部队饮食卫生安全存在的问题与对策

针对社会上屡屡出现食品中含甲醛、瘦肉精、苏丹红、吊白块等情况,笔者对部分基层单位伙食进行了调研,感到部分单位官兵食品安全知识匮乏、卫生监督检测不够到位、检测检疫设施落后等问题比较突出。如何避免“餐桌污染”,高标准保障部队实现“两个确保”,笔者认为应在搞好宣传教育、建立监管机制、完善设施建设、落实分级管理上下功夫、见成效。     

“瘦肉精”实为“害人精”

近两三年来，我国上海、浙江、广东等地先后发生了多起因食用含有高浓度“瘦肉精”残留的猪肉及猪内脏而导致的食物中毒事件，引起了人们的广泛关注甚至是恐慌。那么，什么是“瘦肉精”它对人体究竟有哪些危害呢？据专家介绍，“瘦肉精＂的主要成分是盐酸克仑特罗。它是一种平喘剂，故又称氨哮素、克喘素、双氯醇胺，其化学名称为羟甲叔丁肾上腺素。该物质为白色结晶状粉末，无臭，味苦，溶于水和乙醇，不溶于乙醚，是一种强效选择性β２受体激动剂。其常用制剂为加入盐酸盐制成的片剂或膜剂，还有加入洋金花制成的喘立平气雾剂、加入二羟丙…     

经腹超声与经阴道超声双向检查在早期妊娠诊断中的价值

目的 探讨经腹超声和经阴道超声在早期妊娠检查中的应用价值,以便寻找出早期妊娠的最佳检测方法.方法 选择停经31～42天,且HCG(人绒毛膜促性腺激素)为阳性或弱阳性,疑似早期妊娠的122例患者,年龄19～40岁,平均27.6岁,均行经腹超声和经阴道超声检查,分别观察子宫、妊娠囊、胚芽、胎心的情况,针对两次的检测结果进行比较.结果 122例患者中,经腹超声检测出妊娠囊、卵黄囊91例,检出率达到74.6％;经阴道超声检测出妊娠囊、卵黄囊120例,检出率达到98.4％.经腹超声检测出胚芽者58例,经阴道超声检测出胚芽者80例,经阴道超声与经腹超声相比可以更早检测出胚芽.在同时检测出胚芽的52例中,经腹超声的胎心检出率为23.1％,经阴道超声的胎心检出率为53.8％,经阴道超声与经腹超声相比胎心检出时间可以提前1周.结论 经阴道超声检测早期妊娠的灵敏度和准确性高于经腹超声,经腹超声和经阴道超声相结合是临床检测早期妊娠安全、准确的方法.     

抓好食品安全工作任重道远

近年来,食品安全问题越来越突出,食品安全事件不断发生,一些地方相继出现瘦肉精、毒奶粉、地沟油、苏丹红、染色馒头、塑化剂等种种危害人民群众生命健康的食品安全问题,给部队食品安全工作造成了很大的不利影响。人们常说:食品安全不显要,但很重要。因此,做好新形势下的食品安全工作刻不容缓。笔者认为,要想做好部队食品安全工作,应注意做到以下几     

中药对解脲支原体感染大鼠睾丸形态学的影响

目的观察中药对解脲支原体(Ureaplasma Urealyticum U.U.)感染大鼠睾丸形态学的影响。方法在大鼠膀胱内接种U.U.大鼠的睾丸组织中培养出U.U.,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测出U.U.,并用光镜观察睾丸组织。结果对照组检测出U.U.阳性8只,检测率为66.7%,中药组检测出U.U.阳性2只,检测率为16.7%,正常组均未检测出U.U.;对照组睾丸重量明显低于正常组（P<0.01）,而中药组与正常组睾丸重量比较无明显变化（P>0.05）;正常组睾丸曲细精管正常,生精细胞排列有序,管腔中常可见到精子,对照组光镜可见曲细精管变性,生精细胞减少,部分区域间质呈渗出、水肿,中药组仅见极少数曲细精管变性或生精细胞减少。结论提示U.U.感染可干扰精子发生,因而是造成男性不育的因素之一。     

