不同职业青年工人性行为价值观的调查

目的调查分析不同职业青年工人性行为价值观,了解该类职业人群性行为价值观念,为该类人群的性教育提供参考依据。方法随机抽取武汉市某开发区4个单位的青年工人为研究对象。其中男性486人,占60.5%;女性317人,占39.5%;平均年龄(22.5±3.5)岁,平均工龄(3.15±1.5)a。全部均为初中及以上文化程度。采用职业人群性行为价值观量表,以问卷形式收集资料,分析不同职业、性别、恋爱经历及经济收入青年工人的性行为价值观。结果获得有效问卷803份,不同职业青年工人性行为价值观在性别中各维度得分男性均高于女性(P0.05),在恋爱经历的感情维度中恋爱次数越多得分越高(P0.05),不同经济收入青年性价值观在快乐、感情和健康维度等方面高收入者得分高于中、低收入者,而在生育、权势、名利和金钱维度等方面低收入者得分高于中、高收入者(P0.05),在其他方面性行为价值观各维度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论不同职业青年工人性行为价值观在不同性别、恋爱经历和经济收入中的差异有统计学意义,应根据实际情况在以上方面给予不同方式和不同侧重点的性教育。     

南昌市妇产科医师职业认同与共情疲劳的相关性分析

目的探讨南昌市妇产科医师职业认同与共情疲劳现状,同时分析其相关性,为改善妇产科医师职业认同与共情疲劳提供依据。方法选取南昌市15所医院妇产科328名医师为调查对象,利用一般资料调查表、医师版职业认同评定量表、中文版共情疲劳量表进行调查,采用Pearson相关性分析比较职业认同与共情疲劳的相关性。结果 318名妇产科医师职业认同平均得分87.53±31.49,不同性别、年龄、学历、聘用类型、职称、健康状况、工作收入职业认同得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。共情满足平均得分30.04±3.34,职业倦怠平均得分26.92±2.74,二次创伤平均得分23.60±2.31。除学历外,不同性别妇产科医师职业倦怠与二次创作得分差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),不同年龄、聘用类型、职称、健康状况、工作收入妇产科医师共情满足、职业倦怠与二次创伤得分差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。相关性分析表明,职业认同与共情满足呈正相关(P0.05),与职业倦怠、二次创伤呈负相关(P0.05)。结论南昌市妇产科医师职业认同与共情疲劳均有待改善,提升职业认同有利于降低共情疲劳,提升工作质量,降低离职率。     

南昌市妇产科医师职业疲劳状态与睡眠质量的相关性分析

目的了解南昌市妇产科医师职业疲劳状态与睡眠质量水平,分析二者之间的相关性,为改善妇产科医师职业疲劳状态和睡眠质量提供参考依据。方法选择南昌市5所三级医院和4所二级医院198名妇产科医师作为调查对象,采用一般资料评价表、疲劳评定量表和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数展开调查,运用Pearson相关性分析比较妇产科医师职业疲劳状态与睡眠质量的相关性。结果 186名妇产科医师疲劳平均得分为11.97±2.51,不同年龄、科室、职称和学历比较,疲劳总分差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。186名妇产科医师睡眠质量平均得分为9.77±2.10,性别、科室、职称、学历和每周工作天数是睡眠质量的影响因素(均P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,妇产科医师疲劳各维度和总分均与睡眠总分呈正相关(均P0.05)。结论妇产科医师职业疲劳状态与睡眠质量均有待提高,改善其睡眠质量有利于缓解职业疲劳状态,促进妇产科医师身心健康发展,提升工作效率。     

不同职业对社区老年人生活质量的影响

[目的]比较不同职业社区老年人群生活质量的差异,为相关社区护理措施的制定提供依据. [方法]采用调查问卷方式,对1 151例不同职业离退休老年人的生活质量进行调查. [结果]不同原职业老年人在情感职能、社会职能、活力、精神健康维度得分和生活质量总分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),干部技术人员组在情感职能维度和生活质量总分得分最高(P＜0.05);在社会功能和精神健康维度,干部技术人员组得分高于工人组(P＜0.05);在活力维度,干部技术人员组得分高于其他组(P＜0.05). [结论]不同职业的社区老年人在生活质量方面存在一定差异,应针对各类老年人的特点和存在的主要问题,采取行之有效的措施,以提高和改善不同职业老年人的生活质量.     

