超声心动图在应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭儿童房间隔缺损中的应用价值

目的　评价经胸超声心动图 (TTE)和经食管超声心动图 (TEE)在应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭儿童房间隔缺损(ASD)中的应用价值。方法　对 12例拟诊为继发孔型ASD的儿童 (年龄 2～ 13岁 ) ,应用Amplatzer封堵器经导管关闭ASD。通过TTE和 (或 )TEE在术前显示ASD大小及其边缘的解剖特点 ,术中指导封堵器的放置 ,术后评价疗效。结果　 (1) 12例中 ,TEE排除ASD诊断 1例 ,诊断为下腔型ASD和显示缺损前上缘薄弱者各 1例 ,这 3例未实施封堵术。 (2 )TEE测量ASD大小 (5～ 2 6mm ,平均 13 6mm) ,与ASD伸展径 (7～ 30mm ,平均 16 6mm)具有高度相关性 (r=0 994 ,P <0 0 1) ;与术前TTE测量ASD大小很接近 (5～ 2 1mm ,平均 14 3mm) ,后者与ASD伸展径亦具有高度相关性 (r =0 932 ,P <0 0 1)。 (3) 9例实施封堵术者 ,有 8例封堵成功 ;1例在封堵器释放后 15min发生脱落 ,改为外科修补。 (4) 8例成功实施封堵术者经TTE随访 1～ 2 2个月 ,无残余分流征象。结论　应用Amplatzer封堵器经导管关闭ASD可取得良好效果 ;超声心动图在经导管关闭ASD过程中具有重要价值 ,TTE和TEE各具优点 ,TTE适用于病例的初步筛选和术后随访 ;而TEE则在决定是否进行封堵术和指导封堵器的正确放置等方面发挥重要的作用。     

经导管Amplatzer封堵器堵闭小儿房间隔缺损46例报告

目的探讨应用Ampplatzer封堵器堵闭小儿房间隔缺损(AsD)的可行性。方法46例AsD患儿,年龄2～15岁,平均(7.5±4.2)岁,在基础麻醉下,先行右心导管用测量球囊导管测量AsD大小,选择适合的封堵器,在超声指导下放出封堵器堵闭AsD,然后监测封堵器位置是否满意、有否残余分流、房室瓣有否累及,以达到完全堵闭效果。结果46例全部成功,无一例有合并症;手术时间(65.88±20.78)min,透视时间(11.05±4.04)min。结论经导管AmplatzerAsD堵闭术是一种安全、有效的方法,适用于2岁以上、缺损口在30mm以下的继发孔AsD患儿。但必须严格掌握适应证,术中必须应用经胸超声心动图或食道超声帮助提高堵闭术的成功率,减少并发症。     

单纯食管超声引导经皮封堵治疗房间隔缺损

目的 通过与传统放射线引导方法相比较,评价单纯经食道超声(TEE)引导在经皮介入封堵儿童房间隔缺损中的早期临床应用效果.方法 收集2012年10月至2014年1月单纯TEE引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵患儿50例(TEE组),均采用TEE引导并监测封堵全过程.选取同期传统放射线引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵患儿162例为对照组.2组患者均于术后1个月在门诊随访,并行经胸超声心动图检查.结果 2组患儿年龄、体质量、房间隔缺损直径、封堵器直径、手术时间及住院时间无明显差异.TEE组和对照组封堵器置入成功率分别为100.0％和97.5％,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.58);术后即刻残余分流发生率分别为0和4.4％,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.20);气管插管时间分别为(2.9±0.5)h和0.术后随访1个月,2组患者均无残余分流,未发生外周血管损伤、心脏穿孔、封堵器脱落等严重并发症.结论 单纯TEE引导下经皮介入封堵儿童房间隔缺损不仅能够完全避免放射线及对比剂,而且保持了传统经皮介入治疗安全、微创的优点.     

Effect of increase in heart rate on interatrial shunt in atrial septal defect

Summary The effect of increases in heart rate by atrial pacing was investigated in 20 children [mean 9±4 (SD) years] with atrial septal defect. Systemic blood flow increased by 13±10 and 27±22% with a 25 and 50% increase in heart rate, respectively. Pulmonary blood flow, however, remained unaltered. Thus, rapid pacing decreased the pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio significantly (–15±10 and –22±13%, respectively). This hemodynamic alteration was attributed to the difference in diastolic distensibility (compliance) between the left and right ventricles, and the ratio of right ventricular to left ventricular compliance (defined by dV/dP) near the end-diastolic pressure was estimated to be 6.5±4.2. It is suspected that the increase in heart rate may contribute to the lowering of pulmonary to systemic flow ratio during exercise in children with atrial septal defect.     