经皮及血清检测胆红素含量在新生儿黄疸诊断中的比较

目的:探讨新生儿黄疸诊断中经皮检测与血清检测胆红素含量的关系。方法:随机筛选300例住院黄疸病人,分别经皮及经静脉采血收集血清检测胆红素含量,进而绘制出对应图形,直接显示两者间的相互关系。结果:两种方法对新生儿黄疸检测均有一定的临床意义,两者又有一定的换算关系。结论:经皮检测方法简单,但影响因素较多;血清检测结果准确,但患者及家属较难接受。绘制出有效地数据对照表,对指导临床及时准确判断、医治新生儿黄疸具有十分重要的意义。     

生鲜牛乳中掺淀粉快速检测试纸的探索

为解决在牛乳收购环节快速检测出掺淀粉牛奶的方法,本试验探索了采用碘试剂制作试纸的方法,筛选出了碘溶液最佳浓度加载到定性滤纸上,自然干燥.用掺有不同浓度淀粉牛奶检测试纸的灵敏度,检测结果表明,牛奶掺淀粉的最低检出量为0.04%,本试验研制的牛奶掺淀粉快速检测试纸,操作简单,使用方便,检测迅速,灵敏度较高,不但适用于基层奶...     

齐墩果酸固体分散体胶囊的溶出度测定及Weibull分析

目的 评价齐墩果酸3种制剂的溶出特性。方法 选择0．5％十二烷基硫酸钠溶液为溶出介质,采用高效液相色谱法检测,C18色谱柱;流动相：甲醇-水（95：5）;检测波长：210nm。利用Excel电子表格软件分别计算3种制剂的weibull分布参数。结果 使用HPLC法测定齐墩果酸的溶出量,结果准确可靠。制备成固体分散体能显著地提高齐墩果酸的体外溶出速度。溶出过程符合Weibull分布模型,溶出参数m,β,Td有统计学差异。结论 可以选择PVPk30作为载体制备齐墩果酸固体分散体胶囊,显著改善齐墩果酸溶出速度。     

一种用于眼球震颤检测系统的图像处理方法

目的 研究一种实时、无创检测眼震状况并进行眩晕判定的图像处理方法. 方法采用视频图像法,对获取的眼图进行特征分量提取、阈值变换、图像腐蚀等处理,检测出瞳孔位置,并采用辅助图片框法实时绘制其变化曲线. 结果该方法可以快速、准确地检测出瞳孔位置,并实时地显示眼震的波动状况. 结论实验证明,此方法能够满足实时性、准确性以及无创伤的检测要求,并为眩晕判定提供了重要依据.     

某学院飞行员脂肪肝与体重指数相关性分析及健康指导

目的 通过对2015年上半年飞行人员体重指数超重和脂肪肝的数据进行相关性分析,得出存在正相关性,证明体重指数的控制可以减少脂肪肝及其并发症的发生,制定出合理的健康指导意见.进行健康体检.方法 对学院2015年上半年2 704例飞行人员(教员:181人,学员:2 523人)进行体检鉴定.结果 检测出体重指数为超重的人员为445人,教员:59人,学员:386人,检测出脂肪肝的人员为90人,教员:14人,学员:76人;既检测出超重又检测出脂肪肝的人员为40人,教员:9人,学员:31人.结论 开展航卫知识讲座、宣传等多种途径对飞行人员进行宣传教育,让飞行人员全面的了解控制体重对脂肪肝及其并发症的意义,从而控制疾病的转归,延长空勤人员的飞行寿命,保障飞行训练的安全.     

