AND RESULTS: To address these issues we compared the 10-year risk of cardiovascular events among 208 Caucasian individuals with diabetes to that of 2253 Caucasian individuals without diabetes, in a population-based cohort study. Gender significantly modified the association between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events (p=0.01). The hazard ratio of cardiovascular events associated with the presence of diabetes was higher in women (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.7) than in men (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.3; 0.9 to 2). As compared to men without diabetes but with prior cardiovascular disease, risk of cardiovascular events was significantly lower in men with diabetes but without prior cardiovascular disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.5; 0.3 to 0.9). In contrast, this risk was equal in women with diabetes but without prior cardiovascular disease and women without diabetes but with prior cardiovascular disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.0; 0.6 to 1.7; P for interaction between gender and diabetes=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Women with diabetes but without prior cardiovascular disease have a risk of cardiovascular events that is similar to that of women without diabetes but with prior cardiovascular disease, whereas in men the presence of prior cardiovascular disease conferred a higher risk. These data emphasise the necessity of aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes.     

Impact of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease without ischemia on stress thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography after percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVES: The metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) is a predictor of cardiovascular events. However, the significance of metabolic syndrome for cardiovascular events has been not clarified in Japan. The impact of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular events was investigated, especially in the high risk group after percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: We studied 456 patients (mean age 63 +/- 10 years, range 36-88 years) without ischemia on stress thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography after percutaneous coronary intervention. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was made according to the modified NCEP ATP III criteria. Cardiovascular events were examined for mean 3.7 +/- 1.8 years (range 2.0-8.7 years). There were 196 patients without diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome (Group D - M -), 89 patients without diabetes mellitus but with metabolic syndrome (Group D - M +), 61 patients with diabetes mellitus but without metabolic syndrome (Group D + M -), and 110 patients with both diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (Group D + M +). RESULTS: The event-free survival curve in Group D - M + was significantly lower than that in Group D - M - (p < 0.05), but not different from that in Group D + M -. The survival curve was markedly lower in Group D + M + than that in Group D - M + (p < 0.005). The Cox proportional hazard model revealed that diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome were independent significant risk factors for events. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was helpful for identification of patients with high cardiovascular event rate even in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention. The combination of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus markedly increases the risk for cardiovascular events.     

The potential of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for risk stratification of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes

Patients with diabetes, in particular patients with type 2 diabetes, are at a 2- to 4-fold higher risk of cardiovascular mortality compared with their nondiabetic peers. Patients with diabetes are also more likely to have silent ischemia and less likely to survive a myocardial infarction than nondiabetic patients. Recent studies with electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) have shown that subclinical atherosclerosis is common in patients with diabetes, and studies with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (with single-photon emission computed tomography) or stress echocardiography have demonstrated that between 25% and 50% of asymptomatic diabetic patients have ischemia during exercise or pharmacological stress and that a substantial proportion of these patients go on to develop major cardiovascular events within several years. Clearly, asymptomatic diabetic patients include a subset of individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease who would benefit from improved risk stratification beyond that possible with risk factor scoring systems alone. Single-photon emission computed tomography, stress echocardiography, and possibly EBCT or multi-slice computed tomography, are emerging as valuable diagnostic tools for identifying asymptomatic diabetic patients who might require early and aggressive intervention to manage their cardiovascular risk.     

The potential of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for risk stratification of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes.

Patients with diabetes, in particular patients with type 2 diabetes, are at a 2- to 4-fold higher risk of cardiovascular mortality compared with their nondiabetic peers. Patients with diabetes are also more likely to have silent ischemia and less likely to survive a myocardial infarction than nondiabetic patients. Recent studies with electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) have shown that subclinical atherosclerosis is common in patients with diabetes, and studies with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (with single-photon emission computed tomography) or stress echocardiography have demonstrated that between 25% and 50% of asymptomatic diabetic patients have ischemia during exercise or pharmacological stress and that a substantial proportion of these patients go on to develop major cardiovascular events within several years. Clearly, asymptomatic diabetic patients include a subset of individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease who would benefit from improved risk stratification beyond that possible with risk factor scoring systems alone. Single-photon emission computed tomography, stress echocardiography, and possibly EBCT or multi-slice computed tomography, are emerging as valuable diagnostic tools for identifying asymptomatic diabetic patients who might require early and aggressive intervention to manage their cardiovascular risk.     

Temporal changes in risk of cardiovascular events in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular disease

AimsExamine temporal changes in the risk of cardiovascular events in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods283,600 individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and age-, sex-, and CVD-matched controls without diabetes were identified through Danish nationwide registries between 1997 and 2014. Using Cox regression models, we report the standardized absolute 5-year risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure for people with diabetes and controls.ResultsIndividuals with newly diagnosed diabetes were at increased risk of cardiovascular events compared to controls. From 1997–2002 to 2009–2014 reductions in cardiovascular events for people with diabetes were: cardiovascular death; 26.5% to 13.8% in people with CVD and from 7.3% to 3.2% in people without CVD, myocardial infarction; 13.1% to 6.5% in people with CVD and from 4.1% to 1.9% in people without CVD, stroke; 14.2% to 8.8% in people with CVD and from 4.9% to 2.2% in people without CVD, and heart failure; 21.0% to 13.8% in people with CVD and from 5.0% to 2.6% in people without CVD. The risk of cardiovascular events declined more among people with diabetes than controls.ConclusionsNewly diagnosed type 2 diabetes was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, and the risk decreased significantly 1997–2014 in both people with and without CVD. Furthermore, the excess risk associated with type 2 diabetes decreased significantly during the study period.     

Coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular risk in diabetes

Measurement of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) by electron beam tomography has been shown to a powerful predictor of coronary heart disease events in asymptomatic non-diabetic subjects. In type 2 diabetes, measurement of CACS was found to be a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events which could enhance prediction provided by established risk models. 23% of type 2 diabetic subjects with low CACS were found to be at low risk for cardiovascular events. Moreover mortality was similar for type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with undetectable coronary artery calcification. Conversely type 2 diabetic subjects with high CACS were identified who were at high cardiovascular risk. Thus not all those with type 2 diabetes are at similar cardiovascular risk. Measurement of CACS enables cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes to be stratified so that the level of preventive therapy could be reduced in some and intensified in others. Although prospective data for the power of CACS to predict CHD events in type 1 diabetes are lacking, measurement of CACS could help in deciding on preventive therapy in type 1 diabetes.     

Advanced chronic kidney disease,cardiovascular events and the effect of diabetes: data from the Atherosclerosis and Folic Acid Supplementation Trial

Background: End‐stage kidney disease registry data have reported increased mortality in patients with diabetes as compared with those without. Here we examine whether diabetes is independently associated with an increased risk of major cardiovascular events and death in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Data from 315 participants with CKD in the Atherosclerosis and Folic Acid Supplementation Trial (ASFAST) were assessed. Primary end‐points were fatal or non‐fatal cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, coronary revascularisation and peripheral vascular events assessed both jointly and separately using Cox‐proportional hazard models. Results: Twenty‐three per cent reported diabetes. Median follow up was 3.6 years. In those with diabetes, an increased risk for major cardiovascular events was observed, crude hazard ratio (HR) 2.87 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.11–3.90). After adjustment for age, gender, smoking, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, past ischaemic heart disease and use of preventive therapies, diabetes was associated with an HR of 1.83 (1.28–2.61) for major cardiovascular events. The risk for peripheral vascular events was also increased, adjusted HR 6.31 (2.61–15.25). For all‐cause death, major coronary and stroke events, the risk in those with diabetes was not significantly increased (all‐cause death, adjusted HR 1.31 (95% CI 0.80–2.14); major coronary events, adjusted HR 1.26 (95% CI 0.64–2.49); and major stroke events, adjusted HR 1.28 (95% CI 0.55–2.99)). Conclusions: Diabetes significantly increases the risk of major cardiovascular events, especially peripheral vascular events in patients with advanced CKD. Trials of multifactorial management of cardiovascular risk factors are required to determine if outcomes for this population may be improved.     

Evaluation of cardiovascular risk for renal transplantation in diabetic patients

Cardiovascular disease contributes in a major way to morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Sixty patients with type I diabetes were evaluated prior to renal transplantation to determine the risk of cardiovascular complications. On the basis of results of thallium stress testing and/or cardiac catheterization, each patient was assigned to one of five categories. There were no cardiovascular events in the seven patients who had negative results on stress testing. Of the remaining 53 patients, all of whom underwent cardiac catheterization, 30 had normal coronary arteries. None of these 30 patients had any cardiac morbidity, and the two deaths that occurred in this group were not attributable to cardiac causes. Significant coronary artery disease was present in 38 percent of the patients. The overall mortality rate was 5.4 percent in those patients without coronary artery disease and 43.5 percent in those with the disease. In addition, the mortality rate in patients with coronary disease classified as severe was 62 percent, whereas it was 20 percent in those categorized as having moderate disease. The data indicate that patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease who are at highest risk for cardiovascular events can be identified, and these patients probably should not undergo renal transplantation.     

Hyperglycemia and cardiovascular events

Besides classical, modifiable risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking) abnormalities of the glucose metabolism (diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance) are strong emerging cardiovascular risk factors. Epidemiological data indicate that 8 % of the population and up to 60 % of patients with coronary artery disease have abnormalities of glucose metabolism. The prevalence of these abnormalities will increase as the population ages and the mean body weight increases. An abnormal glucose concentration damages the endothelium in several ways: increased oxidative stress, inflammatory processes and an activation of procoagulant factors all impair endothelial function. A blood glucose normalising therapy is thought to decrease the incidence of cardiovascular events in these patients. In patients with an acute myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus an early intensive insulin therapy improves the outcome of these patients. In summary, the early detection and treatment of abnormalities of glucose metabolism reduces cardiac events.     

HOPE for patients with Type 2 diabetes: an application of the findings of the MICRO-HOPE substudy in a British hospital diabetes clinic.

AIMS: The MICRO-HOPE substudy demonstrated that when ramipril treatment was added to people with Type 2 diabetes and additional cardiovascular risk factors cardiovascular events were reduced by 25% in 4.5 years. We wished to determine the proportion of people with Type 2 diabetes and additional cardiovascular risk factors registered with a hospital diabetes service. METHODS: Non-proteinuric people (n = 1370) with Type 2 diabetes identified on our diabetes register were subject to analysis. Anticipated reductions in cardiovascular events due to ramipril treatment were based on reductions observed in the MICRO-HOPE substudy. RESULTS: Non-proteinuric people (n = 1075 (78%)) with Type 2 diabetes had at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor. Twenty-nine percent were already taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. The remaining 764 patients were similar to ramipril-treated participants in the MICRO-HOPE substudy. Treatment with ramipril for 4.5 years would be anticipated to reduce cardiovascular deaths by 26, revascularization procedures by 19 and admissions for myocardial infarction and stroke by 18 and 26, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Of non-proteinuric people with Type 2 diabetes, 78% have additional cardiovascular risk factors. Only a small proportion currently receive treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. The incidence of cardiovascular events could be reduced if more patients were treated with ramipril and other cardiovascular risk factors were addressed.