Mitral valve prolapse in children with secundum —Type atrial septal defect (ASD II)

A left ventricular angiocardiogram for evaluation of the mitral valve in patients with uncomplicated secundum type atrial septal defect has been proposed in a recent paper by Victorica et al. (1974). These authors observed 8 children with a ballooning mitral valve and ASD II. They stressed the necessity of performing a left ventricular angiocardiogram in every patient with ASD II. To challange their proposal, the angiocardiograms of 78 children with secundum type ASD were reviewed. Of these 89 angios 34 were performed using the left ventricle (LV) as injection site while 55 times the injection was made in other parts of the heart, e.g. left atrium, pulm. art., right ventricle, right atrium. All 34 LV angios, but only 12 of the others allowed an evaluation of function and morphology of the mitral valve.Of the 46 angiocardiograms 27 (58.7%) revealed an intact, normally closing and opening mitral valve. In the remaining 19 (41.3%) various grades of ballooning or mild prolapsing of one or two leaflets of the mitral valve could be detected. The scallops were minimal in 12, moderate in 4 and pronounced in 3 cases. A mild regurgitation was seen in 1 patient only. No patient had the pronounced ballooning observed by Victorica et al. On auscultation only 1 case had the apical murmur of mitral regurgitation. The ECG of our 19 positive cases did not show signs of left atrial or left ventricular hypertrophy. A left axis deviation was found in 1 patient.During surgery no structural abnormality of the mitral valve was noted. Postoperative reevaluation of the mitral valve (including left ventricular contrast injection) in 10 cases revealed no changes of mitral valve appearance in 8, a decrease of the ballooning in one, and an increase in another patient.It is concluded that prolapses of the mitral valve are seldom of such a degree as to cause dysfunction in children with secundum type ASD. The indications for performing a left ventricular injection of contrast material are the clinical signs of mitral valve regurgitation and/or left axis deviation in the ECG.Partially presented at the 13th Annual General Meeting of the Association of European Paediatric Cardiologists, Marseille, 29 April—3 May, 1975.     

经导管非开胸法关闭房间隔缺损15例报告

为探讨先天性心脏病房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）的非开胸疗法，采用经导管纽扣式补片对１５例ＡＳＤ患儿进行关闭治疗及随诊研究。患儿年龄２．５～１４．０岁，平均７．５岁；体重１１～３９ｋｇ，平均２０ｋｇ。采用彩色多普勒超声心动图（ＣＤＦＩ）、右上肺静脉造影及球囊三者结合测量来确定ＡＳＤ最大伸展直径。选择大于所测直径的２．０～２．５倍补片和相应长鞘。结果，１３例关闭成功（８７％），２例由于房间隔呈半弧圆形或不规则型，撤除补片改行外科手术治疗。１３例成功者，术后第２天残余分流５例（３８％），随诊１～１２个月残余分流下降为２例（１６％），１例有轻度二尖瓣关闭不全。提示，经导管纽扣式补片关闭ＡＳＤ的方法既简便、安全，又疗效佳，但有一定局限性，尚待进一步改进和完善。     

Quantitative evaluation of the changes in plasma concentrations of cardiac natriuretic peptide before and after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) during transcatheter closure of defects. The plasma concentrations of ANP and BNP were obtained from 14 patients with ASD at before closure, and at 5 min, 24 h, 1 mo and 3 mo after transcatheter ASD closure using an Amplatzer septal occluder. Ten healthy children aged 6-18 y were studied as controls. All ASDs were successfully closed. Compared with control values (mean +/- SD, 17 +/- 6.8 ng 1(-1), ANP concentrations before closure were significantly elevated (24 +/- 9.8ng 1(-1), p < 0.05). ANP concentrations increased significantly at 5 min after closure (34 +/- 18 ng 1(-1), p < 0.05) compared with preclosure concentrations. At 24 h after closure, the concentrations decreased to values not different from control values (19 +/- 11 ng 1(-1), p = ns). BNP levels before closure (19 +/- 9.9 ng 1(-1) were also elevated significantly compared with control values (12 +/- 4.9ng 1(-1), p < 0.05). BNP concentrations increased significantly at 5 min after closure (23 +/- 14 ng 1(-1), p < 0.05) compared with preclosure concentrations. ANP values at 24 h were lower than at 5 min after closure, whereas BNP values were higher (32 +/- 11 ng 1(-1), p < 0.05). As with ANP, the concentrations gradually decreased to values not different from control values at 3 mo after the procedure (12 +/- 6.3 ng 1(-1), p = ns). CONCLUSION: Plasma concentrations of ANP and BNP may become effective markers for evaluating changes in cardiac load after transcatheter ASD closure.     