武汉市儿科医师信任患者评估及职业幸福感的相关性分析

目的了解武汉市儿科医师信任患者水平以及职业幸福感现状,并找出两者之间的相关性,以期为提高儿科医师职业幸福感提供理论依据。方法选择武汉市203名儿科医师作为调查对象,分别采用一般资料问卷、医师信任患者量表(Physician Trust in the Patient Scale,PTPS)、医务工作者职业幸福感量表对儿科医师基本情况、信任患者水平以及职业幸福感现状进行调查,并采用Pearson相关分析医师信任患者与其自身职业幸福感的相关性。结果 203名儿科医师信任患者评估平均得分为(37.83±8.07)分,性别、学历、职称、工龄均是造成医生信任患者量表中患者角色维度、患者尊重人际关系维度得分以及PTPS总分差异的影响因素,各组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);203名儿科医师职业幸福感平均得分为(64.76±9.76)分,学历、职称、工龄是职业幸福感量表中身心健康、价值/能力、社会支持、工作环境、经济收入各维度得分以及职业幸福感总均分差异的影响因素(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明,患者角色维度、人际关系维度得分以及PTPS总分分别与职业幸福感中身心健康、价值/能力、社会支持、工作环境、经济收入各维度得分、职业幸福感总均分具有正相关性(P0.05)。结论儿科医师对患者的信任水平、及自身职业幸福感均有待提高,医师对患者的信任水平与职业幸福感具有正相关性,提升医师对患者的信任水平,有助于提高医师职业幸福感。     

南昌市147名妇产科医师职业价值观与职业获益感现状

目的调查南昌市147名妇产科医师职业价值观与职业获益感现状,并分析其相关影响因素。方法采用便利抽样法,于2019年3—8月选取南昌市161名妇产科医师作为调查对象。采用基本资料调查表、职业价值观量表、职业获益感量表进行调查,并对数据进行分析。结果南昌市147名妇产科医师职业价值观平均得分为81.10±15.50,职业获益感平均得分为90.64±15.32。职业价值观与职业获益感呈显著正相关(r=0.949,P0.01)。不同年龄段、职称、医院类型、婚姻状况和职业幸福感的医师职业价值观比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。回归分析显示,年龄、职称、医院类型、婚姻状况和职业幸福感为其职业价值观的主要影响因素,可解释93.3%的总变异。结论南昌市147名妇产科医师职业价值观处于中等水平,职业获益感对其职业价值观具有正向预测作用。年龄、职称、医院类型、婚姻状况和职业幸福感是医师职业价值观的影响因素。医院管理者应根据其主要影响因素,采取针对性干预措施,以改善医师的职业价值观。     

芜湖市医院感染管理专职人员职业倦怠及付出—回报失衡情况分析

目的了解医院感染管理专职人员职业倦怠和付出—回报失衡情况,为改善职业倦怠提供科学依据。方法采取分层随机抽样的方法,抽取芜湖市16所二级医院、5所三级医院50名专职人员为研究对象,采用职业倦怠问卷(CMBI)和付出—回报失衡(ERI)问卷进行调查,比较不同工作模式下职业倦怠3个维度得分的差异。结果发放调查问卷50份,有效回收46份(3人未及时给予回复,1份问卷不合格),有效回收率为92.00%。芜湖市医院感染管理专职人员职业倦怠发生率为91.30%,中、重度职业倦怠者占43.48%;有89.13%的专职人员处于付出—回报失衡模式(ERI指数1),69.57%处于超负荷工作状态。不同学历、从事医院感染年限的专职人员情感耗竭维度得分差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);不同婚姻状况、学历、医院级别、月收入水平的专职人员人格解体维度得分差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);不同医院级别的专职人员成就感降低维度得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。处于付出—回报失衡、超负荷工作状态的专职人员情感耗竭和人格解体维度得分均高于付出—回报平衡者和非超负荷者(均P0.05)。结论芜湖市医院感染专职人员队伍职业倦怠、付出—回报失衡情况较严重,需引起关注。     

