经桡动脉介入术后螺旋式止血器非闭塞性压迫法研究

目的探讨经桡动脉冠脉介入术后应用改良式非闭塞性压迫法的方法及效果。方法将经桡动脉行冠状动脉支架置入术后应用螺旋式桡动脉压迫器患者200例,随机分为对照组和干预组各100例。对照组采用常规护理方法;干预组应用非闭塞性桡动脉压迫法,即以压迫尺动脉后术侧拇指的SpO2≥0.95作为标准调节桡动脉止血器的压力强度,从而保证在加压过程中桡动脉一直处于开放状态。比较两组术侧肢体肿胀、疼痛程度及穿刺局部出血情况。结果两组均未出现严重出血情况,术后4h与术前术侧上肢各手指第2节周径差值差异有统计学意义(P0.01);干预组疼痛及术侧肢端肿胀程度显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论改良式非闭塞性压迫止血法既能及时减压而又不增加出血的风险,能有效预防PCI术后并发症,提高患者的舒适感。     

六步手指操改善经桡动脉介入术后患者肢体症状的效果评价

目的探讨六步手指操对经桡动脉行经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后患者肢体症状改善的效果。方法将经桡动脉行PCI术的101例患者随机分为对照组(50例)和观察组(51例),对照组采用常规护理方案,观察组采用六步手指操进行康复锻炼,比较两组术后术侧肢体疼痛、肿胀程度和出血情况。结果观察组术后4h和24h术侧肢体疼痛程度和肿胀程度显著轻于对照组(均P0.01);两组术后出血情况无明显差异。结论六步手指操可有效改善经桡动脉行PCI术后患者患侧肢体疼痛和肿胀情况,可有效提升术后患者舒适度。     

乳腺癌术后康复操的编排及实施研究

目的探讨康复操在乳腺癌术后患者康复护理中的应用效果。方法将600例乳腺癌术后患者按照入住顺序编号奇偶数分为对照组和观察组各300例,对照组术后按常规进行患侧肢体功能锻炼,观察组采用自行编排的康复操,结合临床评估,依照患者不同需求和个体化康复特点有针对性指导乳腺癌术后患者进行肢体功能锻炼。结果干预后观察组患侧肢体功能康复效果、患侧肢体水肿程度、PICC拔管情况、患侧肢体功能评分和日常生活能力评分显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对乳腺癌术后患者有计划、针对性地行康复操训练,满足了患者康复需求,能有效地预防术后相关并发症,加速恢复患者生活自理能力,提升患者生活质量。     

无创肢体缺血预适应在经桡动脉冠脉介入术患者的应用

目的探讨无创肢体缺血预适应(NLIP)用于经桡动脉冠脉介入术(PCI)患者的效果。方法将64例PCI患者随机分为对照组和干预组各32例,对照组给予常规护理,干预组在此基础上术前24h内实施NLIP干预3次。结果术后6h干预组中指指根围度增加幅度、疼痛评分及程度显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论 NLIP能有效改善PCI患者术后肢体肿胀及疼痛。     

缺血预适应训练对经桡动脉冠脉介入术后患者肢体肿胀的影响

目的探讨缺血预适应训练对经桡动脉冠脉介入术后患者肢体肿胀及疼痛的影响。方法选取拟行冠状动脉介入诊疗患者90例,根据住院先后顺序分为对照组、缺血预适应48h组(预适应1组)及缺血预适应72h组(预适应2组),各30例。对照组采用常规方法进行术前宣教及术后护理,缺血预适应组在常规护理基础上于术前分别实施缺血预适应训练48h、72h,术后(拔鞘管后)6h观察患者肢体掌腕部肿胀度及疼痛度。结果缺血预适应72h患者在术后6h术侧上肢掌腕部疼痛评分、术侧肿胀值低于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论对拟行经桡动脉冠状动脉介入者术前实施72h缺血预适应训练可以降低患者术侧肢体掌腕部的肿胀度和疼痛感。     

