鼻胃管减压并鼻空肠管营养在重型脑出血患者中的应用价值

目的比较经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管营养与单纯经鼻空肠管营养2种肠内营养方式在重型脑出血患者中的应用效果。方法将56例重型脑出血患者分成两组进行肠内营养,一组采用经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管营养,另一组采用单纯经鼻空肠管营养。记录两组置管前及置管后第8天、第15天的营养情况,包括血清总蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白含量。记录两组置管15d内并发症发生率,包括腹泻、反流、误吸及吸入性肺炎。用格拉斯哥预后评分表评定两组患者的预后情况。结果置管后第15天经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管营养组的总蛋白、前白蛋白的含量均高于单纯经鼻空肠管营养组(P<0.05)。经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管营养组15d内并发症发生率低于单纯经鼻空肠管营养组(P<0.05),两组的格拉斯哥预后评分显示经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管肠内营养组预后优于单纯经鼻空肠管营养组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在重型脑出血患者中使用经鼻胃管减压联合经鼻空肠管肠内营养更能改善其营养状况,减少并发症,更有利于患者康复。     

胃镜拖线法在大肠癌术后胃瘫患者空肠营养管置入术中的应用

目的观察胃镜拖线法在大肠癌术后胃瘫患者空肠营养管置入术中的应用效果。方法选取10例结肠癌术后发生胃瘫的患者,均行空肠营养管置入术。置管前在鼻胃管的顶部预先用7号慕丝线打好麻线结,助手将鼻胃管放入食管内,胃镜下用活检钳夹住鼻胃管前端预留线结拖入空肠。结果本组均置管成功,置管时间平均15 min,送入鼻胃空肠管总长约85 cm,置管后均无严重并发症;与置管前比较,置管后2周患者体质量增加、血清白蛋白升高、KPS评分增加,P均〈0.05。拔管后3周内,患者均恢复胃肠功能。结论胃镜拖线法用于空肠营养管置入术操作简单、无并发症,可明显改善大肠癌术后胃瘫患者的营养及生活质量。     

经胃镜放置空肠营养管21例及疗效观察

目的 探讨经胃镜放置空肠营养管建立肠内营养并观察其营养效果.方法 对21例病情较重需肠内营养的患者将电子胃镜插入十二指肠降段,经活检孔引入导丝至空肠,退出胃镜.用鼻导管将导丝经口交换至鼻腔,沿导丝送人空肠营养管至适当位置,建立肠内营养,观察患者血常规、电解质及肝肾功能及体重变化.结果 21例中19例1次置管成功,2例营养管在胃内折叠,重新置管成功.置管时间为10～45 min,平均留管时间为7～104 d.均无并发症发生.患者体重增加,血常规、电解质及肝肾功能无显著异常变化.结论 经胃镜放置空肠营养管是一种建立肠内营养的良好方法.     

鼻空肠与鼻胃管管饲的急性重症卒中患者的肺炎

目的 探讨鼻空肠管与鼻胃管肠内营养支持对重症急性卒中患者卒中相关性肺炎(stroke associated pneumonia,SAP)以及其他并发症的影响.方法 共纳入60例需要管饲的重症急性卒中患者,随机分为鼻空肠管组和鼻胃管组进行肠内营养支持,观察2周内SAP、腹泻、呕吐、消化道出血和低钠血症的发生,记录置管前以及置管后7d和14 d时的营养指标(总蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白)并进行比较.结果 鼻空肠管组和鼻胃管组各30例,2组人口统计学和基线临床资料均无显著差异.鼻空肠管组SAP(43.3％对70.0％;x2=4.340,P=0.037)、呕吐(13.3％对43.3％x2 =6.648,P=0.010)和低钠血症(16.7％对40.0％;x2 =4.022,P=0.045)发生率显著低于鼻胃管组,但腹泻和消化道出血发生率无显著差异.鼻空肠管组置管后14 d时的血浆总蛋白和前白蛋白浓度与置管前无显著差异,但血红蛋白浓度显著降低(P=0.001);相比之下,鼻胃管组置管后14 d时血浆总蛋白(P=0.001)、前白蛋白(P=0.036)和血红蛋白(P=0.001)浓度与置管前相比均显著降低.结论 重症急性卒中患者鼻空肠肠内营养能有效预防SAP以及呕吐和低钠血症的发生,并且有助于维持患者的营养状况.     

