2008年阿勒泰地区麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的总结阿勒泰地区麻疹减毒活疫苗后续强化免疫活动,加速控制麻疹,到2012年如期实现消除麻疹的目标。方法收集汇总全地区麻疹后续强化免疫报表数据,采用描述性流行病学方法对相关数据进行统计分析。结果全地区麻疹减毒活疫苗后续强化免疫接种8月龄-6岁目标儿童共45616人,报告接种率和快速评估接种率均〉95％,根据地区统计局公布的人口资料推算,估算接种率为89．32％。结论本次强化免疫覆盖了大部分“零”剂次免疫及未进行第二剂次接种的儿童,有效地减少了易感儿童的积累。强化免疫的顺利实施对今后阿勒泰地区控制麻疹工作具有重要的意义。     

2001～2012年甘肃省庆城县麻疹流行病学分析

目的了解2001～2012年甘肃省庆城县麻疹流行病学特征。方法根据庆城县常规传染病监测报告资料,对2001～2012年麻疹病例进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2001～2012年甘肃省庆城县麻疹发病率0～38.90/10万,发病呈梯形下降趋势,以4～7月为高发季节,发病以学生及儿童为主;41.00%的病例麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫史不详,14.50%的病例无麻疹疫苗免疫史。结论为实现消除麻疹目标并巩固已取得的成效,今后要提高流动儿童的麻疹接种率,提高MV第一剂次初种、第二剂次复种的及时接种率,加强麻疹监测。     

宜宾市麻疹流行病学分析及控制策略探讨

自实施儿童计划免疫以来 ,宜宾市麻疹发病得到有效控制 ,发病率 <1 5 /1 0万 ,麻疹疫苗 (MV)报告接种率 >95 % ,人群中已基本形成预防麻疹的免疫屏障。近年由于部分地区实际接种率不高 ,以及免疫成功率下降 ,造成易感人群增多 ,使麻疹疫情有所回升。现对 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年宜宾市的麻疹病例进行分析 ,以探讨控制麻疹策略和措施。1　材料与方法1 .1　资料来源来自本市麻疹疫情专报系统 ,包括流行病学和实验室监测及主动监测等资料。人口资料来自市统计局。1 .2　诊断标准依据国家技术监督局《麻疹诊断标准及处理原则》(GB1 5 983 -1 995 …     

8～24个月儿童麻疹减毒活疫苗的接种质量调查研究

目的调查通山县免疫规划儿童麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）接种率和麻疹抗体水平,为防治工作提供依据。方法采用PPS法对抽取的8～24个月龄210名儿童进行MV首种接种率调查和麻疹抗体检测,并对结果进行分析。结果 210名儿童MV接种率为90%,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率87.17%,GMT水平为1：893。结论通山县8～24个月龄儿童的MV接种率和麻疹抗体阳性水平不高,没有形成有效的免疫屏障。     

成都高新区麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果分析

目的 分析高新区麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫活动效果.方法 收集高新区2008年麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动报表及2007 - 2009年疫情资料,并对其进行统计分析.结果 对32 525名目标儿童接种麻疹疫苗,报告接种率96.17％,评估接种率97.61％,知晓率99.64％,未种率3.83％,其原因主要为生病、家长拒种、过敏史和怕接种反应.2009年发病率降到0.69/10万,2007年与2008年、2008年与2009年发病率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 麻疹强化免疫成效显著,麻疹发病率显著降低.     

河北省麻疹疫苗初始强化免疫血清学效果抽样分析

目的研究河北省首次实施麻疹疫苗(MV)初始强化免疫(catch-up)血清学效果。方法通过抽样,对同一人群采集强化免疫前后双份血清以及对不同人群分别于强化免疫前后采集血清,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果强化免疫接种11920936人,接种率为92.30%;强化免疫后麻疹抗体阳性率从90%上升至99.7%以上,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)从小于1000上升至2000以上,平均增长3倍以上;人群麻疹抗体滴度组成发生了重大变化,低抗体人群比例下降,高抗体人群比例上升;强化免疫后3年内,抗体水平仍保持在较高的水平。结论MV初始强化免疫血清学效果非常显著,极大提高了人群抗体水平,减少了易感人群的积累,使麻疹发病率保持在较低的水平。     

