新护士岗前培训开展职业认知团体辅导研究

目的探讨职业认知团体辅导对新入职护士职业成熟度的影响。方法将60名参加岗前培训的新入职护士随机分为对照组和辅导组各30人,对照组按常规进行3个月岗前培训,内容包含护理基础理论知识及操作技能培训、专科培训、职业认知指导;辅导组在岗前培训结束再增加职业认知团体辅导,每周1次,连续6次。培训后采用大学生职业成熟度量表和自编团体辅导活动评价表进行效果评价。结果辅导组职业成熟度总分及职业目标、职业自信、职业价值、职业自主和亲友依赖5个维度得分显著高于培训前及对照组(P0.05,P0.01),辅导组对职业认知辅导方式满意度得分率95.3%。结论本职业认知团体辅导方案获得参与者认可;对新入职护士开展专项职业认知团体辅导可显著提高其职业成熟度,有利于新入职护士的职业发展和护理队伍的稳定。     

新入职护士职业价值观及影响因素调查分析

目的调查新入职护士的职业价值观现状并探讨其影响因素,为医院培养护士形成积极的职业价值观提供依据。方法采用护士职业价值观量表、护士职业价值观影响因素问卷及自尊量表对251名新入职护士进行调查。结果新入职护士职业价值观得分为(3.98±0.40)分;不同性别、学制、生源学校、自尊水平新入职护士的职业价值观得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);新护士职业价值观与个人、家庭、医院、社会和自尊呈正相关(均P0.01)。结论新入职护士总体职业价值观认同度较高,护理管理者可根据影响护士职业价值观的因素,针对性地开展培养和指导工作,进一步提升他们对职业价值的认同。     

虚拟仿真实训教学模式在口腔专科护士岗前培训中的应用

目的探讨虚拟仿真实训教学模式在口腔专科医院新入职护士岗前培训中的应用及效果。方法对2015年新入职护士(24名)采用口腔虚拟仿真实训教学模式进行教学,并与采用传统模式教学的2014年新入职护士(11名)进行培训效果比较。结果2015年护士考核成绩、对教学效果的评价显著高于对照组(均P0.05),培训导师对2015年培训护士的评价显著高于2014年培训护士(均P0.05)。结论口腔专科护理技能虚拟仿真实训教学有利于提高新入职护士的口腔临床技术操作配合能力,更快地适应临床工作的需求。     

护理专业学生校园压力年级差异比较研究

目的探讨新护士岗前培训的模式和效果。方法对116名新护士每周集中授课2次,连续3个月,分别进行医院概况与护理现状、护理文书书写等12项专题的岗前培训。结果新护士认为护理文书的书写及常见护理表格介绍,法律、法规及常见护理纠纷内容的培训、突发公共卫生事件的应急预案、医院概况与护理现状、临床基本操作技能培训较为重要。48.28%新护士认为3个月的培训时间过长,可集中在1个月完成;培训后新护士的理论知识（除职业防护及护士礼仪外）与操作技能水平显著提高（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论根据新护士的培训需求,建立适宜的岗前培训模式,可促进新护士尽快适应临床工作。     

《新入职护士规范化培训大纲》的践行与效果评价

目的贯彻落实国家卫生与计划生育委员会颁布的《新入职护士规范化培训大纲(试行)》,探索肿瘤专科医院新入职护士规范化培训与管理方法,提高肿瘤专科护士岗位胜任能力。方法根据《新入职护士规范化培训大纲(试行)》要求,结合肿瘤专科医院特点制定新入职护士培训方案。对37名新护士采用全脱产集中理论授课培训、模拟病房和临床路径的操作培训方案,考核方法采用微信推送题目考核、个案考核、临床实践能力考核。结果新护士培训后理论知识考核(87.08±6.64)分,操作技能(93.59±0.75)分;科室对新入职护士各方面表现的过程考核10名优秀,22名良好,5名合格;对新入职护士晚夜班能力考核26名优秀,11名良好。结论新护士规范化培训使其临床护理能力得到全面提高。专科医院应以《新入职护士规范化培训大纲(试行)》为蓝本,制定适合自己医院的新入职护士培训大纲,以提高临床护士岗位能力。     