胃镜下放置营养管治疗术后胃瘫22例分析

[目的]探讨胃镜下放置营养管治疗胃瘫的疗效。[方法]回顾性分析胃镜下放置营养管治疗胃瘫22例的临床资料,22例中胃部分切除术后胃瘫13例,非胃腹部手术后胃瘫9例;胃镜直视下将营养管置入患者屈氏韧带远端或吻合口输出袢20~40cm空肠内,经营养管持续滴入营养液治疗12~45d。[结果]所有患者消化道功能恢复,胃瘫治愈。[结论]胃镜下放置营养管治疗术后胃瘫效果确切。     

经胃造瘘管放置空肠营养管治疗老年上消化道穿孔13例

目的:探讨经胃造瘘管放置空肠营养管治疗上消化道穿孔老年患者的可行性及治疗价值.方法:将我院普外科2008-02/2012-07收治的38例消化道穿孔患者,根据其肠内营养方式分为2组,A组患者术后采用鼻饲管进行肠内营养,B组患者采用经胃造瘘放置空肠营养管术后予肠内营养.分析比较两组患者术后出现呼吸道、消化道及其他各类不适的比例.结果:B组患者术后排斥引流管心理、鼻咽部不适、异物感、置管营养期间恶心、呕吐、早起(<3d)下床活动及置管后严重咳嗽、咳痰、合并肺炎等发生率与A组患者比较有明显统计学意义(P=0.036);营养改善方面,两组手术后第9天与第1天比较白蛋白,前白蛋白等指标均明显升高(P=0.024;0.044),但二者第9天之间比较无明显差异(P>0.05).结论:采用经胃造瘘管置空肠营养管,术后早期行肠内营养,患者耐受性好,并发症低,尤其适合老年上消化道穿孔患者.     

改良胃镜下直接置管放置空肠营养管25例

[目的]探讨胃镜下放置鼻空肠营养管建立肠内营养的方法.[方法]25例需要放置鼻空肠营养管的患者在胃镜下异物钳辅助直接置管.[结果]通过改良胃镜直接置管方法,空肠营养管放置成功率为100％.[结论]改良胃镜下直接置管放置空肠营养管成功率高,值得推广应用.     

胃液回输对住院ICU患者肠内营养支持效果的影响

目的:探讨胃液回输对重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)患者早期肠内营养支持效果的影响.方法:选取天津医科大学第二医院ICU病房采用肠内营养支持的80例患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例.两组患者均给予肠内营养,并采用鼻胃管收集胃液,观察组将胃液经无菌纱布滤过后自鼻空肠管回输至空肠,对照组给予等量的生理盐水自鼻空肠管输入空肠.比较两组患者营养支持相关指标血清白蛋白、血浆总蛋白及血红蛋白水平变化水平,评价两组患者的营养支持达标率,观察并比较两组患者并发症发生情况.结果:两组患者在给予肠内营养后,血清白蛋白、血浆总蛋白及血红蛋白水平均得到改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者的改善情况优于对照组(P0.05);观察组的营养支持达标率为97.5%,显著高于对照组82.5%(P0.05).观察组患者腹胀、腹泻、便秘、呕吐及电解质紊乱发生率均显著低于对照组(P0.05).观察组患者ICU的住院时间以及住院费用均显著短(少)于对照组(P0.05).结论:胃液回输能改善显著提高ICU患者肠内营养支持的效果,减少腹泻、腹胀及呕吐等胃肠功能障碍的发生.     

经胃镜活检孔放置空肠营养管56例临床分析

目的评价对于不能进食患者经胃镜活检孔放置鼻空肠营养管的临床应用价值。方法对于56例各种病因不能进食的患者,用日本OlympusGIF-XQ240型胃镜,美国Wilson-cook医学公司生产NJFT-8型空肠营养管,直径8fr,长度240cm。经胃镜活检孔深插营养管至十二指肠降部、水平部或空肠上段。营养管由口腔经鼻导管转至鼻腔引出并固定于鼻翼。结果置管56例均获成功,10例营养管达十二指肠水平部,46例营养管达空肠近侧端。无置管并发症发生。置管后即可滴人营养液。留置营养管时间14～120d,留置过程中患者耐受性好。结论对于不能进食的患者经胃镜放置鼻空肠营养管是一种操作简便快捷,安全可靠,实用有效的空肠营养管放置术,可以进行肠内营养。     