基于CUBE-FSE-FLEX序列的体外模型脂肪定量研究

目的采用CUBE-FSE-FLEX序列测量水脂混合溶液模型的脂肪浓度、猪瘦肉及肥肉容积,研究基于此技术的脂肪浓度定量及容积测量准确性。方法(1)水脂混合模型:分别制作浓度范围2%~30%、浓度梯度为2%的脂肪乳溶液和浓度范围0%~100%、浓度梯度为10%的水脂溶液,分别采用CUBE-FSE-FLEX和IDEAL-IQ序列扫描水脂溶液和脂肪乳溶液模型,获得两组序列所测脂肪分数,采用配对t检验分别比较两组测量值与实际脂肪分数的差异,采用线性回归方法及Bland-Altman散点图分析两组测量值与实际脂肪浓度的相关性及一致性;(2)肥瘦肉模型:采用CUBE-FSE-FLEX序列扫描肥瘦肉模型,分别获得手工分割(MS)和半自动分割算法[多维阈值法(MDT)及区域增长法(RG)]测量的肥肉和瘦肉样本的体积,采用配对t检验、Pearson相关法及Bland-Altman散点图行3种方法容积测量值与实际容积的差异性、相关性及一致性检验;对肥瘦肉模型采用的MDT测得值进行Pearson相关法及Bland-Altman散点图分析。结果(1)水脂溶液:CUBE-FSE-FLEX-FaF与实际脂肪浓度无显著性差异(t=0.113,P=0.913),IDEAL-IQ-FaF与实际浓度差异显著(t=-41.084,P<0.001),两种测量值与实际脂肪浓度均有高度直线相关,分别为0.941(CUBE-FSE-FLEX)与1(IDEAL-IQ)。测量值与实际值差值的95%置信区间为:CUBE-FSE-FLEX(-19.1708,18.5199),IDEAL IQ(-4.7593,-3.4589)。(2)脂肪乳溶液:CUBE-FSE-FLEX及IDEAL-IQ测量值与实际脂肪浓度均有显著性差异,(t=34.668,P<0.001)、(t=21.363,P<0.001),与实际脂肪浓度均呈高度直线相关,R^2分别为0.999(CUBE-FSE-FLEX)与1(IDEAL-IQ),测量值与实际值差值的95%置信区间为:CUBE-FSE-FLEX(-4.1762,-2.68),IDEAL-IQ(-2.0076,0.990)。(3)肥瘦肉模型:配对t检验示肥瘦肉模型MS测量值与实际值均无显著差异(t=0.777,P=0.443;t=1.727,P=0.94);MDT及RG测量值与实际值均有显著差异(P<0.001)。肥瘦肉模型中三种测量值均与实际容积值高度相关(R^2均>0.98),MS与实际值偏差最小(bias=1.49%,bias=2.88%),MDT次之(bias=14.7%,bias=12.8%),RG最大(bias=-27.31%,bias=-33.99%),测量值与实际差值的95%置信区间分别为:肥肉模型-19.73%,-22.70%(MS);-22.76%,-52.15%(MDT),-40.84%,-13.79%(RG);瘦肉模型-15.62%,-21.38%(MS);-8.12%,-33.71%(MDT),-51.43%,-22.55%(RG)。对肥瘦肉采用MDT测量方法两次测量值统计分析,两次采用MDT方法的测量值相关性及一致性高。结论应用CUBE-FSE-FLEX序列能客观反映体外模型的脂肪浓度变化,推荐该序列脂像或水像图结合MDT可相对准确、便捷的实现软组织容积测量,可满足临床中组织器官的脂肪含量定量及容积测量的需要。     

LDL particle size in habitual exercisers, lean sedentary men and abdominally obese sedentary men

Habitual exercisers enjoy considerable protection from coronary heart disease (CHD). Often, however, only modest differences in traditional CHD risk factors are apparent between habitual exercisers and their sedentary counterparts. For this reason, there is increasing interest in novel predictors of CHD, such as a preponderance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to separate lipoprotein subfractions in 32 lean exercisers, 36 lean sedentary men and 21 obese sedentary men aged 30 - 45 years. Well-validated equations were used to determine LDL concentration and peak particle diameter. Waist girth was used to identify lean (< 100 cm) and obese (>or= 100 cm) individuals. LDL concentration was lower in lean exercisers than in lean sedentary men (2.64 +/- 0.44 vs. 3.76 +/- 0.79 mmol . l (-1), p < 0.001), suggesting that habitual exercise influences this risk factor. In contrast, there were no significant differences in LDL peak particle diameter between lean exercisers, lean sedentary men and obese sedentary men (27.92 +/- 0.67, 28.09 +/- 0.62 and 27.77 +/- 0.77 nm, respectively). In multiple linear regression analysis, triglyceride concentration was the only significant predictor of LDL PPD. These data suggest that habitual exercise influences LDL concentration but does not influence LDL particle size in men aged 30 - 45 years.     

