微生物比浊法测定口服阿奇霉素的效价含量

目的 建立以微生物比浊法测定口服阿奇霉素效价含量的方法.方法 采用比浊法测定阿奇霉素的含量,并对微生物比浊法、管碟法测定阿奇霉素效价的结果进行评价.结果 阿奇霉素的线性范围为0.4～1.32 u·mL-1(r=0.995 9),分散片与颗粒的平均回收率分别为100.11%,100.27%,方法重复性良好(RSD为0.4%),比浊法与管碟法测定结果一致.结论 微生物比浊法具有简便、精确、快速的特点,可以应用于该产品的质量控制.     

比浊法测定阿奇霉素效价的研究

目的:建立测定阿奇霉素效价的方法。方法:采用比浊法测定阿奇霉素的效价,并与管碟法比较。结果:阿奇霉素检测浓度的线性范围为0.4～2.0I U.mL-1(r=0.999 1) ;回收率为99.70%～100.02%(RSD为0.22%～0.46%) ;比浊法与管碟法的测定结果无显著性差异。结论:本方法操作更快捷、方便。     

微生物比浊法测定麦白霉素片的效价

目的 建立麦白霉素片效价的微生物比浊法.方法 分别采用微生物比浊法和管碟法对麦白霉素的含量进行测定和比较研究.结果 麦白霉素的线性范围为1.0～3.3 U·mL-1,r=0.9979,平均回收率为100.23%,RSD=0.32%.结论 微生物比浊法具有简便、精确、快速的特最,可以应用于该产品的质量控制.     

微生物比浊法测定麦白霉素颗粒效价

目的建立测定麦白霉素颗粒效价的微生物比浊法。方法分别采用微生物比浊法和管碟法对麦白霉素的含量进行测定和比较。结果麦白霉素的线性范围为1.0～3.3 U•mL 1,r=0.997 9,平均回收率为100.18%,RSD=0.24%。结论微生物比浊法具有简便、精确、快速的特点,可以应用于该产品的质量控制。     

微生物比浊法测定妥布霉素、硫酸妥布霉素注射液及妥布霉素滴眼液的效价

目的：建立妥布霉素、硫酸妥布霉素注射液及妥布霉素滴眼液效价的微生物比浊法。方法：分别采用微生物比浊法和管碟法对妥布霉素、硫酸妥布霉素注射液及妥布霉素滴眼液的含量进行测定和比较研究。结果：妥布霉素效价测定的线性范围为0.4~1.0 U/ml;R2=0.991 3,硫酸妥布霉素注射液平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为2.6%（n=9）;妥布霉素滴眼液平均回收率为99.6%,RSD为1.5%（n=9）。结论：微生物比浊法具有简便、精确、快速的特点,可应用于产品的控制。     

分光光度法测定阿奇霉素片的含量

目的:建立紫外可见分光光度法准确快速测定阿奇霉素片的含量.方法:参考阿奇霉素片溶出度的测定方法,以乙醇和0.1 mol/L盐酸为溶剂,75→100硫酸溶液为显色剂,在室温显色30 min,然后于482 nm波长处测定显色后溶液的吸收度,与显色后的标准品溶液相比较计算阿奇霉素片的含量,并与微生物测定方法相比较.结果:阿奇霉素在7.5～52.5 μg/mL的浓度范围内吸收度A和浓度C之间成线性相关,回归方程A=0.0201C-0.1059,r=0.9999;回收率(99.7±0.31)%,RSD=0.3%,样品测定结果与微生物方法相一致.结论:本方法简便、准确,适用于阿奇霉素片的含量控制.     

微生物比浊法测定妥布霉素滴眼剂的效价

目的建立比浊法测定妥布霉素滴眼剂的效价。方法分别采用微生物比浊法．高效液相,蒸发光散射器检测法和管蝶法对妥布霉素的含量进行测定和比较研究。结果妥布霉素的线性范围为0．1-0．75U·mL^-1,r=0.9992,平均回收率为100．32％,RSD=0．97％。结论微生物比浊法具有简便、精确、快速的特点．可以应用千该产品的质量控制。     

微生物法测定阿奇霉素干混悬剂含量的方法学考察

目的对微生物法测定阿奇霉素干混悬剂含量的方法学进行考察。方法以短小芽孢杆菌为测定菌[CMCC]63202,使用培养基Ⅰ号(PH7.8)及PH7.8磷酸盐灭菌缓冲液,在35～37℃条件下培养16～18小时,采用该微生物法测定阿奇霉素干混悬剂的含量并对方法学进行建立和验证。结果抑菌圈直径(Y)对阿奇霉素溶液浓度(C)对数值的线性回归方程为Y=6.0373lgC-4.008(r=0.9970),空白辅料及空白溶剂对测定无任何干扰,平均回收率为97.90%,RSD为1.03%,精密度RSD为0.8%,三批阿奇霉素干混悬剂含量分别为101.4±1.1、99.31±1.0和100.4±1.2。结论本实验为微生物法测定阿奇霉素干混悬剂含量的方法学建立及验证提供了参考。     

高效液相色谱法测定阿奇霉素的含量

目的:用高效液相色谱法测定阿奇霉素的含量.方法:以日本岛津CLC-CN柱为固定相,0.1 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠-甲醇-乙腈(85∶7∶8)为流动相,在pH 3.0～3.5,流速:1 mL·min-1,柱温:40 ℃,紫外检测波长210 nm,灵敏度为0.08 AUFS的条件下分离测定阿奇霉素,并对方法进行了认证.结果:阿奇霉素与其杂质能完全分离,在100～1 000 mg·L-1范围内,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 6(n=3).阿奇霉素的平均回收率为100.3%(n=9),日内RSD在0.35%～3.90%之间(n=9),日间RSD在0.35%～4.40%(n=9),重复进样精度RSD%在2%以下(n=5).在pH 3～9之间的溶液中及3%双氧水中,阿奇霉素在12 h内含量基本保持不变.结论:本法简便、迅速、灵敏度高及重现性好,可用于测定阿奇霉素的含量.     

小儿阿奇霉素口腔崩解片中阿奇霉素含量的测定

目的测定阿奇霉素口腔崩解片中阿奇霉素的含量。方法依据2005版中国药典阿奇霉素片溶出度检查中的含量测定方法来测定。结果阿奇霉素在15.02～35.06μg·mL^-1的浓度范围内吸收度A和浓度C之间成线性相关,（r=0.9999）;平均回收率为99.9%（n=9）,RSD为0.31%。结论本法简便、准确,适合于本制剂质量控制的快速测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.