不同肠内营养方式对老年危重症患者营养及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨不同肠内营养方式对老年危重症患者营养与免疫功能的影响。方法 86例老年危重症患者,随机分为对照组(经鼻胃管肠内营养组)和观察组(经鼻肠管肠内营养组),两组均在血流动力学稳定后给予肠内营养支持。比较两组营养状态、免疫功能及肠内营养并发症发生率。结果经过不同肠内营养支持,观察组血白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、前白蛋白(PA)及血红蛋白(Hb)水平均明显高于对照组(P0.05);观察组总淋巴细胞计数(TLC)、血清免疫球蛋白(Ig)M、IgG及IgA水平均明显高于对照组(P0.001)。治疗过程中,对照组并发症总发生率明显高于观察组(P=0.011)。结论对于老年危重症患者肠内营养支持采用经鼻空肠管行肠内营养,可以更好改善患者营养状态及免疫功能,降低并发症发生风险,相较于经鼻胃管肠内营养具有优势。     

Jejunal Manometry Predicts Tube Feeding Intolerance in the Postoperative Period

Postoperative nutrition is best provided enterally; however, patients often develop intolerance to enteral feedings. Our aim was to prospectively identify abdominal examination and jejunal pressure activity associated with postoperative intolerance of enteral feedings. Twenty-nine patients underwent abdominal operation and needle catheter jejunostomy placement. Elemental tube feedings were started on the day after surgery and advanced to the caloric goal rate over three days. Patients whose feedings were slowed at the attending surgeon's discretion were defined as intolerant. Jejunal manometry and a standardized abdominal exam were performed on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. Fifteen patients (52%) were intolerant of tube feedings and had decreased jejunal motor activity but more active bowel sounds prior to feedings. After feedings, intolerant patients developed abdominal distension, but other abdominal findings were inconsistent. A marked decrease in phase II of the migrating motility complex (MMC) and the lack of a fed response were present in both groups. The overall jejunal motility present on day 1 following surgery identifies patients that will not tolerate enteral feedings. The abdominal examination, MMC parameters, and motor response to feeding did not predict feeding intolerance.     

Influence of postoperative enteral nutrition on postsurgical infections.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that early enteral nutrition might reduce the incidence of serious complications after major abdominal surgery. METHODS: In a randomised double blind prospective trial 30 patients received Nutri-drink and 30 patients received placebo through a nasoduodenal feeding tube. On the day of operation the patients were given median 600 ml of either nutrition or placebo, 60 ml per hour. On the first postoperative day the patients received either 1000 ml (median) of nutrition or placebo, on day 2 1200 ml (median) nutrition, 1400 ml placebo, on day 3 1000 ml (median) nutrition, 1150 ml placebo, and on day 4 1000 ml (median) nutrition, 800 ml placebo. All patients were followed up for 30 days by the same investigator. RESULTS: The two groups were similar with regard to nutritional status and type of operation. The rate of postoperative infectious complications was significantly lower in the nutrition group, two of 30 compared with 14 of 30 in the placebo group (p = 0.0009). CONCLUSION: Early enteral nutrition given to patients after major abdominal surgery results in an important reduction in infectious complications.     

Enteral nutrition during acute pancreatitis: feasibility study of a self-propeeling spiral distal end jejunal tube

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the feasibility of enteral jejunal nutrition for acute pancreatitis using a self-propelling spiral distal end jejunal tube. METHODS: Sixteen consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis in whom Flocare tubes were placed for enteral nutrition were included in this open prospective study. All of them had pancreatic and/or peripancreatic necrosis (Balthazar >=D). The median computed topography index was 5 (range 3-10) and the median Ranson score was 2 (range 0-5). The nasoenteric Flocare tube (spiral distal end) was inserted in the stomach at the bedside. Self progression into the jejunum was assessed by X-ray at 1, 7 and 12 hours and then every 24 hours for 4 days. The rate of successful tube self-placement in the jejunum and the time to successful placement were noted. RESULTS: Insertion was successful in 12 of 16 patients (75%). Treitz's ligament was reached in a median of 12 hours (range 1-96 hours). For the remaining patients, the tube was successfully repositioned under fluoroscopic guidance in 2 and withdrawn in 2, one for oral renutrition and one to change to a weighted jejunal tube. No tube dysfunction or recurrence of pancreatitis occurred during the entire period of enteral nutrition. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the nasoenteric Flocare tube can be used effectively and safely in early enteral jejunal nutrition for severe acute pancreatitis, without endoscopic or radiological manipulation.     