新疆阿勒泰市儿童常规免疫接种率调查分析

目的了解新疆阿勒泰市儿童常规免疫疫苗接种和国家＂十二五＂规划制定的＂以乡（镇）、街道为单位,儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种率达到90%的目标＂进展情况。方法采用批质量保证抽样方法（LQAS）,每个乡入户调查2~3岁适龄儿童42人,并尽量保证调查对象年龄组均衡,阿勒泰市疾病预防控制中心负责将适龄儿童的接种情况录入数据库并进行分析。结果阿勒泰市儿童预防接种建卡率达100.0%,建证率100.0%,卡证符合率99.7%,各类疫苗基础免疫合格率分别为卡介苗（BCG）99.7%、脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV）100.0%、＂百白破＂三联疫苗（DPT）99.4%、含麻疹成分类疫苗（MV）99.4%、乙型肝炎疫苗（HepB）92.2%、A群流脑疫苗（MenA）97.7%;DPTa、MV疫苗加强免疫合格接种率分别为98.0%、99.4%;甲型肝炎疫苗（HepA）合格接种率为98.5%。结论阿勒泰市儿童疫苗接种率较高,但接种合格率偏低,需要加大疫苗接种的宣传力度,进一步完善预防接种门诊的建设,推广定点接种、缩短接种周期等一系列综合措施,以提高儿童国家免疫规划疫苗的接种率。     

2008年广元市麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的评估广元市2008年麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)强化免疫效果。方法分析麻疹疫苗强化免疫实施情况及麻疹疫苗强化免疫前后发病率变化情况。结果各年龄组麻疹疫苗强化免疫接种率均达97%以上,强化免疫后全市总麻疹发病率较强化免疫前下降98.48%,为1985年以来最低水平,且2008-2009年已连续2年无暴发疫情。结论 2008年广元市麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果显著,麻疹发病显著降低。     

雅安市适龄儿童麻疹疫苗强化免疫前后抗体水平分析

目的 了解雅安市适龄儿童麻疹疫苗(MV)强化免疫前后麻疹抗体水平,为制定免疫规划,实现消除麻疹目标提供科学依据.方法 采用ELISA(酶联免疫吸附试验)法对250人份MV强化免疫前后500份血清进行麻疹IgG抗体水平检测.结果 MV强化免疫前阳性率为94.40%,麻疹IgG抗体平均浓度为1524.24mlU/ml;MV强化免疫后阳性率为100%,麻疹IgG抗体平均浓度为1 893.14mlU/ml.强免前后抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(x2=14.40,P<0.05)),有MV免疫史的免前麻疹抗体阳性率显著高于未接种者(x2=11.95,P<0.05)).结论 雅安市适龄儿童麻疹抗体水平较高,强化免疫能提高人群免疫覆盖率,消除免疫空白.     

2013年新疆克拉玛依市克拉玛依区麻疹疫情监测分析

目的分析2013年新疆克拉玛依市克拉玛依区麻疹疫情报告和发病情况,为制定传染病预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法根据国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统上报的数据进行统计学分析。结果 2013年克拉玛依区共报告麻疹确诊病例22例,发病率8.42/10万;发病呈现明显季节性,为单峰型,5─7月为发病高峰;辖区内除金龙镇、五五新镇街道和小拐乡外均有病例报告,城区发病高于农村;〈8月龄和≥19岁年龄组病例构成较多,以散居儿童发病最高;2013年克拉玛依区先后3次开展麻疹类疫苗查漏补种活动,累计接种1 463人。结论提高适龄儿童,尤其是流动儿童麻疹的接种率和及时接种率;提高疆内初高中生、外来务工人员、育龄妇女等特殊人群麻疹覆盖率;适时开展高质量的麻疹强化免疫是目前提高免疫接种率,保护小月龄儿童和成年人不受感染的关键。     

Measles vaccination coverage during poliomyelitis national immunization days in Burkina Faso, 1999