The digital radiographic and computed tomography imaging of two types of explosive devices

Two well-established medical imaging methods, digital radiography (DR) and computed tomography (CT), were employed to obtain images of two types of explosive devices, model rocket engines and shotgun shells. The images were evaluated from an airport security perspective. In terms of geometrical shape, the detection probability of the explosive devices appears to be higher with DR imaging, but in terms of the actual explosive compounds in the devices, CT appears to offer a higher detection probability. DR imaging offers a low detection probability for the explosive powder in the shotgun shells, but a rather significant detection probability for the explosive propellant in the model rocket engines.     

Handgrip dynamometry, Cybex measurements and lean mass as markers of the ageing of muscle function.

Isometric handgrip force, isokinetic knee flexion and extension torque, and anthropometric data were obtained on 67 older men and women (ranging in age from 45 to 75 years, mean 59.7 years). Hydrostatic and skinfold estimates of lean body mass were quite closely correlated with each other in this sample (r = 0.93). Handgrip force, isokinetic knee flexion and extension torque, and lean mass all decreased by 6-8% per decade over the age span examined, although in the men the loss was most marked in terms of handgrip and lean mass, whereas in the women the loss of torque in the knee muscles was dominant. Because of these differences, the handgrip data were only weakly correlated with the isokinetic strength measurements (r = 0.22), and the isokinetic data were more strongly related to lean body mass and body mass. The optimum equation for a field prediction of isokinetic strength in this age group (a combination of age, sex, age-sex interaction and lean body mass) has an error approaching 25%, with a multiple r2 of 0.37, and a standard error of the estimate (s.e.e.) of 24.5%. It is concluded that handgrip data and slow isokinetic torque measurements evaluate relatively independent aspects of the ageing of muscular function.     

Radiographic features of intracorporeally smuggled liquid cocaine

Purpose

The radiological features of intracorporeally smuggled cocaine powder are well-established. Liquid cocaine is a novel method for intracorporeal drug smuggling. We describe radiological features of liquid cocaine on abdominal plain films and computerized tomographic (CT) scans and compare them to those of cocaine powder.

Methods

Twenty-five suspected cocaine smugglers (13 males, 12 females, average age 38 years) underwent abdominal plain film radiography for drug detection between 2010 and 2014. Ten of them also underwent a CT scan. Eight were found to be smuggling cocaine powder and 17 were found to be smuggling liquid cocaine. We identified two new imaging characteristics unique to intracorporeal liquid cocaine on both plain films and CT scans, and compared them to the radiological features of cocaine powder.

Results

The radiological features of intraabdominal liquid cocaine packets on plain abdominal films (n = 17) were similar in opacity to bowel content and had an irregular shape that conformed to the intestinal contour. We identified what we termed “thin lucent lines” that were created by gas trapped between the packets. Four CT scans revealed that liquid cocaine was hyperdense compared to bowel content, that the packets had irregular shapes, and that the gas trapped between the packets formed a “jigsaw” pattern, a heretofore non-described finding that was present in all four scans.

Conclusions

Liquid cocaine has several unique imaging features that assist its detection on abdominal plain film. A CT scan can assist detection in inconclusive cases by demonstrating hyperdense irregular packets of liquid cocaine and a “jigsaw” pattern of gas between them.     

Significance of 19-norandrosterone in athletes' urine samples

Nandrolone and other 19-norsteroid potent anabolic steroids have been prohibited in sports for 30 years. The detection of the main urinary metabolite--19-norandrosterone--in amounts greater than 2 ng/ml constitutes an adverse analytical finding. The presence in nutritional sport supplements of steroids not listed on the label has undoubtedly resulted in positive tests, but inadvertent consumption of meat containing residues of hormonal treatment should not realistically cause apprehension. Although highly improbable, athletes should prudently avoid meals composed of pig offal in the hours preceding the test since the consumption of edible parts of a non-castrated pig, containing 19-nortestosterone, has been shown to results in the excretion of 19-norandrosterone in the following hours. Norsteroid metabolites are formed during pregnancy and excreted as minor metabolites of norethisterone, and minute amounts have been identified in some male and female samples when using more sensitive techniques of detection. Whereas exercise does not seem to be a significant factor in 19-norandrosterone excretion, some rare urine samples were found to be a suitable medium for in situ 19-demethylation of urinary metabolites.     

Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball players: a prospective intervention study over three seasons

The purpose of this study was to quantify which dietary supplements augment lean mass and strength gains during resistance training. Peer-reviewed studies between the years 1967 and 2001 were included in the analysis if they met a predetermined set of experimental criteria, among which were at least 3-week duration and resistance training two or more times a week. Lean mass and strength were normalized for meta-analysis by conversion to percent change per week and by calculating the effect size for each variable. Of the 250 supplements examined, only six had more than two studies that met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Creatine and β-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) were found to significantly increase net lean mass gains of 0.36%/week and 0.28%/week and strength gains of 1.09%/week and 1.40%/week ( P <0.05), respectively. Chromium, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and protein did not significantly affect lean gain or strength. In conclusion, two supplements, creatine and HMB, have data supporting their use to augment lean mass and strength gains with resistance training.     

Muscular development and physical activity as major determinants of femoral bone mass acquisition during growth

Objectives: To investigate to what extent bone mass accrual is determined by physical activity and changes in lean, fat, and total body mass during growth. Methods: Twenty six physically active and 16 age matched control boys were followed up for three years. All subjects were prepubertal at the start of the survey (mean (SEM) age 9.4 (0.3) years). The weekly physical activity of the active boys included compulsory physical education sessions (80–90 minutes a week), three hours a week of extracurricular sports participation, and occasional sports competitions at weekends. The physical activity of the control group was limited to the compulsory physical education curriculum. Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal density (BMD), lean mass, and fat mass were measured by dual energy x ray absorptiometry. Results: The effect of sports participation on femoral bone mass accrual was remarkable. Femoral BMC and BMD increased twice as much in the active group as in the controls over the three year period (p<0.05). The greatest correlation was found between the increment in femoral bone mass and the increment in lean mass (BMC r = 0.67 and BMD r = 0.69, both p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed enhancement in lean mass as the best predictor of the increment in femoral bone BMC (R = 0.65) and BMD (R = 0.69). Conclusions: Long term sports participation during early adolescence results in greater accrual of bone mass. Enhancement of lean mass seems to be the best predictor of this bone mass accumulation. However, for a given muscle mass, a greater level of physical activity is associated with greater bone mass and density in peripubertal boys.     

In vivo NMR imaging and spectroscopic investigation of renal pathology in lean and obese rat kidneys

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of end-stage renal failure. While our understanding of the pathogenesis of nephropathy is incomplete, progressive glomerular injury appears to play a significant role in the decline of renal function. Proton NMR spectroscopy and imaging techniques were used to address changes in renal pathology associated with glomerular mesangial expansion in vivo in kidneys from spontaneously obese and lean (control) littermate Zucker rats. Fully functioning rat kidneys were surgically exposed and externalized for direct NMR signal detection via a coil placed around the organ. High-resolution (78 μm in plane) proton images were obtained at 4.7 T magnetic field strength revealing fine structure within the well-defined cortical and medullary regions. The obese rat kidney images were distinct in appearance from the lean kidney images and exhibited marked cortical expansion as well as increased overall kidney size. Enlargement of mean glomerular diameter was verified histologically in the obese kidneys as compared with the lean kidneys. Proton T₁ and T₂ relaxation times were determined from the entire kidney using standard spectroscopic techniques, and from specific regions within the kidney from multiple T₁ and T₂-weighted images. Additionally, image contrast enhancement resulting from saturation transfer between protons in restricted-mobility environments and mobile water protons within the kidney was investigated in the lean and obese rat kidneys using magnetization-transfer imaging techniques. At the early stage of renal injury examined in this study, diseased and healthy kidneys could not be differentiated on the basis of relaxation times alone. The magnitude of saturation transfer obtained in cortical tissue in the lean and obese kidneys was also not statistically significantly different. However, the magnitude of saturation transfer achieved in the medullary tissue of obese kidneys was statistically significantly less than that achieved in lean kidneys.