重型颅脑损伤行鼻肠管早期肠内营养辅以肠外营养的应用

目的观察鼻肠管早期肠内营养辅以肠外营养对重型颅脑损伤患者的疗效。方法将84例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为观察组与对照组各42例,观察组留置鼻肠管,对照组留置鼻胃管,均给予早期肠内营养辅以肠外营养的营养支持方式,观察两组生活指标、胃肠道耐受及并发症情况。结果营养支持后7d血清总蛋白、清蛋白两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组患者营养支持后7d血糖水平间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。1周内并发症发生情况：观察组42例中发生消化道出血5例,反流2例,腹泻4例,腹胀2例。对照组42例中发生消化道出血9例,反流19例,腹泻9例,腹胀17例。结论重型颅脑损伤病患者鼻肠管早期肠内营养辅以肠外营养支持方式,可以明显改善营养状况,减少并发症的发生。     

Therapie der akuten Pankreatitis

Despite our increasing knowledge in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis therapeutic strategies based on this knowledge, such as inhibition of proteases, are not convincing. It is most likely that these strategies are initiated to late after the onset of pancreatitis. It is of utmost importance to clarify the severity of the disease for planning interdisciplinary approaches: therapy of pain, enteral nutrition via a jejunal tube, as well as treatment of extrapancreatic complications, such as respiratory insufficiency, coagulopathy, and renal insufficiency. A key role plays the exact balance of potential high fluid losses. Prophylactic application of antibiotics such as imipenem in cases of necrotizing pancreatitis to prevent infection is widely used. Infected necroses are an indication for surgery. In biliary pancreatitis one has to remove impacted bile duct stones via ERCP and papillotomy followed by elective cholecystectomy.     

Gastric electrical stimulation in intractable symptomatic gastroparesis

BACKGROUND: The treatment of gastroparesis remains unsatisfactory despite prokinetic and anti-emetic drugs. Gastric electrical stimulation has been proposed as a therapeutic option. We have assessed the effect of gastric electrical stimulation on symptoms, medical treatment, body weight and gastric emptying in patients with intractable symptomatic gastroparesis in a non-placebo-controlled study. METHODS: In this multicenter study, 38 highly symptomatic patients with drug-refractory gastroparesis were enrolled. Patients first received temporary electrical stimulation using percutaneous electrodes. The 33 responders to temporary stimulation then underwent surgical implantation of a permanent stimulator. Severity of vomiting and nausea was assessed before and after stimulation. Patients were reassessed 3, 6, and 12 months after permanent implantation. RESULTS: With stimulation, 35/38 patients (97%) experienced >80% reduction in vomiting and nausea. This effect persisted throughout the observation period (2.9-15.6 months, 341 patient-months). Gastric emptying did not initially change, but improved in most patients at 12 months. At 1 year, the average weight gain was 5.5% and 9/14 patients initially receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition were able to discontinue it. CONCLUSION: Electrical stimulation of the stomach has an immediate and potent anti-emetic effect. It offers a safe and effective alternative for patients with intractable symptomatic gastroparesis.     

Risk factors of gastroparesis syndrome after abdominal non-gastroduodenal operation and its prevention