Cardiopulmonary exercise parameters in children with atrial septal defect and increased pulmonary blood flow: short-term effects of defect closure

Markedly increased pulmonary blood flow because of a relevant atrial septal defect (ASD) leads to impaired cardiopulmonary function during maximum exercise in adults. No comparative preoperative and postoperative data are available on the short-term effects of shunt closure on cardiorespiratory function at peak exercise in children. Pulmonary function testing at rest and cardiopulmonary exercise testing together with haemodynamic assessment was done prospectively in children with an ASD preoperatively and again after full recovery at 3-4 mo postoperatively and compared with a matched normal population. Sixteen children, aged 6.8-16.1 y, with a defect of 8-23 mm (median 15 mm) and a pulmonary/systemic flow ratio of 1.5-3.5 (median 2.2) were tested and compared with 15 healthy children. Preoperatively, baseline pulmonary function parameters and exercise capacity were no different from normals. At peak exercise, patients with a shunt had increased pulmonary resistance, especially of the distal airways (p = 0.04), with a significantly larger proportion of children having a paradoxical increase in total airway resistance during exercise (p < 0.05). Maximum serum lactate at peak exercise was elevated (p < 0.05) in patients. In patients, maximum oxygen uptake was impaired (p = 0.03) and remained so at repeat evaluation postoperatively. The same observation was made for chronotropic response to exercise. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary exercise parameters in patients with ASD differed only slightly from those in normal children. The most important deviations were a lower maximum oxygen uptake and an increase in airway resistance at maximum exercise.     

Atrial septal aneurysm in infancy

Summary Thirteen infants were found to have atrial septal aneurysms (ASAs) on twodimensional (2D) echocardiography and their characteristics and natural course have been studied by 2D Doppler echocardiography.Atrial septal aneurysm was accompanied by atrial septal defect (ASD) or other cardiac malformations in 12 of 13 patients, and as an isolated anomaly in one patient. Spontaneous closure of ASD by aneurysmal formation of the interatrial septum was observed in 10 patients. The aneurysms of all 13 patients showed a moderate reduction in size, 14 to 25 months (mean 18 months), after these aneurysms has been first diagnosed and 10 subsequently disappeared.It is likely that ASA occurring in infancy will develop in patients with spontaneous closure of an ASD, and that such an aneurysm has a tendency to regress as the patients grows up.     

39例大型房间隔缺损 室间隔缺损并发肺炎婴儿早期手术治疗的临床分析

目的：婴儿大型房间隔缺损(ASD)室间、隔缺损(VSD)难以自愈,需要尽早手术纠治,以免影响发育甚至导致死亡。但是这类患儿往往并发严重的肺部感染,且反复发作,很难等到肺部感染完全治愈时进行手术纠治。同时患儿需要反复治疗肺炎,费用较高且易延误手术时机。因此,该文研究婴儿大型房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损并发肺炎的早期手术治疗的手术时机选择、治疗的可行性以及减少并发症的处理。方法：2003年1月至2008年 1月,收治大型ASD, VSD并发肺炎39例婴儿,36例在肺炎控制后进行早期手术治疗,3例再行儿科保守治疗。结果：手术病例中, 33例婴儿手术成功, 2例婴儿死于气管狭窄, 1例死于严重低心排, 死亡率8.3%。儿科保守治疗病例中,1例在治疗中因心肺衰竭死亡 ;2 例好转出院,择期行手术治疗成功。结论：把握手术时机和适应证,做好围术期处理,在肺炎控制后对大型ASD,VSD的婴儿进行早期手术治疗是可行的,可提高和改善治疗效果并减少患者费用     

Interventricular septal motion and left ventricular function in patients with atrial septal defect

Summary In order to assess whether the paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum seen in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) is due to a true abnormality in septal contraction, eight patients with ASD (age, 1.6–17 years) and eight age-matched control patients were studied using qualitative and quantitative two-dimensional (2D) and M-mode echocardiography. 2D-echocardiographic images recorded from the parasternal short-axis projection at the level of the papillary muscles and 2D-directed M-mode tracings at this level were obtained. Comprehensive wall motion analysis of the left ventricular (LV) endocardial and epicardial borders was performed using both fixed reference and center of mass (floating reference) models.Our results indicate that interventricular septal wall motion and function are normal in patients with ASD. The apparent paradoxical motion is due to excessive anterior motion of the entire left ventricle, and is present only when a fixed reference system is used to assess myocardial motion, but is not present when a center of mass (floating reference system) is employed. Left ventricular function assessed by % area and perimeter change, mean radial shortening fraction, and mean radial wall thickening (2D) as well as LV shortening fraction and septal and posterior wall thickening (M-mode) was not significantly different between the two groups. Standard M-mode tracings can therefore be used to assess LV function despite this apparent abnormal septal motion.     