冠状动脉介入术后桡动脉压迫方法的改进

目的 探讨冠状动脉介入术后桡动脉不同压迫止血方法的临床效果.方法 将100例经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉介入检查治疗的患者随机分成观察组和对照组各50例,对照组采用弹力绷带加压包扎法.观察组采用宽胶带压迫止血法,比较两组止血效果.结果 两组各有2例患者发生局部出血;观察组SpO<,2>值,患侧手指发绀、肿胀发生率显著低于对照组,而舒适度显著高于对照组(均P<0.01).结论 经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入术后采用宽胶带压迫穿刺处止血法效果好,并发症少,舒适度高.     

改良充气压迫法用于经桡动脉冠状动脉造影

目的探讨改良充气压迫法用于经桡动脉CAG患者的效果。方法将择期接受经桡动脉CAG的100例患者随机分为改良组和常规组,每组50例,术后改良组以改良充气压迫法压迫桡动脉,常规组采用常规充气方法压迫桡动脉。比较两组压迫桡动脉2 h、4 h末患者肿胀溢水量及数字疼痛评分,压迫6 h后去掉压迫器时桡动脉穿刺点出血情况以及术后24 h穿刺侧桡动脉闭塞情况。结果改良组压迫桡动脉2 h、4 h末肿胀溢水量、数字疼痛评分均低于常规组(P均0.01)。穿刺点压迫6 h后去掉压迫器时,改良组出血3例,常规组2例;术后24 h改良组桡动脉闭塞1例,常规组2例;组间差异均无统计学意义(P均=1.00)。结论改良充气压迫法可减轻经桡动脉CAG患者术后穿刺侧肢体肿胀及疼痛,且不增加穿刺点出血及血管闭塞危险。     

Early compression with ice to the neck after laparoscopic thyroidectomy

目的 探讨早期颈部冰敷对降低腔镜甲状腺术后患者颈部疼痛、出血及肿胀的效果.方法 将64例腔镜甲状腺术后患者随机分为干预组和对照组各32例;干预组在常规护理基础上,于手术切口包扎后立即给予间断冰敷颈部(第2肋以上,避开心前区);冰敷2h后撤去冰袋,休息1h再颈部冰敷2h,如此反复至术后48h停用;对照组术后按常规进行护理,回病房后再行颈部冰敷.观察患者术后伤口疼痛程度、引流量及颈部肿胀情况.结果 干预组术后6h、12 h、24 h、48 h的伤口疼痛程度显著轻于对照组,伤口引流量显著少于对照组,颈部肿胀发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 时腔镜甲状腺术后患者行早期颈部冰敷,可减轻患者痛苦,减少伤口出血,有利于早期消除颈部肿胀.     

冠状动脉介入术后桡动脉压迫方法的改进

目的探讨冠状动脉介入术后桡动脉不同压迫止血方法的临床效果。方法将100例经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉介入检查治疗的患者随机分成观察组和对照组各50例,对照组采用弹力绷带加压包扎法．观察组采用宽胶带压迫止血法,比较两组止血效果。结果两组各有2例患者发生局部出血;观察组SpO2值。患侧手指发绀、肿胀发生率显著低于对照组,而舒适度显著高于对照组（均P〈0．01）。结论经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入术后采用宽胶带压迫穿刺处止血法效果好,并发症少,舒适度高。     

排气康复操减轻腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩部疼痛的效果观察

目的探讨排气康复操减轻腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩部疼痛的效果。方法将120例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随机分为对照组(n=59)和观察组(n=61),两组术前1d由2名护士对患者进行康复运动训练;对照组术后6h行常规肢体康复运动,观察组术后6h行排气康复操运动,3次/d。结果两组术后肩痛程度均降低,术后24h、48h观察组肩痛程度显著低于对照组(均P0.05);术后72h两组肩痛程度无差异(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术后患者早期行排气康复操运动,能有效地缓解肩痛程度,减轻患者痛苦,加速康复进程。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.