ObjectiveTo investigate risk factors of gastroparesis syndrome (PGS) after abdominal non-gastroduodenal operation and its prevention.MethodsClinical data of 22 patients with PGS after abdominal non-gastroduodenal operation was analyzed retrospectively, and compared with the patients of non-PGS after abdominal non-gastroduodenal operation during the same time. The possible influencing factors of PGS were analyzed by single factor analysis and logistic regression analysis.ResultsAll 13 selected factors related with PGS, including age, disease category (benign and malignant), operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative analgesic pump, postoperative enteral nutrition time, postoperative parenteral nutrition time, perioperative blood glucose level, perioperative nutrition status (anaemia or lower proteinemia), pylorus obstruction before surgery, intra-abdominal infection after surgery, and spiritual factor were related with PGS. The statistical analysis showed that the difference was statistical significant (P<0.05), and gender had no correlation with PGS (P>0.05); non-conditional multivariate analysis showed that malignant tumor, perioperative nutrition status, pylorus obstruction, operation time, blood loss, intra-abdominal infection after surgery, and mental factor were significant related with PGS as dependent variable and related risk factors in single factor analysis as independent variables (P <0.05).ConclusionsPGS is a result of multiple factors, and among these factors, malignant tumor, poor nutrition status, pylorus obstruction before surgery, longer operation-time, more blood loss, intra-abdominal infection after surgery, and mental factor are major risk factors of PGS.     

Percutaneous sonographic gastrostomy: method, indications, and problems

Objectives: This study evaluated the application of ultrasound (US) guidance in the percutaneous placement of gastric feeding tubes in patients in whom endoscopic placement of a nutrition tube is not possible.
Methods: Thirty-eight patients with upper gastrointestinal obstruction were entered in a prospective study with US-guided nutrition tube application. Feasibility of placement, side effects, and nutritional states were monitored for a mean follow-up of 4 months.
Results: Ultrasound allowed rapid puncture after filling of the stomach with water through a nasal tube in 34/38 cases. In four cases a total upper gastrointestinal obstruction required an initial stomach insufflation through a direct puncture. Puncture-related major complications were not observed. Minor complications during the observation time were one late dislocation, five cases with broken material after about 6 months (four could be changed by using the Seldinger technique), and two minor local infections. The nutrition through feeding tubes stabilized body weight and body composition parameters.
Conclusion: The percutaneous sonographic gastrostomy (PSG) is a safe and minimally invasive procedure for enteral nutrition in all cases with upper gastrointestinal obstruction when endoscopic placement of a feeding tube is not possible. Percutaneous sonographic gastrostomy may help to stabilize the nutritional parameters and general condition in patients with malignant diseases.     

肠内营养液胃管饲养对老年吞咽障碍患者的临床应用

目的:探讨早期肠内营养液胃管饲养对老年吞咽障碍患者并发症及预后的影响。方法:将46例老年伴吞咽障碍患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各23例,于入院后48h内开始分别给予鼻饲肠内营养支持(EN)和普通鼻饲饮食及喂食。观察两组患者的并发症、入住ICU的时间、生存时间、血糖水平以及血清白蛋白(ALB)水平、前白蛋白(PA)水平及美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NHSS)等。结果:EN组在降低并发症的发生率,缩短入住ICU的时间,延长患者生存时间,维持血糖水平以及纠正低蛋白血症等方面明显优于对照组。结论:早期肠内营养能降低老年吞咽障碍患者并发症发生率,改善患者预后。     

The provision of a percutaneously placed enteral tube feeding service

There is overwhelming evidence that the maintenance of enteral feeding is beneficial in patients in whom oral access has been diminished or lost. Short-term enteral access is usually achieved via naso-enteral tube placement. For longer term tube feeding there are recognised advantages for enteral feeding tubes placed percutaneously. The provision of a percutaneous enteral tube feeding service should be within the remit of the hospital nutrition support team (NST). This designated team should provide a framework for patient selection, pre-assessment and post-procedural care. Close working relations with community-based services should be established. An accredited therapeutic endoscopist should be a member of the NST and direct the technical aspects of the service. Every endoscopy unit in an acute hospital setting should provide a basic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) service. This should include provision for fitting a PEG jejunal extension (PEGJ) if required. Specialist units should be identified where a more comprehensive service is provided, including direct jejunal placement (DPEJ), as well as radiological and laparoscopically placed tubes. Good understanding of the indications for percutaneous enteral tube feeding will prevent inappropriate procedures and ensure that the correct feeding route is selected at the appropriate time. Each unit should adopt and become familiar with a limited range of PEG tube equipment. Careful adherence to the important technical details of tube insertion will reduce peri-procedural complications. Post-procedural complications remain relatively common, however, and an awareness of the correct approach to managing them is essential for all clinicians involved in providing a percutaneous enteral tube feeding service. Finally, ethical considerations should always be taken into account when considering long-term enteral feeding, especially for patients with a poor quality of life.