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目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)及实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术中的临床应用价值。方法应用二维及三维超声心动图对2004-10—2005-10在天津市儿童医院就诊的24例继发孔ASD,10例VSD进行术前检查筛选,术中超声引导及术后随访检查。结果24例ASD患儿术前经TTE检测ASD直径(15·6±7·9)mm(5~26mm),所选Mmplatzer封堵器直径为(19·1±5·1)mm(5~32mm),23例封堵成功。室间隔膜部缺损直径:左室面缺损为5~9mm,右室侧口的直径为2·4~6·0mm,术中选择Amplatzer封堵器型号为4~6mm,10例VSD无残余分流。结论二维及三维TTE联合应用于ASD、VSD介入治疗具有很好的应用价值。     

An incomplete form of lumbocostovertebral syndrome in association with atrial septal defect,arthrogryposis and clubfeet

The present study describes a 9-month-old infant who presented with congenital lumbar hernia, kyphoscoliosis, atrial septal defect, congenital talipes equinovarus and arthrogryposis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case in English literature with this combination of defects. The case could be considered an incomplete form of the lumbocostovertebral syndrome. We also discuss the etiopathogenesis of these malformations.     

微创经胸封堵在儿童房间隔缺损中的临床应用

目的探讨经胸微创切口房间隔缺损封堵术治疗房间隔缺损（atrial septal defect,ASD）的临床疗效。方法取胸骨右缘第四肋间切口,长约2～3mm,切开心包并悬吊;于右心房壁缝双荷包线,切开,将输送鞘管插入右心房内,通过缺损入左心房,在超声监测下,释放房间隔缺损封堵伞,行回拉助推试验调整封堵伞位置;确认封堵伞位置合适后结束手术。结果26例封堵成功。手术时间30～85（42±8）min;术后1～9（4．2±3．1）h脱离呼吸机,4～9（5．6±1．2）d出院。术中、术后均未输血。心脏超声检查提示封堵伞无移位,无残余漏,无心内膜炎。瓣膜功能良好。1例封堵不成功病例术中转体外循环下手术获成功。结论微创封堵手术治疗房间隔缺损具有安全、高效的特点,其长期疗效特别是功能影响还需进一步随访评价。     

Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function after surgical correction of atrial septal defect during childhood

Summary Transmitral flow was studied using Doppler echocardiography with the A/E ratio as a parameter of left ventricular diastolic function in 21 patients (ages 2.5–30.0 years) who had undergone early surgical correction of an isolated secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD) compared to a healthy cohort of 21 subjects. Pre- and postoperative M-mode recordings were compared in 12 of the 21 patients to evaluate the effect of operation on interventricular septal motion (IVS) and left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic diameter ratio (LVDD/RVDD) as parameters of right ventricular volume overload. No significant difference in A/E ratio was found between the patient and control groups. IVS was shown to normalize in 11 of 12 patients postoperatively and to improve from paradox to flattened in 1 of 12. LVDD/RVDD increased from 1.26±0.31 to 2.10±0.51 (p=0.0008), with no significant difference remaining between the control and patient groups postoperatively. These findings support the conclusion that an intrinsic abnormality of the left ventricle is not responsible for its diastolic dysfunction in patients with ASD who develop left ventricular failure, thereby implicating an acquired abnormality. Mechanical sequelae of right ventricular volume overload were shown to normalize in all patients subsequent to operation in the present study, and therefore cannot be excluded as a cause of left ventricular failure in ASD.     

房间隔缺损介入封堵术后血栓形成及其防治

目前,介入治疗已逐渐取代外科开胸手术成为房间隔缺损首选的治疗方法.但各种类型封堵器植入均有血栓形成报道,并引起脑栓塞、心肌梗死、肺栓塞等严重并发症.封堵器相关血栓形成主要与心房颤动、房间隔膨胀瘤、封堵器类型、凝血功能激活、封堵器内皮化过程等密切相关.该文总结了封堵器血栓形成的相关因素及目前房间隔缺损介入术后各种血栓预防方案,为介入封堵术后血栓防治提供理论基础及实验依据.     

儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损的介入治疗

目的　探讨儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损 (atrialseptaldefect ,ASD)封堵术的指征、方法学和并发症的预防。方法　 1998年 10月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月 ,119例继发孔型ASD患儿 ,根据家属意愿接受了经导管应用Amplatzer房间隔封堵器的介入治疗。年龄 0 8～ 17 0岁 ,平均 ( 7 5± 2 8)岁 ,体重6 7～ 88.0kg ,平均 ( 2 3 7± 7 8)kg。所有病例术前检查被证实均为继发孔型ASD。按ASD球囊伸展直径或大于 1～ 2mm选择封堵器进行堵塞。其中 3例为多发ASD。 6例合并动脉导管未闭 ( patentductusarteriosus,PDA)或肺动脉瓣狭窄 ( pulmonarystenosis ,PS)者应用其他封堵装置和球囊扩张治疗合并的畸形。术后定期行心脏超声及临床检查随访。结果　 119例患儿术前经食道超声(transesophagealechocardiography ,TEE)或经胸超声 (trans thoracicechocardiography ,TTE)检测ASD平均直径 ( 12 9± 5 6 )mm ( 6 5～ 34 5mm ) ,肺动脉平均压力为 ( 2 9 0± 5 0 )mmHg( 2 5 0～ 6 2 0mmHg) ,球囊伸展直径为 ( 15 7± 4 8)mm( 8 0～ 38 0mm)。所选封堵器直径平均为 ( 15 0± 5 0 )mm( 8 0～ 38 0mm)。 112例封堵成功。 3例多发ASD也选用单一封堵器。 6例合并PDA或PS者同时完成介入治疗。 112例堵塞后即刻封堵率为 93 8% ( 1     

介入治疗儿童多孔型房间隔缺损3例报告

近年来随着先天性心脏病介入治疗的普遍开展,应用介入治疗儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损的报道日见增多,但针对多孔型房间隔缺损的病例报道较少。我院自2001年开展介入治疗先天性心脏病以来,已成功为3例多孔型房间隔缺损患儿施行手术,现报告如下。临床资料一般资料:本组3例,均为自愿接受治疗的住院患儿,男1例,女2例;年龄3岁8个月至8岁。经胸彩色多谱勒超声心动图(TTE)诊断为ASD,2例为2个房间隔缺损孔,1例直径为16mm和4mm,两孔间距离为3mm;另1例房间隔缺,直径为10mm和3mm,两孔间距离为5mm。第3例为房间隔3个缺损孔,直径分别为18mm、3mm、2mm,两…     

小儿经胸微创室间隔缺损封堵术的临床经验

目的 总结2个儿童心脏中心食道超声经胸微创室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defect,VSD)封堵术的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2008年7月至2011年7月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院及宁波市妇女儿童医院2个儿童心脏中心行食道超声经胸微创VSD封堵术142例的临床资料.其中,膜周部VSD 95例,嵴内型VSD 37例,肌部VSD 10例.VSD直径:经胸超声下3.0～8.5 mm,平均(4.7±0.8)mm;食道超声下2.5～8.0 mm,平均(4.3±1.0) mm.结果 142例中140例当时封堵成功(97.2％),其中1例(0.7％)术后第5天出现Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞、阿斯综合征,术中转体外循环(CPB)下封堵器取出+VSD修补,术后逐渐恢复窦性心律;1例(0.7％)嵴内型肺动脉瓣下VSD当时封堵成功,术后5h出现封堵器脱落嵌于左肺动脉,急诊CPB下主肺动脉切开封堵器取出+VSD修补.选用膜周部对称伞85例,偏心伞47例,肌部伞8例.3例(2.1％)新出现微量三尖瓣反流.9例(6.4％)术后出现不完全性右束支传导阻滞,1例(0.7％)术后出现Ⅱ°Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞伴心室内差异传导,经过甲基强的松龙静滴后转为窦性心动过速,偶发房早.术后在监护室当天拔气管插管,第2天转回普通病房.平均(7.1±2.2)d出院.术后133例(95.0％)随访至今,分别在术后1个月、3个月及每年复查心电图、胸片及心脏超声,最长已36个月.无死亡,未见伞片移位、未见残余分流及瓣膜反流加重,无严重心律失常等并发症.结论 经胸微创室间隔缺损封堵术是一种微创手术治疗方法,操作简单,安全性高,具有推广应用价值.