In 1999, Burkina Faso added measles vaccine during the second round of its poliomyelitis national immunization days (NIDs). A cluster survey was conducted in each of the country's 53 health districts to assess vaccination coverage achieved by the campaign. Forty-four percent of children aged 9-59 months had a documented prior measles vaccination, and 88% were vaccinated during NIDs. Eighty-five percent of children not previously vaccinated received measles vaccine during the campaign. Although routine vaccination coverage varied substantially among children from various socioeconomic groups, the campaign appeared to almost equally reach all groups of children surveyed. Poliovirus vaccine coverage was 90% when measles vaccine was added to the campaign, compared with 88% during the first round. In Burkina Faso, the addition of measles vaccine to poliomyelitis NIDs achieved greater equity in measles vaccination coverage according to a number of socioeconomic factors without compromising the coverage of poliovirus vaccination.     

Experience in global measles control, 1990-2001

Worldwide during the 1980s remarkable progress was made in controlling measles through increasing routine measles vaccination to nearly 80%. In 2000, an estimated 777,000 measles deaths occurred, of which 452,000 were in the African Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2001, WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund published a 5-year strategic plan to reduce measles mortality by half by 2005. Strategies include providing a second opportunity for measles immunization to all children through nationwide supplementary immunization activities, increasing routine vaccination coverage, and improving surveillance with laboratory confirmation of suspected measles cases. In 2000, over 100 million children received a dose of measles vaccine through supplementary immunization activities, a number projected to increase during 2002-2005. Current systems for monitoring measles vaccination coverage and disease burden must be improved to accurately assess progress toward measles control goals.     

新疆世界银行贷款/英国政府赠款中国结核病控制项目中期评估报告

目的评价新疆维吾尔自治区世行贷款/英国赠款中国结核病控制项目的实施情况,提出新疆结核病控制工作可持续发展建议,为制定项目中期调整计划提供科学依据。方法根据卫生部的中期评估调查表,收集分析全区96个县市2002—2005年相关资料,汇总分析。结果通过项目的实施,全面推行了现代结核病控制策略(DOTS),各级政府加强了对结核病控制工作的领导,结核病防治综合能力得到明显提高,发现和治愈传染性肺结核,取得了显著成效。涂阳肺结核病人的登记率从2002年的52/10万提高至2005年的89/10万,98%以上的涂阳肺结核落实了免费治疗和管理,初治涂阳病人治愈率达到95%以上,复治涂阳病人治愈率达到90%以上。结论新疆结核病控制工作达到了国家结核病控制规划中期目标和项目中期目标的要求,结核病防治工作依然任重道远,需建立结核病防治的长效机制。     

Failure of targeted urban supplemental measles vaccination campaigns (1997-1999) to prevent measles epidemics in Mozambique (1998-2001)

This study assessed the effect of urban supplemental measles vaccination campaigns (1997-1999) in Mozambique that targeted children aged 9-59 months. Reported measles cases were analyzed to the end of 2001 to determine campaign impact. Hospital inpatient data were collected in the national capital and in three provincial capitals where epidemics occurred the year after the campaigns. Measles epidemics followed campaigns in the capital city, in 4 of 9 provincial capitals, and in 39 of 126 districts. Reasons for limited campaign impact included a low proportion of urban dwellers, the geographic location of some provincial capitals, the limited target age group, and low routine and campaign coverage. Routine immunization and disease surveillance should be strengthened and campaigns must achieve >90% coverage and target wider age groups and geographic areas in order to reach a high proportion of persons susceptible to measles.     

Impact of measles in France

Although measles vaccine has been licensed since 1968, immunization against measles has not met with much success in France, partly because the disease is no longer feared. The level of vaccination coverage appears to be less than 20%. Indeed, the present epidemiologic situation is similar to the natural situation in a developed country. A multicenter, retrospective hospital survey revealed that 1,157 patients with measles were hospitalized during a 30-month period in five areas (total population, 4.2 million). Analysis of the preliminary results of this survey and of available national data showed an incidence of 5.6-7.5 cases per 1,000 population; a hospitalization rate of one per 10,000; a death rate of 0.56 per 1 million; and a disability rate of 0.48 per 1 million. Encephalitis (the definition of which should be reappraised) occurred once in 2,850 cases, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis was not rare (incidence, one case per 2.6 million people). The problem posed by measles is sufficiently grave to justify a national campaign urging the widespread vaccination of children.     