新疆三级甲等医院外科医务人员职业紧张现状及影响因素

目的了解新疆三级甲等医院外科医务人员职业紧张现状及其影响因素。方法 2018年采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,应用付出-回报失衡(ERI)量表对新疆5所三级甲等医院共计1 000名工龄1年以上的外科医护人员进行调查。结果有效调查对象923人,平均年龄为(31.90±7.18)岁;新疆三级甲等医院医务人员职业紧张检出率为72.20%。不同工龄、夜班频率的外科医务人员在付出维度得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同工龄的外科医务人员在回报维度得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同工龄、职称的外科医务人员在内在投入维度得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同性别、年龄、婚姻状况以及夜班频率的外科医务人员职业紧张检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,性别、年龄及夜班频率是职业紧张的独立危险因素。结论本研究群体职业紧张情况较为严重,应予以重视并考虑从个体水平和组织水平开展干预,加强紧张反应的保护因素以缓解外科医务人员的职业紧张现状。     

天津市滨海新区女性乳腺癌预防与筛查的知信行现状调查

目的了解天津市滨海新区女性乳腺癌预防与筛查的知信行现状。方法采用随机抽样的方法,选取2020年1-6月在天津市泰达医院就诊的女性712例为研究对象,向其发放调查问卷,进行乳腺癌知识、态度和行为调查,采用KruskalWallis或Mann-Whitney检验、Spearman相关分析和Logistic逐步回归分析进行数据分析。结果 712名天津市滨海新区女性乳腺癌知识中位得分为14.0 (12.0,16.0)分,及格率为59.4%(423/712);态度中位得分为7.0 (5.0,8.0)分,及格率为68.0%(484/712);乳腺保健行为中位得分为4.0 (3.0,5.0)分,及格率为82.7%(589/712);知信行中位得分为24.0(21.0,27.0)分,及格率为74.2%(528/712)。不同年龄、职业及文化程度的女性知识得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同就业状况、年龄、文化程度及家庭年收入的女性态度得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同就业状况、年龄、文化程度的女性乳腺保健行为得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同职业、就业状况、年龄、文化程度及家庭年收入的女性知信行总分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。712例女性乳腺癌相关知识得分与态度得分呈正相关关系(P0.05),与乳腺保健行为得分呈正相关关系(P0.05),态度得分与乳腺保健行为得分呈正相关关系(P0.05)。就业状况、年龄及文化程度是女性乳腺癌患者知信行的影响因素(均P0.05)。结论天津市滨海新区女性对乳腺癌知识了解程度的及格率较低,整体知信行评分与职业、就业状况、年龄、文化程度及家庭年收入有关。     

青年医务人员职业价值观调查与影响因素分析

目的：了解青年医务人员职业价值观状况和影响因素,为增强凝聚力,提高工作积极性和医院管理提供依据。方法：采取整群抽样方法,对南通市 2家三级医院 750名 40岁以下的青年医务人员进行问卷调查和比较分析,比较不同背景变量的青年医务人员在职业价值观上的差异。结果：青年医务人员职业价值观中度偏高,“互动取向”得分最高,“安定与免于焦虑取向”得分最低。结论：要强化职业价值观教育,针对不同人群采取干预策略,凝炼医院核心价值观,营造积极向上的文化氛围,提升青年医务人员对医院的向心力和留职意愿。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.