急诊分诊人员资质与培训现状调查

目的了解医院对急诊分诊人员的资质和培训现状,为相关研究的进一步开展提供依据。方法采用便利取样的方法,对参加国际急诊高峰论坛的、国内113家三级、二级医院的282名护理人员进行调查。结果 43.62%、44.68%的护理人员所在医院对分诊护士的工作年限要求为≥2或≥5年,60.64%医院对分诊护士的学历要求是大专及以上,职称要求是护士及以上(50.71%);不同级别医院对分诊人员的工作年限、学历要求,以及从事分诊工作前经过专门考核、医院制定有规范的分诊护士培训方案,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);护理人员对现有分诊培训内容满足临床需求、医院制定分诊入职标准的认同率有差异(P0.05,P0.01);对分诊护士进行系统和规范的培训、制定省或市级统一的分诊入职标准、医院有明确的分诊护士入职标准、培训结束后考核、分诊护士持有上岗证的认同率无差异(均P0.05)。结论目前急诊分诊从业人员的资质普遍较低,培训时间短且内容不全面;护理人员对于建立统一、规范的急诊分诊培训体系和考核标准认同率较高。因此,应尽快建立并完善国内关于急诊分诊人员培训和资质认证方面的相关标准。     

新护士岗前培训模式的探讨

目的 探讨新护士岗前培训的模式和效果.方法 对116名新护士每周集中授课2次,连续3个月,分别进行医院概况与护理现状、护理文书书写等12项专题的岗前培训.结果 新护士认为护理文书的书写及常见护理表格介绍,法律、法规及常见护理纠纷内容的培训、突发公共卫生事件的应急预案、医院概况与护理现状、临床基本操作技能培训较为重要.48.28%新护士认为3个月的培训时间过长,可集中在1个月完成;培训后新护士的理论知识(除职业防护及护士礼仪外)与操作技能水平显著提高(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论 根据新护士的培训需求,建立适宜的岗前培训模式,可促进新护士尽快适应临床工作.     

三级医院护士“互联网+护理服务”核心知识技能培训需求调查

目的调查郑州市三级医院护士"互联网+护理服务"核心知识技能的培训需求状况,为护理管理者制定培训方案提供参考。方法采用自行设计的"互联网+护理服务"核心知识技能培训需求调查问卷对郑州市三级医院472名护士进行调查。结果护士"互联网+护理服务"培训需求总分为(4.39±0.03)分,其中执业基本知识、伦理与礼仪和项目技能操作3个维度得分分别为(4.51±0.71)分、(4.51±0.75)分、(4.36±0.71)分。84.32%的护士愿意提供"互联网+护理服务",95.55%认为有必要开展该项培训。单因素分析显示,年龄、提供"互联网+护理服务"意愿、开展"互联网+护理服务"培训必要性认知与护士培训需求得分有关(P0.05,P0.01)。结论三级医院护士"互联网+护理服务"核心知识技能的培训需求较高,护理管理者需制定切实可行的培训方案以满足其需求。     

新入职护士核心能力现状调查

目的了解新入职护士核心能力水平,为岗前培训提供依据。方法应用注册护士核心能力量表对2013年及2014年423名新入职护士进行调查。结果新入职护士核心能力总分为(137.19±29.74)分,条目均分为(2.49±0.54)分,处于中等水平;法律和伦理实践能力得分最高,为(2.69±0.58)分;评判性思维和科研能力维度得分最低,为(2.23±0.61)分;临床护理能力维度得分亦不高,为(2.36±0.60)分。结论新入职护士各方面能力均存在不足,需要加强核心能力培训,在已有培训基础上需针对新入职护士核心能力及借鉴他人岗前培训和规范化培训的方法进行培训,以加快新入职护士的快速成长。     

基于微课件的翻转课堂在新护士岗前技能培训中的应用

目的评价基于微课件的翻转课堂在新护士岗前技能培训中的应用效果。方法将2017年入职的64名新护士设为对照组,采用传统技能教学法进行技能培训;将2018年入职的67名新护士作为观察组,采用基于微课件的翻转课堂进行技能培训。结果观察组新护士理论和操作考核成绩、自我导向学习能力得分显著高于对照组(均P0.01),观察组新护士对技能培训方法的满意度达77.61%～98.51%。结论基于微课件的翻转课堂在新护士岗前技能培训中的应用,可培养新护士的自主学习能力,提高护理技能培训效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.