A review of the current impact of measles in the People's Republic of China

Before the vaccine era, epidemics of measles occurred in alternate years on the mainland of China. During epidemic years the annual incidence was as high as 1,000-5,000 cases/100,000 population, with a fatality rate of 1% to 2%. In 1965, when highly attenuated measles vaccine was developed in China, a vaccination campaign was launched throughout the country. In its early years, the immunization program was not implemented simultaneously at all places, and outbreaks that continued to occur in some areas resulted in a moderate local incidence of measles despite a decline in the overall incidence. From the late 1970s on, stronger measures were taken by local health authorities with regard to measles vaccination. By 1980 the incidence had dropped further; in that year the number of reported cases was 570,037, with 3,862 deaths. Both morbidity and mortality related to measles dropped drastically after vaccination from levels in the prevaccine era, but measles still accounts for an appreciable proportion of all cases of infectious disease.     

Progress toward measles and rubella elimination in Egypt

Measles and rubella were common infectious diseases in Egypt during the prevaccine era. Monovalent measles vaccine was introduced in 1977, and measles vaccination coverage increased from <50% to >90% from 1980 to 1999; however, measles outbreaks continued to occur at 2- to 4-year intervals during this period. After the introduction of a second routine dose of measles vaccine as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1999 and the implementation of measles immunization campaigns targeting 6- to 16-year-old children during 2000-2003, reported measles cases dramatically decreased by 2003. In 2002, Egypt established a goal to eliminate measles and rubella and to prevent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by 2010. Large-scale rubella and measles outbreaks in 2005-2007, however, led to a revision of the plan of action to achieve the 2010 goals. A nation-wide measles-rubella immunization campaign, targeting children, adolescents, and young adults 2-20 years old, was conducted in 2 phases during 2008-2009 and achieved coverage >95%. With the decrease to record low levels of cases of measles and rubella in 2009 and 2010, Egypt should achieve measles and rubella elimination in the near future, but high coverage(>95%) with 2 doses of measles-rubella vaccine needs to be maintained, measles-rubella surveillance strengthened, and CRS surveillance developed.     

Successful control and impending elimination of measles in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Measles is still one of the most common infectious killers of children in the world, especially in developing countries. In Iran, during the prevaccine era, 150,000-500,000 cases of measles were reported annually, with a death rate of 10%-15%. After the establishment of Expanded Program on Immunization program in 1984, vaccination rates for the first and second doses of measles vaccine increased to >90% by the mid-1990s, and the number of measles cases decreased to 2652 in 1996. In response to increased numbers of cases in older age groups during 1996-2002, a nationwide measles-rubella vaccination campaign was conducted in 2003, and 33,100,000 persons (99%) aged 5-25 years were vaccinated. During 2004-2009, 221 laboratory-confirmed measles cases (<1 case per million population) were detected, primarily in rural areas and among migrant groups who traveled to or came from high-incidence countries. High routine immunization coverage, low disease incidence, and surveillance system data suggest that interruption of endemic virus transmission might have already been achieved in Iran, but challenges remain and continued efforts are needed to sustain this accomplishment.     

Perceptions, beliefs and practices of mothers in sub-urban and rural areas towards measles and measles vaccination in Northern Nigeria

Measles is of particular concern in Nigeria because of the high fatality rate, and high morbidity rate, particularly in young children. Measles and its complications are a common reason for hospitalization, indicating very low immunization coverage. This study was carried out to elucidate the contributing factors from attitudes, beliefs and practices of mothers towards measles and its vaccination. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Konduga Local Government Area. One per cent of the 500 mothers interviewed believed that measles is prevented by immunization, 16% that it is contagious or due to an infectious agent, 26% that it is caused by evil spirits, witchcraft and heat, and 25% had never heard of measles immunization. Twenty-seven per cent said they did not believe immunization was effective and 4% were not allowed to go for immunization by their husbands. Of those mothers whose children had developed measles, only 31% had been treated in formal health facilities. These results indicate an unfavourable attitude and practice by mothers in relation to measles and measles vaccination. There is the need for an intensive health education campaign to improve this state of affairs and to reduce the morbidity and mortality from measles.